2014年考研英语二真题

本资料由淘宝店铺：光速考研工作室整理汇编如需题型分类版试题可进店获取绝密★启用前2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）☆考生注意事项☆答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂2B铅笔填涂。考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名SectionI UseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDontheANSWER（10points）Thinnerisn’talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave<u>1</u>thatnormal－weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsomediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightisactually<u>2</u>.Forexample，heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.<u>3</u>，amongtheelderly，beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan<u>4</u>ofgoodhealth.Ofevengreater<u>5</u>isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined<u>6</u>bodymassindex，orBMI.BMI<u>7</u>bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideredtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.<u>8</u>，canbedividedintomoderatelyobese，severelyobese，andveryseverelyobese.Whilesuchnumericalstandardsseem<u>9</u>，theyarenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit，<u>10</u>otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor<u></u>.Forexample，manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballplayers<u>12</u>asobese，thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatisConversely，someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfatbuta<u>13</u>BMI.wehavea（n）<u>14</u>tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightaresometimes<u>15</u>inthemediawiththeirfacescovered.Stereotypes<u>16</u>withobesityincludelaziness，lackofwillpower，andlowerprospectsforsuccess.employers，andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese.<u>17</u>veryyoungchildrentendtolookdownontheoverweight，andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity，<u>18</u>inhealthconcerns，havestimulatedanumberofanti－obesity<u>19</u>.Myownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.MichelleObamahaslaunchedahigh－visibilitycampaign<u>20</u>childhoodobesity，evenclaimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.1.[A]denied[B]concluded[C]doubted[D]ensured2.[A]protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome3.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore4.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example5.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern6.[A]intermsof[B]incaseof[C]infavorof[D]inrespectsof7.[A]measures[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies8.[A]inessence[B]incontrast[C]inturn[D]inpart9.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward10.[A]so[B]while[C]since[D]unless11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste12.[A]start[B]qualify[C]retire[D]stay13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored16.[A]compared[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated17.[A]Even[B]Still[C]Yet[D]Only18.[A]despised[B]corrected[C]ignored[D]grounded19.[A]discussions[B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies20.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]withoutSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）Text1Whatwouldyoudowith$590m？ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMacKenzie，an84－year－oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall，tin－roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew－foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfilment，shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethDunnandMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.satisfactionwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyWhatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomesold－hat；regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences，sayMsDunnandMrNorton，likeinterestingtrips，uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoftenbecomemorevaluablewithtime–asstoriesormemories–particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost“happinessbangforyourbuck.”Itseemsmostpeoplewouldbeiftofriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision（somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing，andishardlyjollierforit）.Buyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsforoneself，andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonMcDonald’srestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib–amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.ReadersofHappyMoneyareclearlyaprivilegedlot，anxiousaboutfulfilment，nothunger.Moneymaynotquitebuyhappiness，butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpoorones.thelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld，andscarcityenhancesthepleasureofmostthingsformostpeople.Noteveryonewillagreewiththeauthors’policyideas，whichrangefrommandatingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent.AccordingtoDunnandNorton，whichofthefollowingisthemostrewardingpurchase？Abighouse.Aspecialtour.AstylishArichmeal.Theauthor’sattitudetowardAmericans’watchingTVis<u> </u>.criticalsupportivesympatheticambiguousMcRibismentionedinParagraph3toshowthat<u> </u>.consumersaresometimesirrationalpopularityusuallycomesafterqualitymarketingtricksareofteneffectiveraritygenerallyincreasespleasureAccordingtothelastparagraph，HappyMoney<u> </u>.hasleftmuchroomforreaders’criticismmayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchasehaspredictedawiderincomegapintheUSmaygiveitsreadersasenseofachievementThistextmainlydiscusseshowto<u> </u>.balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoneyspendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteriesobtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspentbecomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuriesText2AnarticleinScientificAmericanhaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchsaysthat，actually，youthinkyou’remorebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep－seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself－enhancingstrategiestoachievethis.Socialpsychologistshaveamassedoceansofresearchintowhattheycallthe“aboveaverageeffect”，or“illusorysuperiority”，andshownthat，forexample，70%ofusrateourselvesasaboveaverageinleadership，93%indrivingand85%atgettingonwellwithothers–allobviouslystatisticalimpossibilities.rose－tintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself－affirmingsituations.becomedefensivewhencriticised，andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostourownesteem.stalkaroundthinkingwe’rehotstuff.PsychologistandbehaviouralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyintoself－enhancementandattractiveness.Ratherthanhavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycomparedwithothers，heaskedthemtoidentifyanoriginalphotographofthemselvesfromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmoreandlessattractive.recognition，readstheis“anautomaticpsychologicalprocess，occurringrapidlyandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdeliberation”.Ifthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatteringimage–whichmostdid–theygenuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowtheylooked.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Norwasthereanyevidencethatthosewhoself－enhancedthemost（thatis，theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpictureswerereal）weredoingsotomakeupforprofoundinsecurities.Infact，thosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewererealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermarkersforhavinghigherself－esteem.“Idon’tthinkthefindingsthatwehaveareanyevidenceofpersonaldelusion，”saysareflectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves.”Ifyouaredepressed，youwon’tbeself－enhancing.Knowingtheresultsofitmakessensethatmanypeoplehatephotographsofthemselves<u>viscerally</u>–ononelevel，theydon’tevenrecognisethepersoninthepictureasthemselves.Facebook，therefore，isaself－enhancer’sparadise，wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos，thecreamoftheirwit，style，beauty，intellectandlifestyles.notthatpeople’sprofilesaredishonest，saysCatalinaofWisconsin－MadisonUniversity，“buttheyportrayanidealisedversionofthemselves.”Accordingtothefirstparagraph，socialpsychologistshavefoundthat<u> </u>.ourself－ratingsareunrealisticallyhighillusorysuperiorityisabaselesseffectourneedforleadershipisunnaturalself－enhancingstrategiesareineffectiverecognitionisbelievedtobepeople’s<u> </u>.rapidmatchingconsciouschoiceintuitiveresponseautomaticself－defenceEpleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherself－esteemtendedto<u> </u>.underestimatetheirinsecuritiesbelieveintheirattractivenesscoveruptheirdepressionsoversimplifytheirillusionsTheword“viscerally”（Line2，Para.5）isclosestinmeaningto<u> </u>.instinctivelyoccasionallyparticularlyaggressivelyItcanbeinferredthatFacebookisaself－enhancer’sparadisebecausepeoplecan<u> </u>.presenttheirdishonestprofilesdefinetheirtraditionallifestylessharetheirintellectualpursuitswithholdtheirunflatteringsidesText3Theconceptofmanversusmachineisatleastasoldastheindustrialrevolution，butthisphenomenontendstobemostacutelyfeltduringeconomicdownturnsandfragilerecoveries.Andyet，itwouldbeamistaketothinkwearerightnowsimplyexperiencingthepainfulsideofaboomandbustcycle.Certainjobshavegoneawayforgood，outmodedbymachines.Sincetechnologyhassuchaninsatiableappetiteforeatinguphumanjobs，thisphenomenonwillcontinuetorestructureoureconomyinwayswecannotimmediatelyforesee.Whenthereisrapidimprovementinthepriceandperformanceoftechnology，jobsthatwereoncethoughttobeimmunefromautomationsuddenlybecomethreatened.Thisargumenthasattractedalotofattention，viathesuccessofthebookRaceAgainsttheMachine，byErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfee，whobothhailfromCenterforDigitalBusiness.Thisisapowerfulargument，andascaryone.Andyet，JohnHagel，authorofThePowerofPullandotherbooks，saysBrynjolfssonandMcAfeemissthereasonwhythesejobsaresovulnerabletotechnologyinthefirstplace.HagelsayswehavedesignedjobsintheU.S.thattendtobe“tightlyscripted”and“highlystandardized”onesthatleavenoroomfor“individualinitiativeorcreativity”.Inshort，thesearethetypesofjobsthatmachinescanperformmuchbetteratthanhumanbeings.ThatishowwehaveputagianttargetsignonthebacksofAmericanworkers，Hagelsays.timetoreinventtheformulaforhowworkisconducted，sincewearestillrelyingonavery20thcenturynotionofwork，Hagelsays.Inourrapidlychangingwemorethaneverneedpeopleintheworkplacewhocantakeinitiativeandexercisetheirimagination“torespondtounexpectedevents”.Thatisnotsomethingmachinesaregoodat.Theyaredesignedtoperformverypredictableactivities.AsHagelnotes，BrynjolfssonandMcAfeeindeedtouchedonthispointintheirbook.needtoreframeraceagainstthemachineasracewiththemachine.Inotherwords，weneedtolookatthewaysinwhichmachinescanaugmenthumanlaborratherthanreplaceit.Sothentheproblemisnotreallyabouttechnology，butrather，“howdoweinnovateourinstitutionsandourworkpractices？”Accordingtothefirstparagraph，economicdownturnswould<u> </u>.easethecompetitionofmanvs.machinehighlightmachines’threattohumanjobsprovokeapainfultechnologicalrevolutionoutmodeourcurrenteconomicstructureTheauthorsofRaceAgainsttheMachinearguethat<u> </u>.technologyisdiminishingjobopportunitiesautomationisacceleratingtechnologicaldevelopmentcertainjobswillremainintactafterautomationmanwillfinallywintheraceagainstmachineHagelarguesthatjobsintheU.S.areoften<u> </u>.performedbyinnovativemindsscriptedwithanindividualstylestandardizedwithoutacleartargetdesignedagainsthumancreativityAccordingtothelastparagraph，BrynjolfssonandMcAfeediscussed<u> </u>.thepredictabilityofmachinebehaviorinpracticetheformulaforhowworkisconductedefficientlythewaysmachinesreplacehumanlaborinmoderntimesthenecessityofhumaninvolvementintheworkplaceWhichofthefollowingcouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext？HowtoInnovateOurPractices？MachinesReplaceHumanLaborCantheRaceAgainstMachines？EconomicDownturnsStimulateInnovationsText4Whenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroads，railways，broadbandandHousingisseldommentioned.Whyisthat？someextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.havenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtherealvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.Itishardtoshoveforattentionamongmultibillion－poundinfrastructureprojects，soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.Butperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.Nevertheless，theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.listsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister，DonFoster，hashintedthatGeorgeOsborne，ChancelloroftheExchequer，mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatlocalauthoritiescanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60，000extranewhomescouldbebuiltoverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted，increasingGDPby0.6%.Ministersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironment，whichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues.Butitisnotjustdowntothegovernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbewelcomeintheshortterm，wemustfaceuptothefactthattheexisting£4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousing，settoexpirein2015，isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartofthecoalition’sspendingplansifitreturnstoThehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverreturntotheeraoflarge－scalepublicgrants.needtoadjusttothischangingclimate.Whilethegovernment’scommitmenttolong－termfundingmayhavechanged，theverypressingneedformoreaffordablehousingisrealandisnotgoingTheauthorbelievesthatthehousingsector<u> </u>.hasattractedmuchattentioninvolvescertainpoliticalfactorsshoulderstoomuchresponsibilityhaslostitsrealvalueineconomyItcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas<u> </u>.increaseditshomesupplyofferedspendingopportunitiessufferedgovernmentbiasesdisappointedthegovernmentAccordingtoParagraph5，GeorgeOsbornemay<u> </u>.allowgreatergovernmentdebtforhousingstoplocalauthoritiesfrombuildinghomespreparetoreducehousingstockdebtreleasealiftedGDPgrowthforecastItcanbeinferredthatastablerentalenvironmentwould<u> </u>.lowerthecostsofregisteredproviderslessentheimpactofgovernmentinterferencecontributetofundingnewdevelopmentsrelievetheministersofresponsibilitiesTheauthorbelievesthatafter2015，thegovernmentmay<u> </u>.implementmorepoliciestosupporthousingreviewtheneedforlarge－scalepublicgrantsrenewtheaffordablehousinggrantsprogrammestopgenerousfundingtothehousingsectorPartBDirections：Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER（10points）EmerginginthelateSixtiesandreachingapeakintheSeventies，LandArtwasoneofarangeofnewforms，includingBodyArt，PerformanceArt，ActionArtandInstallationArt，whichpushedartbeyondthetraditionalconfinesofthestudioandRatherthanportrayinglandscape，landartistsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfastheirmedium.TheBritishlandart，typifiedbyRichardpiece，wasnotonlymoredomesticallyscaled，butalotquirkierthanitsAmericancounterpart.Indeed，whileyoumightassumethatanexhibitionofLandArtwouldconsistonlyofrecordsofworksratherthantheworksthemselves，photographofhisworkisthework.Sincehis“action”isinthepast，thephotographisitssoleembodiment.Thatmightseemratheranobscurepoint，butitsetsthetoneforanexhibitionthatcontainsalotofblack－and－whitephotographsandrelativelyfewnaturalobjects.LongisBritain’sbest－knownLandArtistandhisStoneCircle，aperfectringofpurplishrocksfromPortisheadbeachlaidoutonthegalleryfloor，representstheelegant，rarefiedsideoftheform.TheBoyleontheotherhand，standforitsurbanaspect.ComprisingartistsMarkBoyleandJoanHillsandtheirchildren，theyrecreatedrandomsectionsoftheBritishlandscapeongallerywalls.TheirOlafStreetasquareofbrick－strewnwasteground，isoneofthefewworksheretoembracethecommonplacenessthatcharacterisesmostofourexperienceofthelandscapemostofthetime.Parksfeature，particularlyintheearlierworks，suchasJohnHilliard’sveryfunnyAcrossthePark，inwhichalong－hairedstrollerisvariouslysmiledatbyaprettygirlandunwittinglyassaultedinasequenceofimagesthatturnouttobedifferentpartsofthesamephotograph.GenerallyhoweverBritishlandartistspreferredtogetawayfromtowns，gravitatingtowardslandscapesthataretraditionallyconsideredbeautifulsuchastheLakeDistrictortheWiltshireDowns.Whileitprobablywasn’tapparentatthetime，muchofthisworkispermeatedbyaspiritofromanticescapismthatthelikesofwouldhavereadilyunderstood.DerekJarman’syellow－tintedfilmacollectionoflong，mostlystillshotsoftheWiltshirelandscape，evokesatraditionofEnglishlandscapepaintingstretchingfromSamuelPalmertoPaulNash.InthecaseofHamishFulton，youcan’thelpfeelingthattheScottishartisthassimplyfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingAtypicalwork，suchasSevenDays，consistsofasinglebeautifulblack－and－whitephotographtakenonanepicwalk，withthemileageandnumberofdaystakenlistedbeneath.BritishLandArtasshowninthiswellselected，butrelativelymodestlyscaledexhibitionwasn’taboutimposingonthelandscape，moreakindoflandscape－orientatedlightconceptualartcreatedpassingthrough.Ithaditsoriginsinthegreatoutdoors，buttheresultswereasgallery－boundasthepaintingsofTurnerandConstable.[A]originatesfromalongwalkthattheartisttook.41.StoneCircle[B]illustratesakindoflandscape－orientatedlightconceptualart.42.OlafStreetStudy[C]remindspeopleoftheEnglishlandscapepaintingtradition.43.AcrossthePark[D]representstheeleganceoftheBritishlandart.44.TowardsAvebury[E]depictstheordinarysideoftheBritishlandart.45.SevenDays[F]embodiesaromanticescapeintotheScottishoutdoors.[G]containsimagesfromdifferentpartsofthesamephoto