2000年历年考研英语真题

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题<br/>PartⅠCloseTest<br/>Directions：<br/>Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage，therearefourchoicesmarked［A］，［B］，［C］and［D］.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.（10points）<br/>①Ifafarmerwishestosucceed，hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.②Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain<u>1</u>consumingallhisgrainimmediately.③Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily<u>2</u>heproducesasurplus.④Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways：asseedforsowing，asaninsurance<u>3</u>theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto<u>4</u>oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto<u>5</u>thesoil.⑤Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation<u>6</u>andimprovehisfarminotherways.⑥Ifnosurplusisavailable，afarmercannotbe<u>7</u>.⑦Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor<u>8</u>extrafundsintheformofloans.⑧Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow<u>9</u>ofinterest，butloansofthiskindarenot<u>10</u>obtainable.［139words］<br/>1.［A］otherthan ［B］aswellas ［C］insteadof ［D］morethan<br/>2.［A］onlyif ［B］muchas ［C］longbefore ［D］eversince<br/>3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards<br/>4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose<br/>5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise<br/>6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels<br/>7.［A］self－confident ［B］self－sufficient ［C］self－satisfied ［D］self－restrained<br/>8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek<br/>9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio<br/>10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequently<br/>PartⅡReadingComprehension<br/>Directions：<br/>Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked［A］，［B］，［C］and［D］.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.（40points）<br/>Passage1<br/>①Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap，but，ifproperlyhandled，itmaybecomeadrivingforce.②WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar，ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor，givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.③Itsscientistsweretheworldsbest；itsworkersthemostskilled.④^（11）<u>AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.</u><br/>①Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.②Justasinevitably，theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.③Bythemid－1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.④SomehugeAmericanindustries，suchasconsumerelectronics，hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.⑤By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft，Zenith.⑥（Nowthereisnone：ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’sLGElectronicsinJuly.）⑦^（12）<u>Foreign－madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.</u>America’smachine－toolindustrywasontheropes.⑧Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors，whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage，wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.<br/>①Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.②Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.③Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing，andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.④Themid－1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’sindustrialdecline.⑤Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.<br/>①Howthingshavechanged!②In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.③^（14）<u>FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.</u>④Self－doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.⑤“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure，hasgoneonadiet，haslearnttobemorequick－witted，”accordingtoRichardCavanaugh，executivedeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.⑥“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity，”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute，athink－tankinWashington，DC.⑦AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”［429words］<br/>11.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause.<br/>［A］ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal<br/>［B］itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore<br/>［C］thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors<br/>［D］theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy<br/>12.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican.<br/>［A］TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket<br/>［B］semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises<br/>［C］machine－toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions<br/>［D］autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket<br/>13.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage？<br/>［A］Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself－doubtandblindpride.<br/>［B］Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.<br/>［C］Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.<br/>［D］Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.<br/>14.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe.<br/>［A］turningofthebusinesscycle ［B］restructuringofindustry<br/>［C］improvedbusinessmanagement ［D］successineducation<br/>Passage2<br/>①^（15）<u>Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.②Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females，butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity，andamong70－year－oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.③Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.</u>④Now，boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.⑤Thismeansthat，forthefirsttime，therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.⑥Moreimportant，anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.⑦Fiftyyearsago，thechanceofababy（particularlyaboybaby）survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.⑧Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes，onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.<br/>①Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide：stayalive，buthavefewerchildren.②Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.③Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities，veryfewwomenhave15children.④Nowadaysthenumberofbirths，liketheageofdeath，hasbecomeaverage.⑤Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.⑥^（16）<u>Again，differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.⑦Indiashowswhatishappening.</u>Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.⑧Thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper－middle－classIndiacomparedtothetribes.<br/>Forus，thismeansthatevolutionisover；thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.②Strangely，ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.③Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.④Butinthepast100，000years—eventhepast100years—ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.⑤^（17）<u>Wedidnotevolve，becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.</u>⑥Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution：they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship，asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”⑦Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere，theywilllookjustlikeus.［406words］<br/>15.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph？<br/>［A］Alackofmates. ［B］Afiercecompetition.<br/>［C］Alowersurvivalrate. ［D］Adefectivegene.<br/>16.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate？<br/>［A］Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.<br/>［B］Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.<br/>［C］Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.<br/>［D］Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.<br/>17.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause.<br/>［A］lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance<br/>［B］thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining<br/>［C］ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution<br/>［D］thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing<br/>18.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？<br/>［A］SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution.<br/>［B］WaysofContinuingMan’sEvolution.<br/>［C］TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature.<br/>［D］HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere.<br/>Passage3<br/>①^（20）<u>Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion，itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat，for，howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday，itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.</u>②WithregardtoFuturistpoetry，however，thecaseisratherdifficult，forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe—evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight—itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.<br/>①This，inbrief，iswhattheFuturistsays：foracentury，pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup，tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.②Consequently，ourfeelings，thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.③^（21）<u>Thisspeedingupoflife，saystheFuturist，requiresanewformofexpression.</u>④Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo，ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.⑤Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords，unhamperedbystops，orqualifyingadjectives，orfiniteverbs.⑥Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem；wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage，andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.<br/>①Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.②ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver—andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers：“Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty－fivekilograms.”<br/>①^（22）<u>This，thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry，canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.</u>②Allthesame，nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition：thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.③Thewholequestionisreallythis：haveweessentiallychanged？［334words］<br/>19.Thispassageismainly.<br/>［A］asurveyofnewapproachestoart<br/>［B］areviewofFuturistpoetry<br/>［C］aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement<br/>［D］aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature<br/>20.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears，peopleshouldtryto.<br/>［A］determineitspurposes ［B］ignoreitsflaws<br/>［C］followthenewfashions ［D］accepttheprinciples<br/>21.Futuristsclaimthatwemust.<br/>［A］increasetheproductionofliterature<br/>［B］usepoetrytorelievemodernstress<br/>［C］developnewmodesofexpression<br/>［D］avoidusingadjectivesandverbs<br/>22.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis.<br/>［A］basedonreasonableprinciples<br/>［B］newandacceptabletoordinarypeople<br/>［C］indicativeofabasicchangeinhumannature<br/>［D］moreofatransientphenomenonthanliterature<br/>Passage4<br/>①^（23）<u>AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.</u>②ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork－moralvalues.③Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing，butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds，andyoungpeopledon’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.<br/>①Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale－dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen－agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.②Inarecentsurvey，itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife，comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.③Inaddition，farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.<br/>①Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics，Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself－expression.②^（25）<u>“Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores—personality，ability，courageorhumanity—arecompletelyignored，”</u>saysToshikiKaifu，chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’seducationcommittee.③“Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.”④LastyearJapanexperienced2，125incidentsofschoolviolence，including929assaultsonteachers.⑤Amidtheoutcry，manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.⑥LastyearMitsuoSetoyama，whowastheneducationminister，raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”<br/>①^（26）<u>ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife－styles.</u>②“InJapan，”sayseducatorYokoMuro，“it’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife，butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.”③Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization；fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated，two－generationhouseholds.④UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes（travelstoandfromwork）andcrowdedlivingconditions，butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken，thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.⑤Inthepastdecade，theJapanesedivorcerate，whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates，hasincreasedbymorethan50percent，andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone－quarter.［447words］<br/>23.IntheWesterners’eyes，thepostwarJapanwas.<br/>［A］underaimlessdevelopment ［B］apositiveexample<br/>［C］arivaltotheWest ［D］onthedecline<br/>24.Accordingtotheauthor，whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety？<br/>［A］Women’sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.<br/>［B］Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.<br/>［C］Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.<br/>［D］Thelife－stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.<br/>25.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor？<br/>［A］Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.<br/>［B］Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.<br/>［C］Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.<br/>［D］Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.<br/>26.ThechangeinJapaneselife－styleisrevealedinthefactthat.<br/>［A］theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlife<br/>［B］thedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.<br/>［C］theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbefore<br/>［D］theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlife<br/>Passage5<br/>①^（27）I<u>fambitionistobewellregarded，therewardsofambition—wealth，distinction，controloverone’sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.</u>②Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality，itmustbewidelyshared；anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired，theeducatednotleastamongthem.③^（28）<u>Inanoddway，however，itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.④Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition—ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.⑤Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis，acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped—withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.</u><br/>①Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.②Summerhomes，Europeantravel，BMWs—thelocations，placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange，butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.③^（29）<u>Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams，aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould，lesttheybethoughtpushing，acquisitiveandvulgar.</u>④Instead，wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles，whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply：thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome；thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree－starrestaurants；thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife，whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.⑤Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional，theproperformulationis，“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”<br/>①Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles；itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive，wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.②Asaresult，thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse，aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung，isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.③Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend，thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings，butonlythat，nolongeropenlyhonored，itislessopenlyprofessed.④Consequencesfollowfromthis，ofcourse，someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground，ormadesly.⑤Such，then，isthewaythingsstand：ontheleftangrycritics，ontherightstupidsupporters，andinthemiddle，asusual，themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.［431words］<br/>27.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif.<br/>［A］itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrifices<br/>［B］itisrewardedwithmoney，fameandpower<br/>［C］itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial<br/>［D］itissharedbytherichandthefamous<br/>28.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis.<br/>［A］customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords<br/>［B］toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout<br/>［C］dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal<br/>［D］impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition<br/>29.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause.<br/>［A］theythinkofitasimmoral<br/>［B］theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth<br/>［C］ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits<br/>［D］theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible<br/>30.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained.<br/>［A］secretlyandvigorously ［B］openlyandenthusiastically<br/>［C］easilyandmomentarily ［D］verballyandspiritually<br/>PartⅢEnglish－ChineseTranslation<br/>Directions：<br/>ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.（15points）<br/>Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.31）<u>Undermodernconditions，thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.</u>32）<u>Furthermore，itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry，andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallki