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Factorsinfluencingconsumerbehavior:1Culturalfactor:cultural;subcultural;buyer2social-referencegroups:family;roleandstatus3personal:ageandlife-cycle;economicsituationlifestyle;personalityandself-concept:4psychological:motivation;belifesandattitudes;perception;learning.Whatisconsumerbehavior?Thestudyoftheprocesseswhenorgroupsselect,purchase,use,ordisposeofproductsservicesideasorexperiencestosatisfyneedsanddesire.消费者行为:个体或群体在为满足需要和欲望而挑选,购买,使用或解决产品,服务,创意或经验时所涉及的过程。Roletheory:identifiesconsumersasactorsonthemarkerplacestage。角色理论:认为许多消费者行为都类似于戏剧中的情节的观点。Exchange:atransactioninwhichtwoormoreorganizationsorpeoplegiveandreceivesomethingofvalue.交易:两个或更多的组织或个人互相付出并获取某种价值的过程。Consumer:apersonwhoidentifiesaneedordesire,makesapurchase,andthendisposeoftduct.消费者:确认一种需要和欲望,进行购买,或解决该产品的人。Manypeoplemaybeinvolvedinthissequenceofeventspurchaser/user/influencerConsumersmaytaketheformoforganizationorgroup.Marketsegmentation:identifiesgroupsofconsumerswhoaresimilartooneanotherinoneormoreways,andthendevisesmarketingstrategiesthatappealtooneormoregroups.市场细分:拟定在某一方面或多方面互相类似的消费者群体,然后制定出吸引一个或多个群体的营销策略的过程。Relationshipmarketing关系营销:marketerswhobelieveinthisphilosophy,interactwithcustomersonaregularbasisandgivethemreasontomaintainabondwiththecompanyovertime.Demographics:statisticsthatmeasureobservableaspectsofpopulation.Suchasagegenderfamilystructuresocialclassandincomeraceandethnicitylifestyle.人口记录变量:可观测的人口特性量度,如年龄,性别。Marketing’impactonconsumersPopularculture:consistingofthemusicmovessportsbookscelebrities,andotherformsofentertainmentconsumedbythemassmarket.大众文化:为大众市场合消费的音乐,电影,体育,书籍,名人及其他娱乐形式。Marketersplayasignificantroleinourviewoftheworldandhowweliveinit.Themeaningofconsumption:peopleofterbuyproductsnotforwhattheydo,butforwhattheymean.Typeofrelationshipapersonmighthavewithaproduct1self-conceptattachment:theproducthelpstoestablishtheuser’sidentity.自我概念依附性:产品可以帮助确立使用者的身份。2nostalgicattachment:theproductisapartoftheuser’sdailyroutine怀旧依附性:产品与过去的经历有所结合。3interdependence:theproductisapartoftheuser”sdailyroutin.互相依赖性:产品与平常事务不可分割。4love:theproductelicitsemotionalbondsofwarmth,passion,orotherstrongemotion.与爱相关的消费:产品可以引发温暖,与爱相关的激情。Consumptionincludesintangibleexperience,ideas,andservicesinadditiontotangibleobjectsFourdistincttypesofconsumption:1consumingasexperience2consumingasintegration3consumingasclassification4consumingasplay体验式消费Theglobalconsumer;全球性消费文化By2023,themajorityofpeopleonEarthwillliveinurbanceneers.Sophisticatedmarketingstrategiescontributetoaglobalconsumeculture.Virtualconsumption虚拟消费:thedigitalrevolutionisoneofthemostsignificantinfluenceonconsumerbehavior,andtheimportofthewebwillcontinuetoexpandasmoreandmorepeoplearoundtheworldlogin.Businessethics:arerulesofconductthatguideactioninthemarketplace.商业道德:引导市场行为的行为规范Addictiveconsumption:isaphysiologicalorpsychologicaldependencyonproductsorservices.Compulsiveconsumption:.失控型消费referstorepetitiveshopping,oftenexcessiveasanantidotetotension,antidotetotension,anxiety,depression,orboredom:反复的,并且经常是过度的购物行为,用来减轻压力,焦急,沮丧或无聊。Consumedconsumers:arepeoplewhoareusedorexploited,willingornot,mercialgaininthemarketplace.被消费者:不管是否乐意,在市场上为了商业利益而被使用或被运用的人。Consumertheft:shrinkageistheindustrytermforinventoryandcashlossesfromshopliftingandemployeetheftAnticonsumption:eventsinwhichproductsandservicesaredeliberatelydefacedormutilated.反消费行为:消费者所做的涉及蓄意破坏和损伤产品的行为。Sensation:theimmediateresponseofoursensoryreceptors(eyes,ears,nose,mouth,fingers)tobasicstimulisuchaslight,color,sound,odorandtexture.感觉:感受器,对光,色,声,气味和质地为基本刺激的直接反映。Perception:theprocessbywhichthesesensationsareselectedorganizedandinterpreted.知觉:对刺激进行选择,组织和解释的过程Anoverviewoftheperceptualprocess:exposure暴露attention注意interpretation解释Thestudyofperception:focusesonwhatweaddtotheserawsensationsinordertogivethemmeaning.Sensorysystems:externalstimuli,orsensoryinput,canbereceivedonanumberofchannels.Theinputspickedupbyourfivesensesaretherawdatathatbegintheperceptualprocess.Hedoniconsumption:themultisensory,fantasy,andemotionalaspectsofconsumers’interactionswithproducts.享乐消费:消费者与产品互相作用的多种感觉的,幻想的和情感的东西。Jision:marketersrelyheavilyonvisualelementinadvertising,soredesign,andpavkage.Meaningarecommunicatedonthevisualchannelthroughaproduct’scolor,size,andstyling.Colorsmayeveninfluenceouremotionmoredirectly.Arousalandstimulateappetiteeg.RedrelaxationSomereactionstocolorcomeformlearnedassociations.Otherreactionsareduetobiologicalandculturaldifferences.Womentendtobedrawntowardbrightertonesandaremoresensitivetosubtleshadingsandpatterns.Saturatedcolorssuchasgreen,yellow,cyan,andorangeareconsideredthebestbuestocaptureattention,butdon’toverdoit;extensiveuseofthesehuescanoverwhelmpeopleandcausevisualfatigue.Tradedress:somecolorcombietobesostronglyassociatedwithacorporation.商业外观:与公司强烈联系在一起的色彩组合。Smell;orderscanstiremotionsorcreateacalmingfeeling.Marketersarefindingwaystousesmell:1scentedclothes2scentedstores3scentedcarsandplane4scentedhouseholdproducts5scentedadvertisementsSound:advertisingjinglesmaintainbrandawarenessbackgroundmusiccreatesdesiredmoodssoundaffectpeople’sfeelingandbehaviors.Touch:relativelylittleresearchhasbeendoneontheeffectsoftactilestimulationonconsumerbehavior,commonobservationtensusthatthissensorychannelisimportant.Kanseiengineering:aphilosophythattranslatescustomers’odesignelements.感性工学/人机工程:一种源自日本的将消费者的感觉转化为设计要素的理念。Peopleassociatethetextureoffabricsandothersurfaceswithproductqualitiesandsomemarketersareexploringhowtouchcanbeusedinpackagingtoarouseconsumerinterest,Taste:tastereceptorsobviouslycontributetoourexperienceofmanyproducts.Specializedcompaniescalledflavorhousekeepbusydevelopingnewconcoctionstopleasethechangingpalatesofconsumers.Changesinourculturealsodeterminethetasteswefinddesivable.Exposure:exposureoccurswhenastimuluscomewithintherangofsomeone’ssensoryreceptors.暴露:知觉的初始阶段,在该阶段感觉发生于消费者的感受器的范围之内。Psychophysics:thesciencethatfocusesonhowthephysicalenvironmentisintegrateoourpersonalsubjectiveworld.心理物理学:集中研究物理环境如何与我们的个人主观世界相结合的科学。Theabsolutethreshold:theminimumamountofstimulationthatcanbedetectedonagivensensorychannel.绝对阀限:能被特定感觉通道觉察的最小刺激量。Thedifferentialthreshold:theabilityofasensorysystemtodetectchangesordifferentialbetweentwostimuli.Theminimumdifferencethatcanbedetectedbetweentwostimuliisknownasthej`n`d(justnoticeabledifference)。差别阀限:一个感觉系统察觉两个刺激之间的变化或差别的能力。Subliminalperception潜意识知觉:occurswhenthestimulusisbelowtheleveloftheconsumer’sawareness.Weber’slaw:thestrongertheintialstimulus,thegreaterachangemustbeittobenoticed.韦伯定律:最初的刺激越强,引起注意所需的刺激变化量越大的规律。Subliminalperception:occurswhenthestimulusisbelowtheleveloftheconsumer’sawareness。阀下知觉:对消费者的意识水平之下的水平的刺激的加工。Embeds’are:theyfiguresthatinsertedintomagazineadvertisingbyusinghighspeedphotographyorairbrushing.Attention:theextentwhichprocessingactivityisdevotedtoaparticularstimulus.注意:信息加工活动在所选刺激上的分派。Perceptual:peopleattendtoonlyasmallportionofthestimulitowhichtheyexpose.知觉选择:指人们对展露在消费者面前的各种刺激专注于其中的一小部分的选择过程。Perceptualvigilance:consumeraremorelikelytobeawareofstimulithatrelatetotheircurrentneeds.知觉警惕:消费者更也许意识到与他们目前的需要有关的刺激的倾向。例:肥胖的人对减肥的信息产生警惕Perceptualdefense:peopleseewhattheywanttosee-anddon’tseewhattheydon’twanttosee.知觉防御:消费者避免对他们有危险地刺激的倾向。Adaption:thedegreetowhichconsumerscontinuetonoticeastimulusovertime.适应:一种感觉从熟悉到不需要注意的过程(连续对刺激物的关注限度)Intensity强度duration连续时间relevance相关度discrimination差异性exposure频率StimulusselectionfactorsSize:thesizeofstimulusitselfincontrasttothecompetitionhelpstodetermineifitwillcommandattention.Color:colorisapowerfulwaytodrawattentiontoaproductortogiveitadistinctidentity.Position:stimulithatareinplacewe’remorelikelytolookstandabetterchanceofbeingnotice.Novelty:stimulithatappearinunexpectedwaysorplacestendtograbourattention.Interpretation:themeaningthatweassigntosensorystimuli.解释:意义被理解的过程Schema:setofbeliefs,towhichthestimulusisassigned.认知范畴中的信念和感觉的有组织的集合。Stimulusorganization:astimuluswillerpretedisitsassumedrelationshipwithotherevents,sensationorimages.Closureprinciple:peopletendtoperceiveanincompletepictureascomplete.封闭性描述:描述一个人为了感知到完整的图形而倾向于补充缺少的信息的格式塔原则。Principlesimilarity:consumerstendtogrouptogetherobjectsthatsharesimilarphysicalcharacteristics.相似性原则:描述消费者如何倾向于被具有相似物理特性的五天放在一起的原则。Figure-groundprinciple:onepartofastimuluswilldominate(thefigure)andotherpartsreceothebackground(theground)图形-背景原则:作用刺激物的图形的一个部分居主导地位,而其部分则模糊成为背景的格式塔原则。Object:theproductthatisthefocusofthemessage.目的客体:符号学的术语中广告语所集中地产品Sign:thesensoryimagethatrepresentstheintendedmeaningsoftheobject.标志:代表着对象所意味着的含义的感性形象。Interpretant:themeaningderived.诠解释:有标志或象征而得出的意义Icon:asignthatisconnectedtoaproductbecausetheysharesomeproperty.图标:在某种限度上代表着产品的标记符号Symbol:asignthatisrelatedtoaproductthrougheitherconventionaloragreed-uponassociations.索引:与某一产品链接在一起的标志,因他们共享了某些特性Hyperreality:oneofthehallmarksofmodernadvertisingisthatitcreatesaconditionknow.超真实性:最初的虚假或“夸大的广告”逐渐变为真实Therearemanydimensionsthatcanbeusedtoestablishabrand’spositioninthemarketplace.theseinclude:lifestyle;priceleadership;attributes;productclass;competitor;occasions;users;quality.Chapter3learningandmemoryLearning:arelativelypermanentchangeinbehaviorcausedbyexperience.学习:由经验导致的相对持久的行为变化Learningisanongoicess.constantlybeingrevised.Canbeeithersimpleassociationcomplexcongnitiveactivity.从简朴的联系到复杂的认知Behaviorallearningtheories:assumethatlearningtakesplaceastheresultofresponsestoexternalevent.行为主义学习理论:关于学习的观点,它假设学习是外部事件引起的反映Viewisrepresentedbytwomajorapproachestolearning:classicalconditioninginstrumentalconditioning.People’sexperienceareshapedbythefeedbacktheyreceiveastheygothoughlife.Actionstheytakeresultinrewardsandpunishment,andthisfeedbackinfluencesthewaytheywillrespondinsimilarsituationsinthefuture.Unconditionedstimulus(ucs)naturallycapableofcausingtheresponse.非条件刺激:本能导致的反映Conditionedstimulus(cs):notinitiallycausesalivation..条件刺激:不是有本能导致的反映。例:狗看到骨头会流口水Conditionedresponse(cr):条件反射:当两个刺激物配对同时暴露时,条件刺激能引起非条件刺激Stimulusgeneralization:tendencyofstimulisimilartoaCStoevokesimilarconditionedresponses.刺激泛化:和条件刺激相似的刺激可以引起条件反射。例:摇钥匙圈狗流口水Stimulusdiscrimination:occurswhenaUCSdoesnotfollowastimulussimilartoaCS。刺激甄别;当一种类似于条件刺激的刺激物刺激并引起非条件刺激行为的发生。敲盆子狗不会流口水Brandequity:abrandhasstrongpositiveassociationsinaconsumer’smemoryandcommandsloyalty.品牌资产:在消费者记忆中有牢固的积极连接并因此而博得很多忠诚的品牌Applicationsofstimulusgeneralization刺激泛化的应用familybranding家族品牌productextensions产品线扩展licensing许可(将自己的商标租赁给别人使用)look-alikepackaging相似包装(通过对成功品牌的模仿是模仿品成功的秘诀)刺激泛化的运用结果:1当伪冒品比原有品牌质量差时,消费者会对原有品牌产生更大的信心和忠诚度2当伪冒品与原有品牌质量相称时,消费者就不乐旨在承受原有品牌的价格Applicationsofstimulusdiscrimination:consumerslearntodifferentiateabrandformitscompetitors.Uniqueattributesoftheirbrand.刺激甄别的运用Instrumentalconditioning:occursastheindividuallearnstoperformbehaviorsthatproductpositiveoutcomesandtoavoidthosethatyieldnegativeoutcomes.工具性条件反射:个体学会实行带来积极结果地行为并避免产生悲观结果的行为过程Instrumentalconditioningoccursinoneofthreeways:1positivereinforcement;正强化2negativereinforcement;负强化3punishment处罚Extinction:whenapositiveoutcomesisnolongerreceived,thelearnedstimulus-responseconkectionwillnotbemaintained.消退:刺激与反映家门的联系逐渐减弱,从而反映不再被强化的过程Reinforcementschedule:1fixed-intervalreinforcement固定期距强化2variable-intervalreinforcement不固定期距强化3fixed-ratioreinforcement固定比例强化4variable-ratioreinforcement不固定强化Reinforcementofconsumption:thankyou;rebates;回扣follow-upphonecalls电话回访Frequencymarketing:reinforcesregularpurchasersbygivingthemprizeswithvaluesthatincreasealongwiththeamountpurchased.频繁营销:用奖品来强化经常购买行为的一种营销技术,其奖品会随购买次数的增多而增值tiggerfeature:astimulusthatcuesanindividualtowardaparticularandactivateareaction..触发特性:人脑会自发货被动的解决信息但这是无意识的,当面对陌生人或新产品,这个无意识将会被调动起来,用旧的观念去对待新事物而不是树立一个新观念。Observationallearning:occurswhenpeoplewatchtheactionsofothersandnotethereinforcementstheyreceivefortheirbehaviors。观测学习:人们通过观测别人的行动而得到强化来学习的过程。Componentsofobservationallearning:attention---retentio关注偶像行为------productionprocesses生成过程---motivation产生动机-----observationallearning模仿学习成功Memory:aprocessofacquiringinformationandstoringitovertimesothatitwillavailablewhenneeded.记忆:获取信息并长时间存储信息,以便在需要的时候可以得到的过程。1Encoding:informationisenteredinawaythesystemwillrecognize.编码:以一种可再认的方式进入长时记忆的过程。2Storage:knowledgeisintegratedwithwhatisalreadyinmemoryand“warehoused”untilneeded.存储:将长时记忆和记忆中已有的知识综合在一起,然后存入“仓库”直到需要时用3Retrievalstate提取Semanticmeaning:symbolicassociation,suchastheideathatrichpeopledrinkchampagne.语义意义:记忆中的象征性联想Episodicmemories:relatetoeventsthatarepersonallyrelevant.Flashbulbmemories:especiallyvividassociations.Sensorymemory:storageoftheinformationwereceiveformoursenses.Short-termmemory(stm):storesinformationforalimitedperiodoftime,anditscapacityislimited.Long-termmemory:retaininformationforalongperiodoftimeKnowledgestructure:complexspiderwebsfilledwithpiecesofdate.Hierarchicalprocessingmodel:amessageisprocessedinabottom-upfashion:basiclevelandissubjecttoincreasinglycomplexprocessingoperations.RelationshipamongmemorysystemsSpreadingactivation(激活扩散)brand-specific;品牌特定ad-specific广告特定brandidentification品牌辨认productcategory;产品类别属性evaluativereaction评价反馈Levelsofknowledge(知识水平)Servicescripts:typeofschemathatisrelevanttoconsumerbehaviorisascript,asequenceofeventsthatisexpectedbyanindividual.服务脚本:商务场合下规范行为手册Factorsinfluencingretrieval:physiologicalfactors;situationalfactorsPioneeringbrand先锋品牌descriptivebrand描述品牌State-dependentretrieval(状态存放提取)aconsumerismorelikelytorecallanad,forexample,ifhishermoodorlevelofaroundatthetimeofexposureissimilartothatinthepurchaseenvironment.Retroactive:倒摄干扰consumersforgetstimulus-responseassociationswhennewresponsestothesameorsimilarstimuliarelearned.Proacterference:asweresponsesarelearned,astimulusloseitseffectivenessinretrieving.前摄干扰Chapter4motivationandvaluesUtilitarian功利性需求provideafunctionalorpracticalbenefitHedonic享乐性需求anexperientialneedinvidingemotionalresponseorfantasiesMotivation:theprocessesthatleadpeopletobehaveastheydo.Itoccurswhenaneedisarousedthattheconsumerwishedtosatisfy.动机:激活目的导向的行为的内在状态。Goal:theendstatethatisdesiredbytheconsumer.目的:通过购买来满足最终目的。Want:amanifestationofaneedcreatedbypersonalandculturalfactors.欲望:为满足需要所选择的消费形式。Motivationcanbedescribedintermsof:strength;强度direction方向;lasting持久性Typeofneeds:biogenicneeds;psychogenic;utilitarian;hedonicneeds;affiliation.Approachconflict:apersonmustchoosebetweentwodesirablealternatives.双趋冲突:必须在两个令人满意的选项中做出选择的冲突境地。Theoryofcognitivedissonance:astateoftensioniscreatedwhenbeliefsorbehaviorsconflictwithoneanother,认知失调理论:一种理论,基于这样的假设,即当信念或行为之间彼此冲突时,就会产生一种紧张状态;人们会被激发去减少这种不一致,进而消除不快乐的紧张。Cognitivedissonancereduction:peoplearemotivationtoreducethisinconsistency(ordissonance)andthuseliminateunpleasanttension.Approach-avoidanceconflict:existswhenwedesireagoodbutwishtoavoiditatthesametime.趋避冲突:同时导致正面负面两种结果的目的所引起的冲突。Avoidance-avoidanceconflict:consumersmayfaceachoicewithtwoundersirablealternatives.双避冲突:必须在两个令人不满意的选项中做出选择的冲突境地。Needfoeachievementstronglyvaluepersonalaccomplishment.someimportantneeds:needforaffiliation(tobeinthecompanyofotherpeople);needforpower(tocontrolone’senvironment);needforuniqueness(toassertone’sindividualidentify)Maslow’shierarchyofneeds’:physiological生理safety安全belongingness;egoneeds尊重Self-actualization自我实现Levelsofinvolvementforminertiatopassion:tapermationprocessingthatwilloccurthusdependsontheconsumer’slevelinvolvement.Inertia:惯性介入:特点:消费也许出于习惯;消费者缺少被选产品Cultproduct崇敬产品Themanyfacesofinvolvement介入的方面1Productinvolvement:relatedtoaconsumer’slevelofinterestinaparticularproduct.产品卷入2Message-responseinvolvement:referstotheconsumer‘sinterestinprocessingmarketingcommunications.信息反映卷入:根据媒体介入方式的不同对消费产生的影响效果也不同。3Purchasesituationinvolvement:referstodifferencesthatmayoccurwhenbuyingthesameobjectfordifferentcontexts.购买情景介入:在不同情景中购买同样的产品也许有不同的购买行为关于介入维度的测量:5个维度都要测量;每个维度下都也许有一个代表产品。Aninvolvementprofilecontainingfivecomponents:1thepersonalinterestaconsumerhasinaproductcategoryitspersonalmeaningorimportance.消费者对一种产品的爱好,以及产品对个人的满意和重要性。(产品对个人的价值)2theperceivedimportanceofthepotentialnegativeconsequencesassociatedwithapoorchoiceoftheproduct(riskimportance)对产品选择失误所带来的潜在负面影响的重要限度(风险限度)的感知。3theprobabilityofmakingabadpurchase.购买失误的也许性4thepleasurevalueoftheproductcategory.该种产品的愉悦价值。5thesignvalueoftheproductcategory该种产品的标志价值和自我的密切关联限度。Segmentingbyinvolvementlevels介入水平:abasisformarketSegmenting:情感介入;感性介入Corevalues文化融合学习自身文化下面的信仰及行为的过程Thechapters5theselfSelf–concept:referstothebeliefsapersonholdsabouthisorherownattributesandhowheorsheevaluatesthesequalities.自我概念:一个人所持有的对自己属性的结识,以及自己是如何评价这些品质的。Dimensionsoftheattributesofselfconcept:自我概念的维度;contect外形;positivity积极限度;intensityandstability强度和稳定性:对外部刺激的稳定性;accuracy准确度:自我评价与事实的相符。Self–esteem:自尊,衡量自我概念的积极限度Socialcomparison:社会对比,消费者将自己与广告中塑造的形象对比之后进行自我评估。Idealself:抱负我,我希望成为那个人。Actualself:现实我;对自己拥有的或缺少的个性做出真实的评价。Multipleselves多重性自我角色Symbolicinteractionism:stressesthatrelationshipwithotherpeopleplayalargepartinformingtheself.符号互动论:强调自身与别人的关系对自我的形成起着很大作用的社会学方法,人生活在一个象征物的环境中,任何一个情景或客体上锁附加的意义都取决于对这些象征物的解释。Fulfillingprophecy:byactingthewayweassumeothersexpectustoact,weoftenwindupconfirmingtheseperceptions.Thelooking-self镜像自我:theprocessofimaginingthereactionsofotherstowardus.Self-consciousness自我意识:publicself-consciousness公众自我意识self-monitoring自我监督意识。公众自我意识与自我意识都收自我监督的影响。。。。Theextendself:externalobjectsthatweconsiderapartofuscomprise.延展性自我:消费者把外部的客体视为自身的一部分。Fourlevelsoftheextendedself:1individuallevel个体水平2familylevel家庭水平;communitylevel社区水平;4grouplevel群体水平Agenticgoals:stressofself-assertionmastery动因目的Communalgoal:affiliationandthefosteringofharmoniousrelations.公共目的Sex-typedtraits性别典型特质:固定的与某个性别相联系的特质Sex-typedproduct:takeonmasculineorfeminineattribuees,andconsumersoftenassociatethenwithonegenderoranother.Androgyny:thepossessionofbothmasculineandfemininetraits.中性:同时具有男性和女性的特质。Sextypedpeople:stereotypicallymasculineorfeminine.Androgynouspeople:mixtureofcharacteristicsMasculinism:thestudyofthemaleimageandtheculturalmeaningsofmasculinity.男性主义:男性形象及其文化意义。Chapter6personalityandlifestyleID:orientedtowardimmediategratification.本我:以直接满足为导向的系统。Pleasureprincipal;behaviorisguidedbytheprimarydesiretomaximizepleasureandavoidpain.唯乐原则:认为行为是以快乐最大化和规避痛苦的欲望为指导的信念。ID(本我)的三个特质:1selfish2illogical3ignoresconesquencesSuperego:theperson’sconscience趋我:内化了社会准则的系统,起到了阻止本我追求自私的满足作用。Ego:thesystemthatmediatesbetweentheidandthesuperego.自我:在本我与超我之间进行调节的系统。Realityprinciple:theegofindswaystogratifytheidthatwillbeacceptabletotheoutsideworld.现实原则:自我寻求社会可接受的方式来满足本我的原则。Karenhorny:describedpeopleasmovingtoward:compliant趋同型detached清高型aggressive激进型Personalitytraits:approachtopersonalitythatfocusonthequantitativemeasurementofpersonalitytraits.个性特性:对某个人特点的可辨别性描述。ovativeness:创新意识:对模糊度的容忍力很高,容易接受新事物。materialism:物质主意人格:对可以获得和拥有的财务很重视Self-construction:自我意识:通过自我监督来展现别人眼中的形象。Needforcognition:喜欢通过自身努力来获得信息。Frugality:节俭;讨厌商业广告,更讨厌逛商场,不会产生冲动购物。Idiocentrics:离心个体Allocentrics:向心个体Brandpersonality:品牌个性;将品牌赋予一系列拟人化的特性。Brandequity:品牌资产;某品牌在消费者记忆中强烈的喜欢限度及再回忆限度。Animism:泛录论:无生命的客体被赋予生命力的文化惯例。Level1:相信物品被某一个灵魂占据level2物品直接被拟人化Lifestyle:apatternofconsumptionreflectingaperson’schoicesofhowheorshespendstimeandmoney.Productsarethebuildingblocksoflifestyles:1manyproductandservicesdoseemto“gotogether”配套销售2co-brandingstrategies联合品牌策略Produplementarity:occurswhenthesymbolicmeaningofdifferentproductarerelatedtoeachother.Attitude:isalasting,generalevaluationofpeople,object,advertisements,orissues.态度:个体对客体,涉及广告出版物,明星代言等这一系列产生的持久的概述性的评价。Attitudefunctionsasidentifybykatz:1utilitarianfunction效用功能:当产品涉及到奖和罚的时候,就拥有了这个功能;value-expressivefunction价值功能:当产品自身与产品的标志所诠释的意义与消费者的价值观相似时,态度就启用了第二重功能;ego-defensivefunction自我防御功能:当产品及产品信息对个体有威胁时;knowledgefunction.Levelsofcommitmenttoanattitude:compliance;identification;internalizationPersuasion;thecentralgoalofmanymarketingcommunication.Reciprocity:互惠:积分赠品scarcity:缺少心理:限量销售authority:权威:心理学(刻板印象)consistency:一致性(态度与行为);liking:嗜好consensus:舆论Thesource:sourceeffectsferentsourcesandmeasuringthedegreeofattitudechangethatoccursafterlistenershearit.信息源Credibilityandattractiveness可信度和吸引力Thesleepeffect:睡眠效应;thedifferencesinattitudechangebetweenpositivesourcesseemtogeterasedovertime.通过时间的推移,信息源的负面信息会被逐渐遗忘,最后只剩下正面信息和信息自身。Sourcebiases信息源偏见:knowledgebias知识偏见;reportingbias报告偏见Lifestylemarketingperspective:recognizesthatpeoplesortthemselvesintogroupsonthebasisofthethingstheyliketodo,howtheyliketospendtheirleisuretime,andhowtheychoosetospendtheirdisposableincome.Gotogether配套销售Co-brandingstrategies联合品牌策略Psychographics心理描述法:结合了心理学、社会学、人类学来拟定如何根据市场内的各个需求倾向来进行市场细分。Psychographicstudiescantakeseveraldifferentforms:1、alifestyleprofile生活方式梗概2、aproduct-specificprofile产品特性梗概3、agenerallifestylesegmentation一般生活方式细分梗概4、aproduct-specificsegmentation产品属性特定细分梗概Threehierarchiesofeffects:standardlearninghierarchy标准学习型层级eg:大型耐用品low-involvementhierarchy低水平介入层级eg:日用品的快速消费品experientialhierarchy经验层级eg:衣服广告的三重情感Commercialsevokeemotion:1、愉悦2、唤起3、威胁Eg:海飞丝:2、3雪碧广告:1、2Formingattitudes:classicalconditioning、instrumentalconditioning、cognitivelearingWejusthaveapositiveattitudetowardanobjectifwehaveboughtorconsumedit.Self-perceptiontheory:low-involvementhierarchy、foot-in-the-doortechnique得寸进尺技术、low-balltechnique先抑后扬技术door-in-the-facetechnique先抑后扬技术Socialjudgmenttheory社会鉴定理论:一种理论,认为人们会根据他们已经知道的或感觉到东西来同化关于态度对象的新信息,这种最初的态度起着参考框架的作用,新信息根据这个标准加以分类。Balancetheory平衡理论:一种考察人们作为整体感知的要素之间的关系的理论,该理论认为人们倾向于改变要素之间的关系,以使其一致或平衡。Triadcontains:1、person2、anattitudeobject3、someotherpersonorobjectAttitudetowardbuying对于购买态度的预测:消费者的购买行为在当众场合下会给他带来悲观影响时,他就会回避购买,而在私下也许会购买。无法预测购买行为的问题(预测障碍):当结果超过消费者所能控制的范围随着着不可抗力因素当消费者的意象是建立在假定条件上时时间框架问题,当消费者表现出积极态度后没有随着购买行为时将来就无法预测购买行为TryingtoconsumeTheoryoftrying:criterionshouldbetryingtoreachagoal消费者为了达成消费目的,采用尝试理论去代替理性模型而产生的行为标准。1、pastfrequency过往频率2、recency新近性3、beliefs信念4、evaluationsofconsequences对结果的评估5、theprocess过程6、expectationsofsuccessandfailure对成功和失败的盼望7、subjectivenormstowardtrying尝试的主观规范Trackingattitudesovertime:attitude-trackingprogramongoingtrackingstudieschangestolookforoversourcecredibility:信息源的可靠性特性:1、expertise专业性2、objectivity客观性3、trustworthiness可靠性Sleepereffect睡眠效应:通过时间的推移,负面的信息源会被遗失,只记住正面的信息源和信息自身。Dissociativecuehypothesis非社会性暗示假说:随着时间的推移,信息源和信息会分离而只留下信息。Availability-valencehypothesis效价可用性假说;消费者的记忆力有效于是他只会记住对自己有用的信息。Buildingcredibility建立可信度的条件:消费者认为信息源的资历与他所代言的产品密切相关。Sourcebiases信息源偏见:1、知识偏见:信息源对该产品的主题知识不了解2、报告偏见:信息源不具有传达该产品信息的意愿。Supportivearguments支持性论述:在公告中展现产品的一个或几个积极属性来促成购买。Refutationalarguments辩驳型论述:向消费者展现不利方面然后再提供一个积极的解决方案。广告的特性:vividness生动性repetition反复性广告中要展现结论的有:1、新产品2、消费者缺少购买动机广告中不要展现的结论有:1、产品已经成熟2、在消费中可认度很高3、和个体具有关联性Comparativeadvertising对比广告对比广告的缺陷:1、会使消费者产生厌烦感2、会使自身信息贬值Typesofmessageappeals广告塑求:1、emotionalversusretionalappeals感性、理性塑求2、sexualappeals性塑求、3、humorousappeal风趣类广告4、fearappeal恐惊塑求5、themessageasareform:metaphorsbewithyou与艺术形式进行呈现6、formsofstorypresentation故事的陈述形式IndividualdecisionmakingRationalperspective:Purchasemomentum:Behavioralinfluence:Experientialperspective:Habitualdecisionmaking:习惯性决策Acontinuumofbuyingdecisionbehavior:Routineresponsebehaviorbehavior常规limitedproblemsolving有限extensiveproblemsolving扩展型Low-costproduct----------moreexpensiveproductsfrequentpurchasing--------infrequentpurchasinglowconsumerinvolvement---------highconsumerinvolvementfamiliarproductclassandbrands---------unfamiliarproductclassandbrandslittlethoughts,search,ortimegiventopurchase------extensivethoughtssearch,ortimegiventopurchase假如产品的扩展属性没有没有达成自己的预期效果,产品之间出现了同质化,于是价格和促销成了消费者从扩展属性返回到通用属性Problemrecognition:occurswhenevertheconsumerseesasignificantdifferencebetweenhisorhercurrentstateofaffairsandsomedesiredoridealstate.Needrecoginitioncanoccurinseveralways.runningoutofaproduct,bybuyingductthatturnsoutnottoadequatelysatisfyneeds.Exposedtodifferentorbetter-qualityproduct.Theeconomicofinformation:consumerswillgatherasmuchdateasneededtomakeaninformeddecision.Biasesinthedecision-makingprocessMentalaccounting:influencedbythewayaproblemisposed(calledframing),andbywhetheritisputintermsofgainsorlosses.损失厌恶:lossaversion:placemuchmoreemphasisonlossthantheydoongain.Sunk-costfallacy:reluctanttowastesomethingwehavepaidforstudy:foothallticketv`sstorm.当你使用的是别人的资源时,你会更乐意冒险。对金钱的重视限度会因金钱的来源而存在差异。知觉风险perceivedrisk:thebeliefthattheproducthaspotentiallynegativeconsequences.Productgategorization:产品分类对营销的作用1weevaluateproductintermsofwhatwealreadyknowabouta(similar)product.2evoked-setproductsusuallysharesimilarfeatures.3whenfacedwithanewproduct,consumerrefertotheiralreadyexistingknowledgeduct
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