方法课讲义7本sat文法

一、新SAT文法部分介 Writing&Language考什么 为什么要考我们文法 新SAT文法考 Part1StandardEnglish Part2Expressionof 二、问题及解决方 三、新SAT文法知识串 考点1：Sentence 考点2：Run-on Fused Comma 考点3：Subordinationand 考点4：Parallel 考点5：Illogical 考点6：Verbtense,mood, Verb Verb Verb 考点 Subject-verb Noun 考点 Inappropriateshiftsin and Pronounambiguityand 考点9：Modifier Misplaced Dangling 考点 考点11：FrequentlyConfused 考点 考点13：Conventional 考点 考点 考点 Logical Introductions,Conclusions,and 考点 考点18：Styleand 考点19：tative 五、接下来的复习策 参考资 Writing&LanguageTheSATWritingandLanguageTestisdesignedtoemulatethesetwotasks,assessinghowwellyoucanreviseandeditarangeoftextstoimprovethe andto insentencestructure,usage,andpunctuation.Excerptedfrom:OfficialSATStudyGuide本质：考查考生能不能对一些观点表达方面的问题进行修改和完善，能不能对写作中句子结构、用法、标点符号这些标准英语用法方面的错误进行修正。并不是单纯考查语法知识，而是考查「英文首先，我为什么要知道「为什么要考文法CollegeBoard认为，「写作」无论对于大学课程的学习还是日后的职业生涯都是至关重要的。故官Writing&Language的部分，旨在考查考生写作中对标准英语SAT文法考SentenceStructureRecognizingandcorrectingsentenceformationproblemsandinappropriateshiftsinsentenceconstruction,Sentenceboundaries:Recognizingandcorrectinggrammatically pletesentencesthataren’trhetoricallyeffective(likethe“good”—clearlydeliberate—sentencefragmentswespokeofearlier)Subordinationandcoordination:RecognizingandcorrectingproblemsinhowmajorpartsofsentencesarerelatedParallelstructure:RecognizingandcorrectingproblemswithModifierplacement:Recognizingandcorrectingproblemswithmodifierplacement,includingdanglingandmisplacedmodifiersInappropriateshiftsinverbtense,mood,andvoice(e.g.,changinginappropria yfrompasttopresentInappropriateshiftsinpronoun andnumber(e.g.,changinginappropria yfromsecond“you”tothird ConventionsofObservingstandardusagepractices,Pronounclarity:Recognizingandcorrectingambiguousorvaguepronouns(pronounswithmorethanonepossibleantecedentornoclearantecedentatall)Possessivedeterminers:Distinguishingbetweenandamongpossessivedeterminers(“its,”“your,”“their”),contractions(“it’s,”“you’re,”“they’re”),andadverbs(“there”)Agreement:Ensuringgrammaticalagreementbetweensubjectandverb,betweenpronounandantecedent,andbetweennounsFrequentlyconfusedwords:Distinguishingbetweenandamongwordsthatarecommonlymistakenforoneanother(e.g.,“affect”and“effect”)Logicalcomparison:RecognizingandcorrectingcasesinwhichunliketermsareConventionalexpression:Recognizingandcorrectingcasesinwhich,fornogoodrhetoricalreason,languagefailstofollowconventionalpracticeConventionsofObservingstandardpunctuationpractices,End-of-sentencepunctuation:Usingthecorrectformofendingpunctuation(period,questionmark,orexclamationpoint)whenthecontextmakesthewriter’sintentclearWithin-sentencepunctuation:Correctlyusingandrecognizingandcorrectingmisusesofcolons,semicolons,anddashesPossessivenounsandpronouns:RecognizingandcorrectinginappropriateusesofpossessivenounsandpronounsanddecidingbetweenpluralandpossessiveformsItemsinaseries:UsingcommasandsometimessemicolonstoseparatelistsofNonrestrictiveandparentheticalelements:UsingpunctuationtosetoffnonessentialsentenceelementsandrecognizingandcorrectingcasesinwhichpunctuationiswronglyusedtosetoffessentialsentenceelementsUnnecessarypunctuation:RecognizingandeliminatingunneededPart2ExpressionofRefiningthecontentofapassagetoachievethewriter’spurpose,Proposition:Adding,revising,orretaining(leavingunchanged)thesisstatements,topicsentences,claims,andthelike—the“mainideas”ofapassageorparagraphSupport:Adding,revising,orretainingmaterialthatsupportsapassage’spointsorFocus:Adding,revising,retaining,ordeletingmaterialonthebasisofrelevancetothepurpose(e.g.,deletinganirrelevantsentence)tativeinformation:Usingdatafrominformationalgraphics(tables,graphs,charts,andthelike)toenhancetheaccuracy,precision,andoveralleffectivenessofapassageImprovingthestructureofapassagetoenhancelogicandcohesion,Logicalsequence:EnsuringthatmaterialispresentedinapassageinthemostlogicalplaceandIntroductions,conclusions,andtransitions:ImprovingtheopeningsandclosingsofparagraphsandpassagesandtheconnectionsbetweenandamonginformationandideasinapassageEffectiveLanguageRevisingtexttoimprovewrittenexpressionandtoachievethewriter’spurpose,Precision:MakingwordchoicemoreexactorappropriatefortheConcision:MakingwordchoicemoreeconomicalandeliminatingwordinessandStyleandtone:MakingwordchoiceconsistentwiththeoverallstyleandtoneofapassageorplishingsomeparticularrhetoricalgoalSyntax:Combiningsentencestoimprovetheflowoflanguageorto plishsomeparticularrhetoricalgoalSAT文法部分考试两个特点TExcerptedfrom:OfficialSATStudyGuideWriting&Language文章情况文章数量：新SAT文法部分一共会有四篇文章文章：Careers,History/SocialStudies,Humanities,Science文章类型：1-2Argument，1-2InformativeExplanatoryText，1NonfictionNarrative。文章长度：每篇文章的长度大概是400-500字，四篇加起来共1700字左右。题目情况1144道选择题。NOCHANGESAT文法部分考试min（包含涂卡时间SAT文法部分计分数转换表格(RawScoreConversionTable)。目标分数：+计算每部分最多可错题目个数：阅读、文法、数学文法的重要文法本身短期内容易提相较于阅读更容易拿高学好文法对写作大有帮二、问题及解决方1单词不认1词汇方法2句子读不2通用语法课 阅读方法课 3缺乏相关知34相关能力不4文法方法做题速度 SAT写句子时常出现的问写段落时常出现的问写文章时常出现的问动词时态语态误观点不文章观点主谓不一内容不能支持观文章结代词指代内容与观文章缺乏修饰语误段落结文章风格不统标点符号段落缺乏连贯语言表达1：SentenceAsentencefragmentisagroupofwordsthatisnotacompleteEventhoughhedied.(sentenceEventhoughhedied,hewillbewithusforever.(completeTalkingonthephonewithmybestfriend.(sentencefragment)Talkingonthephonewithmybestfriendisfun.(completesentence)Iliketalkingonthephonewithmybestfriend.(completesentence)Forexample,theproblemofglobalwarming.(sentenceForexample,theproblemofglobalwarmingisserious.(completeBecausemanypeoplenowhavecellphones.(sentenceBecausemanypeoplenowhavecellphones,publicpayphonesare inghardertofind.(completeShotthroughthesky.(sentenceArocketshotthroughthesky.(completeToysofallkindseverywhere.(sentenceToysofallkindswerethrowneverywhere.(completesentence)Theyfoundtoysofallkindsthrowneverywhere.(completesentence)简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子HePrinceandMichaelJacksonwereborninthesameyear.Princewasbornin1958anddiedin2016.并列复合句：若干个简单句用并列连词或分号（;）conjunctions：fo,Wearelookingforsticks,forthesearethebestmaterialstouse.Thegirlsarebuildingatrap,andtheyhopetocatchalizard.Theyhavenotfoundanyinsects,norhavetheyseenanylizardstoday.Lizardsarefast,butthegirlsaredeterminedtocatchone.Wecouldgotothebeach,orwecouldgouptotheIhavebeenmeaningtolyou,yetIjusthavenothadaThechocolatewasleftinthesun,soyoushouldprobablynoteatitrightnowPrincegrewupinMinneapolis;MichaelgrewupinLosAngeles.Thereisstillmuchtodiscuss;therefore,weshallreturntothisitematournext分号(;)主从复合句：若干个简单句用从属连词或关系代词、关系副词(relativepronoun)：which,whowhom,whose,(relativeadverb)：whenwhere,(subordinatingCommonCommonsubordinatingas,because,inorderthat,since,sothat(Causeoreffect:evenif,if,ifonly,provided,since,unless,when,whenever(Condition)although,asif,evenif,eventhough,though(Concession)as,asif,asthough,ratherthan,than,whereas,whether,while(Comparisonandcontrast)inorderthat,sothat,that(Purpose)after,aslongas,before,nowthat,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,where,wherever,(Spaceand句句2：Run-onFusedAfusedsentenceoccurswhenindependentclausesfusedtogetherwithoutpunctuationorHelikesEXOshelikes ] ] ] ] ] HelikesEXOShelikesBIGBANG.HelikesEXO HelikesEXOshelikesBIGBANG.Mycatlovestonaponwarmapplianceswhenshesleepsontopoftheevision,hertailswipesthescreenlikeawindshieldwiper.Mycat[ ]loves[ ]tonaponwarmappliances[ ]when[ ]she[ ]sleeps[ ]ontopoftheevision[ ],hertail[ ]swipes[ ]thescreen[ ]likeawindshieldwiper.[ Mycatlovestonaponwarmappliances.Whenshesleepsontopoftheevision,hertailswipesthescreenlikeawindshieldwiper.笔笔记CommaAcommaspliceoccurswhenindependentclausesjoinedbyonlyaYoujump,I ] ], ] YoujumpIjump.Youjump YoujumpIjump.Atthebackoftheclassroom,Ninasatwithherarmscrossed,glaringatherteacher,Mr.Bean,herbodylanguageindicatedthatEnglishwasherleastfavoritesubject.Atthebackoftheclassroom[],Nina[]sat[]withherarmscrossed[],glaringatherteacher[],Mr.Bean[],herbodylanguage[]indicated[]that[]English[]was[]herleastfavoritesubject[].Atthebackoftheclassroom,Ninasatwithherarmscrossed,glaringatherteacher,Mr.Bean.HerbodylanguageindicatedthatEnglishwasherleastfavoritesubject.笔笔记Eventhoughhedied,hewillbewithusHelikesEXO,andshelikesCoordinatingConjunction（并列连词for,and,nor,but,or,yet,soSubordinatingConjunction（从属连词that,what,when,where,how,while,although,eventhough,if,since,because,sothat,once说明Sometimestheproblemwillbethecoordinationorsubordinationofclauses,aswhenacoordinatingconjunctionsuchas“and”or“but”isusedwhenthelogicofthesentencecallsforasubordinatingconjunctionsuchas“although”or“because.”笔笔记 连接简单句构成「并列」复合句 连接简单句构成「主从」复合句4：ParallelwritingallthesimilarpartsofasentenceinthesameThreepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong,have ernedmylife:thelongingforlove,thesearchforknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.——BertrandSheisnotonlybeautifulbutalsoFriends,Romans,Countrymen,lendmeyourears;IcometoburyCaesar,nottopraiseFromthemillionsofAmericanswhovolunteered,andorganized,andprovedthatmorethantwocenturieslater,aernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,andforthepeoplehasnotperishedfromthisEarth.——BarackRevisionistheactoflookingback,ofseeingwithfresheyes,ofenteringanoldtextfromanewcriticaldirection.——AdrienneTheoldmanreturnedhome,disappointedandGamblerstendtobesuperstitious,tofavorcertainclothes,tofingerluckycharms,andaboveall,tobelieveintheirluck.——THENEWIhaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:'Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal.'IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgia,thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofIhaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.——MartinLutherKing,…and…and/or…,…,and/ornotonly…butalso…neither…nor…either…or……ratherthan…both…and…not…but…from…to…Sheprobablycan’treadorwrote.Sheprobably Gabriellelikesjogging,themall,andtogoouttoeat.Gabrielle,,.Gabrielle,,.Julieissmarter,pretty,andsheisindependentthanhermum.Julie , thanherLynettenotonlygaveherhusbandawitheringlookalsothrowingtheringaway.Lynettenotonlygaveherhusbandawithering theringBree’sroomistidyandspacious,withabigdoublebedalongonewall,awoodenclosetagainstanotherwall,andthethirdwallhasasmalltableagainstitandawindow.Bree’sroomistidyandspacious,withabigdoublebedalongonewall,awoodenclosetagainstanotherwall,and 5：IllogicalProblemswithillogicalcomparisonsarisewhenunlikeordissimilarthingsaretreatedasmore/less…than…prefer…tolike/unlikeas…as…differfromYifengLi’sweibohasmorefollowersthanKrisWudoes.YifengLi’sweibohasmorefollowers KrisWuisricherthananyChineseactor.KrisWuisricher ChineseIenjoyYifengLi’ssongsmorethanKrisWu,thoughIpreferredKrisWu’sdancingtoYifengLi.IenjoyYifengLi’ssongsmore ,thoughIpreferredKrisWu’sdancing UnlikeKrisWu’slife,YifengLihasneverstudiedinCanadaandbeenatraineeforS.M.EntertainmentcompanyinSouthKorea. ,YifengLihasneverstudiedinCanadaandbeenatraineeforS.M.EntertainmentcompanyinSouthKorea.YifengLi’sEnglishisnotasgoodasKrisWu.YifengLi’sEnglishisnotasgood ThecostoflivinginVancouverdiffersfromBeijing.ThecostoflivinginVancouverdiffers 6：Verbtense,mood说明AquestionintheWritingandLanguageTestaboutverbshiftsmayaskyoutoeditaninappropriateshiftfrom,say,pasttopresenttense,indicativetoconditionalmood,oractivetopassivevoice.Verb过现将过去将一shall/willshould/would进was/weream/is/areshall/willbeshould/wouldbe完hadhave/hasshall/willhaveshould/wouldhave进hadbeenhave/hasbeenHeworkedinthemediacenterlastyear.Theearthrevolvesaroundthesun.Weshall/willgotothepartynextFriday.YesterdayhelearnedthatweshouldgotothepartynextAttenthismorning,IwasreceivingaradiostationatTheyarereadingEnglishintheAtthistimetomorrowweshallbewaitingforyouinBankofHeaskedmewhatIshouldbengsixo'clockTheletterremindedmeofwhatshehadoncetold havebeenalotofchangeshereinthelasttenyears.将来完成时：表示在将来某时刻之前完成Whenyoucomeateighto’clocktonight,Ishallhavereviewedten过去将来完成时 表示从过去观点看将来某时某动作已完成HesaidhewouldhavedonewithmycamerabytheendofnextLisatoldmethatshehadbeenwaitingformefortwoHehasbeenwatchingTVthewhole将来完成进行时：表示在将来某一刻以前一直延续的动Bynextsummershewillhavebeenworkingintheinsurancecompanyforthree过去将来完成进行时 表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到对于过去来说的将来某一时间Shetoldmeshe’dhavebeenteachinginthatuniversityfor20yearsbythat笔笔记常考时态解题方法Verb作例陈述语stateanHe祈使语makerequests/giveCallmy虚拟语expressawish,arequestor mendation,anurgentappeal,orademandIwishhedidn'tVerb定例主动语thesubjectperformstheactionofthe主动态表示句子的主语是行为的发生者或执行Thedrugkilled语theobjectorgoaloftheactionfunctionsasthesentence态表示句子的主语是行为的承受Princewaskilledbythe笔笔记Subject-verbBasicrule:maketheverbagreewithitssubjectinsingularsubject-singularpluralsubject-pluralRule1:名词短语（nounphrase）的主谓一aswellas、with、of、togetherwith、alongwith、besidesaswellas、with、of、togetherwith、alongwith、besides、inadditionto、but（做介词、like、unlike、including、except、ratherthan等词或词语连用时，只看前面的主语中心词的单复数。Thoseworksofartwereburned.Theroomwithflowersisbeautiful.Thetrayofice (has/have)fallenontheAprofessor,togetherwithsomestudents, (was/were)movedintoanewlaboratory.Nobodybut/exceptthestudents (is/are)intheclassroom.someone,somebody,somethingnoone,nobody,nothingeach（eachof+名词复数 ；名词复数+each one,other,anothersomeone,somebody,somethingnoone,nobody,nothingeach（eachof+名词复数 ；名词复数+each one,other,anotherEveryone(has/have)donehisorher.Neitherofthetwotrafficlights(is/are)working.WhichshirtdoyouwantforChristmas? (is/are)finewithEachofus (has/have)acompanycar.Weeach (has/have)acompanycar.Rule3:复合主语（compoundsubjects）的主谓一致：两个主语用and连接谓语动词用复数：Maryand Mr.andMrs. joiningusforaninformaldinner注意：若 连接的两个主语指的是同一人、物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数Peanutbutterand myfavoritekindofornor连接的几个并列的主语，都是单数就用单数谓语；都是复数就用复数谓语；有单数也有Mycator comingwithmeontheMytwocatsormythreedogs comingwithmeonthetrip.Mycatormythreedogs comingwithmeonthetrip.Rule4:集合名词（collectivenoun）Thecommittee madeupoftenmembers.由10人组成。Thecommittee intheroom.委员们都在室内。常用集合名词committee,couple,class,family,staff,team,crew,crowd,army,cast,fleet,gang,agency,audience,orchestra,equipment…Rule5:谓语动词用单数-smeasles（麻疹、shingles（带状疱疹）等shoes（鞋、socks（短袜、stockings（长袜）apairofno、manya、morethanone+Manyagood tryingtopleasehisMorethan upsetabout eoftheRule6:谓语动词用复数 manykindsofwaterinnature.（自然界内有许多种水，指种类多） fivetonsofwater.Rule7:therebe句型中be动词的数由主语决定： someorangejuiceinthefridge. somedogsoutside.therebe apen,aknife,andseveralbooksonthedesk. severalbooks,apen,andaknifeontheeitherAorB、neitherAnorB、notonlyAbutalsoBBEitherheor togetNeitherthestudentsnortheteacher Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudents aboutthematter.笔笔记NounForrelatednounstoagreetheymusthavethesamesingularnounwithsingularpluralnounwithpluralBreeandJuliabecameadoctoraftermanyyearsofstudy.BreeandJulia aftermanyyearsofDedication,hardwork,andattentiontodetailareallanimportantfactorindeterminingsuccess.Dedication,hardwork,andattentiontodetailare indetermining笔笔记Inappropriateshiftsin andWhenthepronounandantecedentdonotmatch andnumber,apronounshift FirstI,me,my,mine,myself,we,us,our,ours,Secondyou,your,yours,yourself,he,she,it,him,her,his,hers,its,himself,herself,itself,they,them,their,Manynewstudentsfeeloverwhelmedatfirst.However,theysoonlearnthatwithhardworkyoucanmakegoodgrades.Manynewstudentsfeeloverwhelmedatfirst.However, soonlearnthatwithhardwork makegoodgrades.Asanewstudent, mayfeeloverwhelmedatfirst.However, willsoonlearnthatwithhard canmakegoodgrades.PronounAbaseballplayerleadsanexcitinglifebecausetheygettotraveltomanyinterestingcities.Abaseballplayerleadsanexcitinglifebecause getstotraveltomanyinterestingcities.leadexcitinglivesbecause gettotraveltomanyinterestingcities.PronounambiguityandpronounswithmorethanonepossibleantecedentornoclearantecedentatWhenTomdroppedthegobletontotheglasstable,itbroke.(Whatbroke?Theglasstableorthegoblet?)whenTomdroppeditontotheglassJohninvitedMiketotheranchbecauseheenjoyedhorsebackriding. ,Johninvitedhimtothe9：ModifierMisplacedMisplacedmodifiersarewordsorphrasesthatyou'veputinthewrongplace.Witnessesreportedthatthewomanwasdrivingthegetawaycarwithflowingblackhair.Witnessesreportedthatthe wasdrivingthegetawaycarAllAllmodifiersshouldbeascloseaspossibletowhatevertheydescribeorgivemoreinformationLimitingLimitingRichardhasnearlywreckedeverycarhe’shad.Richardhaswreckednearlyeverycarhe’sDanglingDanglingmodifiersarewordsorphrasesthatdangleinthesentencewithoutsomethingtoholdonto.Changingtheoilevery3,000,thecarseemedtorunbetter.Changingtheoilevery3,000 hecouldgetmuchbettergasTounderstandthecauses,vandalismhasbeenextensivelyinvestigated.Tounderstandthe haveextensivelyinvestigatedAfterstudyingtheproblem,vandalsarenowthoughttosharecertaincharacteristics.Afterstudyingthe thinkthatvandalssharecertain学习重点Periods（句号Itischieflyusedtomarktheendofasentenceexpressingastatement.HeEventhoughhedied,hewillbewithusforever.Youjump.Ijump.QuestionMarks（问号Aquestionmarkisplacedattheendofasentencewhichisadirectquestion.IsPrincedeadorWillhebewithusWillyoujumpifI注意：Donotuseaquestionmarkattheendofanindirectquestion.WhoisIdon'tknowwhosheExclamationPoints（叹号TheexclamationmarkisusedattheendofasentenceorshortphrasewhichexpressesverystrongHowcouldheDon'tleaveCommas（逗号thelisting形式LisalikesBillyJoel,DamienRice,andTaylorLisalikesBillyJoel'stalent,DamienRice'svoice,andTaylorSwift'sbeauty.LisalikesBillyJoel,TomlikesDamienRice,andIlikeTaylorSwift.ListingHerlong,dark,glossyhairfascinated对比IpreferAustralianredwinestoallothers.IpreferAustralian,redwinestoall注意：alistingcommaisusedinalistofmodifierswhichallmodifythesamethebracketingApairofbracketingcommasisusedtomarkoffaweakinterruption(aninterruptiondoesnotdisturbthesmoothflowofthesentence)ofthesentence.形式Thesefindings,wewouldsuggest,castdoubtuponhisSchliemann,ofcourse,didhisdiggingbeforemodernarchaeologywasinvented.Darwin'sOriginofSpecies,publishedin1859,revolutionizedbiologicalthinking.RupertBrooke,whowaskilledinthewarattheageof28,wasoneofourfinestpoets.Wehavebeenforcedtoconclude,aftercarefulstudyofthedata,thattheproposedcorrelations,inspiteoftheirobviousappeal,donotstandup.例：Thosewhoemigratedwithhimlive例：XiaoMei,whoemigratedfromChina,livesinNewthejoining形式Sheputonasweater,foritwascoldoutside.Hewastired,andhehadaheadache.Hedidn’tstudylastnight,nordidhereadhisbook.Tomstudiedalot,buthedidn’tpassthetest.Hecanbuythebook,orhecanborrowitfromthelibrary.Tomstudiedalot,yethedidn’tpassthetest.Mariawasthirsty,soshedranksome注意：逗号不能连接两个完整句子Colons（冒号Acolonisusedtoindicatethatwhatfollowsitisanexplanationorelaborationofwhatprecedesit.Africaisfacingaterrifyingproblem:perpetualdrought.[Explainswhattheproblemis.]Shewassureofonething:shewasnotgoingtobeahousewife.[Identifiestheonethingshewassureof.]Severalfriendshaveprovidedmewithinspiration:Tim,Tonyand,aboveall,Jenny.[Identifiesthefriendsinquestion.]Iproposethecreationofanewpost:SchoolExecutiveOfficer.[Identifiesthepostinquestion.]注意：绝大多数情况下，冒号前面需要是一 Semicolon（分号Asemicolonisusedtojointwocompletesentencesintoasinglewritten注意1：分号 必须是完整的句子Women'sconversationiscooperative;men'sis2：Thewordhowevertherefore,hence,thus,consequently,neverthelessandmeanwhilemustbeseparatedbyasemicolon(orafullstop)fromaprecedingcompletesentence.Saturnwaslongthoughttobetheonlyringedplanet;however,thisisnowknownnottobethe注 3：如果句子比较长、句内包含多个逗号，为了让句子更清晰，通常用「分号」替代逗号ThecustodycaseinvolvedAmyDalton,thechild;EllenandMarkDalton,theparents;andRuthandHalBlum,thegrandparents.Caffeinemayincreasealertness,elevatemood,andprovideenergy;butitmayalsocauseirritability,anxiety,andstomachpains.Dashes（破折号ApairofdashesseparatesastronginterruptionfromtherestoftheAnhonestpolitician—ifsuchacreatureexists—wouldneveragreetosuchaThedestructionofGuernica—andthereisnodoubtthatthedestructionwasdeliberate—horrifiedtheWhentheEuropeanssettledinTasmania,theyinflictedgenocide—thereisnootherwordforit—upontheindigenouspopulation,whowerewipedoutinthirtyyears.Ifthestronginterruptioncomesattheendofthesentence,thenofcourseonlyonedashisused:Therewasnootherway—orwasthere?In1453SultanMehmedfinallytookConstantinople—andtheByzEmpiredisappearedfromthemapforever.Apostrophe（撇号uncontracteditisoritwewillorwetheycanhewouldorhearewillshewould注意：确保每个 ’s结尾的词都没有省略该用的撇号，也没有添加不必要的撇号aapossessiveformisspelledwith'sattheLisa'sessayaweek'sworkaapluralnounwhichalreadyendsinstakesonlyafollowingthegirls'excitementmyparents'weddingbothplayers'injuriestwoweeks'work标点符号常考重点：suchas的标准用法suchassuchas前面可以加一个逗号也可以不加，要看具体的句子：suchassuchas前面不加逗号；suchassuchas说明Frequentlyconfusedwords:wordsthathavesimilaroridenticalsoundsand/orsimilarspellingsbutthathavedifferentmeaningsandareusedindifferentways.常见易混词Affectandaffectisusuallyaverbandeffectisusuallyanoun.ThepartywasaffectedbytheTheeffectoftheplasticsurgerywasHowever,thetrickypartisthatthesewordscanalsobeusedinotherways.Affectcanbeanoun,specificallywhendescribingpsychologicalconditions.EffectcanbeaverbmeaningtobringaboutortoThedrugcreatedahappyThepoliticalpartyhopedtoeffectchangewithnewAdviceandAdviceisanounthatreferstoguidance Adviseisaverbmeaningtooffersuggestionsaboutthebestcourseofactiontosomeone. whoadvisesstudentsgivesthemadviceonthebestcoursestoAcceptandAcceptisaverbthatmeanstoExceptisbothaprepositionandaverb:meaningbutandtoleaveout.“Heacceptedapresent”isdifferentfrom“EveryoneexceptLauriereceivedAlludeandAlludemeanstomakeanindirectreferencetoEludemeanstoescapefromsomethingortofailtograsp(aconcept).Althoughhealludedtothesecret,hismeaningeludedAllusionandAnallusionisareference;anillusionisafalseKaytoldJerrythatshewasundertheillusionhewouldbeherPrinceCharming;Jerrydidn’tunderstandtheallusion.AltarandIfyouchangesomething,youalterit;youworshipbeforeanWe’llalterthepositionofthealtarsothecongregationcanseethenewAdaptandToadaptistochange;toadoptistotakeandmakeyourAfterthecoupleadoptedthebaby,theylearnedtoadapttohavinglittleAidandIfyouhelp,youaid;ifyouhaveahelperorsupporter,youhaveanTheaidfrommyaideisAloudandAloudisanadverbthatmeansoutloudoraudibly.Shesangthesongaloudtoherclass.Allowedisaverbthatmeanspermitted.Theboywasnotallowedto gamesuntilhefinishedhisAlumni,Alumnae,Alumnus,Onemalegraduateisanalumnus;onefemalegraduateisanalumna;severalfemalegraduatesarealumnae;andseveralmalegraduatesorseveralmaleandfemalegraduatesarealumni.Theshort,informalformalum(oralums)canbeusedforanyoftheabove.AlthoughMaryJoandhersistersarealumnaefromWellesley,MaryJoisthealumnawhoreceivesthemostattention;herbrothersMartinandXavierarealumniofHarvard,butMartinisamorefamousalumnusthanXavier.BearandAbearcantearoffyourear;ifyou’rebare,you’renude.ThebarebathersweredisturbedwhenthegrizzlybearBesidesandIfyouwanttheonethatmeansinadditionto,youwanttheonethathasanadditionals(besides);meansbythesideof.Besideshergroom,thebridewantedherdadbesideherintheCouncilandAcouncilisanofficialgroup,acommittee;tocounselistogiveadvice.ThetowncouncildecidedtocounseltheyouthgroupontheproperwaytoaskforComplimentandAcomplimentexpressesadmirationforTocomplementmeanstoenhanceorcompletesomethingelse.Thestudentreceivedawonderfulcomplimentafterhisspeech.Adessertofcherrypiecomplementsadeliciousturkeydinner.ContinuousandContinuousimpliesanunendingperiodoftimeoractionwithoutinterruption,whilecontinualdoesnothavetomeanuninterrupted,onlyrepeated.Myroommateplayedhermusiccontinuouslyinourroomfrom9PMuntil12:30AM,eventhoughcontinuallyurgedhertouseherCite,Sight,andCitemeanstoquoteor.StudentsmustcitetheirsourceswhenwritingresearchSightusuallyreferstothepowerofseeingortoathingthatcanbeseen.TherearemanysightstoseeinNewYorkCity.Sitereferstoaparticulararea,position,orplace.WevisitedthesiteoftheSeptember11thDiscreetandDiscreetmeanscautious,careful,orguardedinDiscretemeansseparateordisconnected.Thedancer’sdiscreetmovementswerediscretefromthoseperformedbytherestoftheDesertsandAridlandisaPeoplewhogetwhattheydeservearegettingtheirdeserts—theaccentisonthesecondsyllable.Peoplewhogetgoodieslikeicecreamandcakearegettingdesserts.Whileinthedesert,IwillhaveapopsicleforDisinterestedandTheyarenotthedisinterestedmeansimpartialorneutral;uninterestedmeansboredorlackinginterest.AgoodumpireshouldbedisinterestedbutcertainlynotElicitandElicitmeanstoevokeordrawout.Theteachertriedtoelicitcommentsfromthestudents.Illicitreferstosomethingthatisillegitimateorunlawful.MarywasarrestedforpossessingillicitEmigrateFromandImmigrateEmigratemeanstoleaveonecountryorregiontosettleinImmigratemeanstoenteranothercountryandresidethere.In1910,mygrandmotheremigratedfromRussia.Yet,manyforeignersimmigratetotheU.S.tofindEnsureandEnsureisaverbmeaningsomethingyoudotoguaranteeaneventorcondition.ToensurethatBillwouldfinishhispaperontime,hestartedwritingitaweekinInsureisaverbthatcanbedonetoa ,place,orthing,butitmainlyreferstolimitingfinancialEnvelopandIfyouwrapsomething,youenvelopit;thepapercontainerthatyouuseforyourletterisanenvelope.ThehiddenpurposeoftheenvelopewastoenvelopthetwosticksofcandythatweremailedtoFartherandUsefartherwhenreferringtophysicaldistance;usefurthertoreferto ideasortoindicateagreaterextentordegree.Jerryinsistedthathecouldwalknofarther,andherefusedtodiscussitanyFewerandFew