医学统考2014年考博英语真题

年医学博士英语统一入学考试试PaperPartIListeningComprehension30%)(略）PartIIVocabulary(10%)SectionDirections:Inthissectionallthesentencesare plete.FourwordsofphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD,aregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.Then,markyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.Agoodnight’ssleepisbelievedtohelpslowthestomach’semptying,produceasmoother,lessabruptabsorptionofsugar,andwillbetter brainmetabolism.A. B. C. D.TheexplosionandtheoilspillbelowthesurfaceoftheGulfofMexicoleftmymindinsuchathatIcouldn’tgettosleep.A. B. C. D.Coronaryheartattacksoccurmorecommonlyinthosewithhighbloodpressure,intheobese,incigarettesmokers,andinthose toprolongedemotionalandmentalstrain.A.sympatheticB. C. D.Mostcoldsareacquiredbychildreninschooland toA. B. C. D.Severalofthemostpopulousnationsintheworld atthelowerendofthetableofrealGDPpercapitalastyear.A. B. C. D.Presentlythiskindofanti-depressantisstillinclinical ,eventhoughtheconcepthasbeenaroundsince1900s.A. B. C.implicationsD.Studiesrevealedthatexposuretolow-levelradiationforalongtimemayweakentheaging,andcauseA.B.C.D.Themayorcandidate’s alitytraits,beingmodestandgenerous, peopleinhisfavorbeforetheelection.A. B. C. D.Withitsgracefulmovementsandsalubriouseffectsonhealth,TaiChihasastrong toavastmultitudeofpeople.A. B. C. D.Ifyouarecatchingatrain,itisalwaysbettertobe earlythanevenafractionofaminutetoolate.A. B. C. D.PartIIIClozeDirections:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDontherightside.ChoosethebestanswerandmarkthelitterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.Foryears,scientistshavebeenwarningusthattheradiationfrommobilephonesdetrimentalourhealth,withoutactuallyhavinganyevidencetobackthese51up.However,researchnowsuggeststhatmobilephoneradiationhasatleastonepositivesideeffect:itcanhelppreventAlzheimer's,52inthemicethatactedastestsubjects.It'sbeened,thoughneverproven,thatheavyuseofmobilephonesisbadforyourhealth.It'sthoughtthatwalkingaroundwithapermanentlyattachedtothesideofyourheadisalmostsuretobe_53yourbrains.Andthatmaywellbetrue,butI'dratherwaituntilit'sprovenbeforegivingupthatpartofmydailyButwhathasnowbeenproven,inaveryperfunctorymanner,isthatmobilephoneradiationcanhaveaneffectonyourbrain.54inthiscaseitwasapositiveratherthannegativeeffect.AccordingtoBBCNews,theFloridaAlzheimerDiseaseResearchCenterconductedastudyon96micetoseeiftheradiationgivenoffbymobilephonescouldaffecttheonsetofAlzheimer's.Someofthemicewere"geneticallyalteredtodevelopbeta-amyloidplaquesintheirbrains"55theyaged.TheseareamarkerofAlzheimer's.All96micewerethen"exposedtotheelectro-magnetic56generatedbyastandardphonefortwoone-hourperiodseachdayforseventoninemonths."Theluckythings.57,theexperimentshowedthatthemicealteredtobepredisposedtodementiawereprotectedfromthediseaseifexposedbeforetheonsetoftheillness.Theircognitiveabilitiesweresounimpairedastobevirtually58tothemicenotgeneticallyalteredinanyway.Unfortunay,althoughtheresultsarepositive,thescientistsdon'tactuallyknowwhyexposuretomobilephoneradiationhasthiseffect.Butit'shopedthatfurtherstudyandtestingcouldresultinanon-invasive59forpreventingandtreatingAlzheimer'sdisease.Autopsiescarriedoutonthemicealsoconcludednoill-effectsoftheirexposuretotheradiation.However,thefactthattheradiationpreventedAlzheimer'smeansmobilephones60ourbrainsandbodiesinwaysnotyetexplored.Andit'ssuretherearenegativesaswellthisone51.A.B.C.D.52.A.atB.atC.asD.as53.A.B.C.D.54.A.B.C.D.55.A.B.C.D.56.A.B.C.D.57.A.B.C.D.58.A.B.C.D.59.A.B.C.D.60.A.doB.didC.isD.couldhavePartIVReadingComprehensionDirections:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowingbyfivequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.PassageIhavejustreturnedfromMexico,whereIvisitedafactorymakingmedicalmasks.Facedwithfiercecompetition,theownerhascuthiscostsbyoutsourcingsomeofhisproduction.Scoresofpeopleworkforhimintheirhomes,threadingelasticintomasksbyhand.Theyarepaidbelowtheminimumwage,withnojobsecurityandnohealthcareprovision.Usersofmedicalmasksandotherlaboratorygearprobablygivelittlethoughttowheretheirequipmentcomesfrom.Thatneedstochange.Asignificantproportionoftheseproductsaremadeinthedeveloworldbylow-paidpeoplewithinadequatelaborrights.Thisleadstohumanmiseryonatremendousscale.Takelabcoats.Manyaremadein,wheremostcottonfarmersarepaidanunfairpricefortheircropsandfactoryemployeesworkillegalhoursforpoorpay.One-fifthoftheworld’ssurgicalinstrumentsaremadeinnorthernPakistan.WhenIvisitedacoupleofyearsagoIfoundmostworkerstoiling12hoursaday,sevendaysaweek,forlessthanadollaraday,exposedtonoise,metaldustandtoxicchemicals.Thousandsofchildren,someasyoungas7,workintheindustry.Towininternationalcontracts,factoryownersmustofferrock-bottomprices,andconsequentlydrivedownwagesandlaborconditionsasfarastheycan.Welaboratoryscientistsinthedevelopedworldmayunwittinglybeencouragingthis:weaskhowmuchourequipmentwillcost,butwhichofusaskswhomadeitandhowmuchtheywerepaid?Thisisnosmallmatter.Scienceissupposedtobenefithumanity,butbecauseoftheconditionsunderwhichtheirtoolsaremade,manyscientistsmayactuallybecausingharm.Whatcanbedone?Aknee-jerkboycottofunethicalgoodsisnottheanswer;itwouldjustmakethingsworseforworkersinthosemanufacturingzones.WhatweneedistostartaskingrstobetransparentaboutwhereandhowtheirproductsaremanufactureandurgethemtoimprovetheirmanufacturingItcanbedone.Manyuniversitiesarecommittedtofairtradeintheformofethicallysourcedtea,coffeeorbananas.Thatmodelshouldbeextendedtolaboratorygood.Therearesignsthatthingsaremoving.OverthepastfewyearsIhaveworkedwithhealthservicesintheUKandinSweden.Bothhaverecentlyinstitutedethicalprocurementpractices.Ifscienceistrulygoingtohelphumanity,itneedstofollowsuit.Fromthemedicalmaskstothelabcoats,theauthoristryingtol thepracticeofoccupationalprotectioninthedevelothedevelocountriesdbypovertyandthecheapestlaborinthedevelothehumanmiserybehindTheconcerningphenomenontheauthorhadobserved,accordingtothe isnothingbuttherepetitionofthemiserablecouldhavebeenevenisunfamiliartothewealthyisprevailingacrosstheTheauthorarguesthatwhenresearchersinthewealthywestbuytoolsoftheirtrade,they havethesameconcernwiththedevelobeblindtotheirsourcesforthesakeofpursuegoodbargainsintheinternationalspareathoughtforhowtheywereApropercourseofactionsuggestedbytheauthor torefusetoimporttheunethicalgoodsfromthedevelotoaskscientiststolthetruthastheprimevalueoftheirtourgethemanufacturerstoaddresstheimmoraltoimprovethetransparencyofinternationalBysayingattheendofthepassagethatifscienceistrulygoingtohelphumanity,itneedstofollowsuit,theauthormeansthat thescientificcommunityshouldstandupforalltheprime-valueofscientists’workis lthelaboratorygoodsalsoneedtobeethicallybecauseofscience,thereishopeforPassageAlittleinformationisadangerousthing.Alotofinformation,ifit’sinaccurateorconfusing,evenmoreso.Thisisaproblemforanyonetryingtospendorinvestinanenvironmentallysustainableway.Investorsarebarragedwithindexespurportingtodescribecompanies’eco-credentials,someofdubiousquality.Greenlabelsonconsumerproductsareubiquitous,buttheirclaimsarehardtoverify.TheconfusionisevidentfromtheNewScientist’sysisofwhetherpublicperceptionofcompanies’greencredentialsreflectreality.Itshowsthatmanycompaniesconsidered“green”havedonelittletoearnthatreputation,whileothersdonotgetsufficientcreditfortheireffortstoreducetheirenvironmentalimpact.Obtainingbetterinformationiscrucial,becausedecisionsbyconsumersandbiginvestorswillhelppropelustowardsagreeneconomy.Atpresent,itistooeasytomakeunverifiedclaims.Takedisclosureofgreenhousehasemission,forexample.TherearevoluntaryschemessuchastheCarbonDisclosureProject,butlittlescrutinyofthefigurescompaniessubmit,whichmeansinvestorsmaybemisled.Measurementscanbedifficulttointerpret,too,likethoseforwateruse.Inthiscase,contextiscrucial:alittlefromrain-soakedIrelandisnotthesameasalittledrawnfromtheArizonadesert.Similarproblemsbedevil“green”labelsattachedtoindividualproducts.Here,thecomputerequipmentratingsystemdevelopedbytheGreenElectronicsCouncilshowsthewayforward.criteriacomefromtheIEEE,theworld’sleading,professionalassociationforOtherschemes,suchasthe“sustainabilityindex”plannedbyUSretailgiantWalmart,arebroader.Devisingrigorousstandardforalargenumberofdifferenttypesofproductwillbetough,placingahugeburdenontheacademic-ledconsortiumthatisngtheunderlyingscientificOurinvestigationalsorevealsthatmanycompanieschoosenottodisclosedata.Somewillwanttokeepitthatway.Thisiswhyweneedlegalrequirementsforfulldisclosureofenvironmentalinformation,withtheclearmessagethatthepolluterwilleventuallyberequiredtopay.Thenmarketforceswilldrivecompaniestocleanuptheiracts.Let’shopewecanrisetothischallenge.Beforewecanhaveagreeneconomyweneedagreeninformationeconomy-andit’sthequalityofinformation,aswellasitsty,thatwill"Theconfusion"atthebeginningofthe2ndparagraphrefers wheretospendorinvestinasustainableanarrayofconsumerproductstoafogofunreliablegreenlittleinformationoneco-FromtheNew ysisitcanbeinferredthatinmany eco-credibilityisagreeneconomyisanenvironmentimpactisgreencredentialspromotegreenFromunverifiedclaimstodifficultmeasurementsandthentoindividualproducts,theauthorsuggeststhat eco-credibilityisagamebetweenscientistsandneitherscientistsnormanufacturesareitisvitaltobuildagreenbetterinformationisToaddresstheissue,theauthoriscrying transparentcorporate B.establishingsustainabilityC.toughacademic-led D.strictlegalWhichofthefollowingcanbethebestinferencefromthelastparagraph?A.ThetoughestchallengeisthebestopportunityB.ItistimeforanothergreenC.InformationshouldbefreeatD.Noty,noPassagePeopleareextraordinarilyskilledatspottingcheats muchbetterthantheyareatdetectingrule-breakingthatdoesnotinvolvecheating.Astudyshowingthatjusthowgoodweareatthisaddsweighttothetheorythatourexceptionalbrainpowerarosethroughevolutionarypressurestoacquirespecificcognitiveskills.Thestill-controversialideathathumanshavespecializeddecisionsystemsinadditiontogeneralizedreasoningabilityhasbeenaroundfordecades.Itsadvocatespointoutthattheabilitytoidentifyuntrustworthypeopleshouldbefavoredevolutionally,sincecheatsriskunderminingthesocialinteractionsinwhichpeopletradegoodsorservicesformutualbenefit.Totestwhetherwehaveaspecialabilitytoreasonaboutcheating,LedaCosmides,anevolutionarypsychologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,andhercolleaguesusesastandardpsychologicaltestcalledtheWasonselectiontest,whichtestsvolunteers’abilitytoreasonabout“if/then”statements.Theresearcherssetupscenariosinwhichtheyaskedundergraduatevolunteerstoimaginetheyweresupervisingworkerssortingapplicationsforadmissiontotwoschools:agoodoneinadistrictwhereschooltaxesarehigh,andapooroneonanequallywealthy,butlightlytaxeddistrict.Thehypotheticalworkersweresupposedtofollowarulethatspecified“ifastudentisadmittedtothegoodschool,theymustliveinthehighlytaxeddistrict”.Halfthetime,thetestsubjectsweretoldthattheworkershadchildrenoftheirownapplyingtotheschools,thushavingamotivetocheat;therestofthetimetheyweretoldtheworkersweremerelyabsent-mindedandsometimesmadeinnocenterrors.Thenthetestsubjectswereaskedhowtheywouldveritythattheworkerswerenotbreakingtherule.Cosmidesfoundthatwhenthe“supervisors”thoughttheywerecheckingforinnocentjust9of33,or27percent,gottherightanswerflookingforastudentadmittedtothegoodthatdidnotliveinthehighly-taxeddistrict.Incontrast,whenthesupervisorsthoughttheywerewatchingforcheats,theydidmuchbetter,with23of34,or68percentgettingtherightanswer.Thissuggeststhatpeopleare,indeedmoreadeptatspottingcheatthanatdetectingmererule-breaking.Cosmidessays,“Anycuesthatit’sjustaninnocentmistakeactuallyinactivatethedetectionmechanism.”Theresultiswhatyouwouldexpectifnaturalselectionhadfavoredthisspecificabilityinearly,pro-socialhumansandisnotatallwhatwouldhappenunderselectionforinligence,Cosmidessays.“Myclaimisthatthereisnothing -generalinthemind,justthatthatcan’tbetheonlythinggoingoninthemind.”Otherpsychologistsremainskepticalofthisconclusion.“Ifyouwanttoconcludethatthereforethere’samoduleinthemindfordetectingcheaters,Iseezeroevidenceforthat.”saysStevenSloman,acognitivescientistatBrownUniversityinProvidence,RhodeIsland,“It’scertainlypossiblethatit’ssomethingwelearnedthroughexperience.Thereisnoevidencethatit’sanythinginnate.”Thefindingsofthestudywereinfavor thehighly-advocatedskillsofcheatingattherelationbetween ligenceandthephenomenonofcheatingatthehumaninnateabilitytoThetest"supervisors"appearedtobemoreadept spottingcheatsthandetectingmererule-detectingmererule-breakingthanspottingspottingtheirownchildrencheatingthan ngdetectingcheatsinthehighlytaxeddistrictthaninthelightlytaxedWhenshesaysthat...thatcan’tbetheonlythinggoingoninthemind,Cosmidesmostprobablyimpliesthat cheatingishighlymotivatedinthesocialourspecificcognitiveskillscanserveanevolutionarythereisnosuchamentalthingasaspecializeddecisionmakingtheabilitytoidentifyuntrustworthypeopleshouldbefavoredInresponsetoCosmides’claim,Slomanwouldsay Itwasgreat B.ItwouldbeC.Itwas D.It’sWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitlefortheCheatingatCheatingastheHumanImaginaryInligenceandInligenceEvolvedtoRootOutPassageFormanyenvironmentalists,allhumaninfluenceontheplanetisbad.Manynaturalscientistsimplicitlysharethisoutlook.Thisisnotunscientific,butitcancreatetheimpressionthatgreensandenvironmentalscientistsareauthoritariantree-huggerswhovaluenatureabovepeople.Thatdoesn’tplaywellwithmainstreamsociety,astheapparentbacklashagainstclimatescienceEnvironmentalistsneedtofindanewstoryto l.Likeitornot,wenowliveinthe anageinwhichhumansareperturbingmanyoftheplanet’snaturalsystems,fromthewatertotheacidityoftheoceans.Wecannotwishthatawaywemustrecognizeitandmanageourimpacts.JohanRockstrom,headoftheStockholmEnvironmentInstituteinSweden,andcolleagueshavedistilledrecentresearchonhowEarthsystemworkintoalistofnine“planetaryboundaries”thatwemuststaywithintolivesustainably.Itispreliminarywork,andmanywilldisagreewithwheretheboundariesareset.Butthepointistoofferanewwayofthinkingaboutourrelationshipwiththeenvironment ascience-basedpicturethatacceptsacertainlevelofhumanimpactandevenallowsussomeroomtoexpand.Theresultisabreathoffreshair:thoughwearealreadywellpastthreeoftheboundaries,wehaven’ttrashedtheplaceyet.ItisinthesamespiritthatwealsoprobethebasisforkeyclaimsintheInterernmentalPanelonClimateChange’s2007reportonclimateimpacts.ThisreporthasbeenmuchdiscussedsinceourrevelationsaboutitsunsubstantiatedstatementonmeltingHimalayanglaciers.Whyreturntothetopic?BecausethereisasensethattheIPCCsharesthesameanti-humanagendaand,asaresult,istoodangerousofunverifiednumbers.Whilethemajorityofthereportisassuredlyrigorous,thereisnoescathefactthatpartsofitsmakeclaimsthatgothescience.Forexample,thechapteronAfricaexaggeratesaclaimaboutcrashesinfarmyields,andalsohighlightsprojectionsofincreasedwaterstressinsomeregionswhileignoringprojectionsinthesamestudythatpointtoreducedwaterstressinotherregions.Theseerrorsarenottrifling.Theyareamongthereport’sheadlineconclusions.Aboveall,weneedadispassionateviewofthestateoftheplanetandourlikelyfutureimpactonit.Thereisnoroomforcomplacency:Rockstrom’sysisshowsusthatwefacerealdangers,butexaggeratingourproblemsisnotthewaytosolvethem.Asthe1stparagraphimplies,thereisbetweenenvironmentalistsandmainstream.A.a B. C.a D.aWithintheplanetaryboundaries,asRochstrom wehumanshavegonefartheourhumanactivitiesareactuallymoderateinacertainlevelofhumanimpactisnaturallyitisurgenttomodifyourrelationshipwiththeThepoint,basedonRochstrom’sinvestigation,issimply theymadethefirstclassificationofEarthitisnottodenybuttomanageimpactsontheweareapproachingtheanthropocenefasterthanhumanbeingsarerationalandresponsiblecreaturesonCriticaloftheIPCC’s2007report,theauthorarguesthat missedthemostseriousproblem C.cannotbecalledscientistsatwerepoorlyassembledforthe D.valuenatureaboveItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatifwearetomanagetheanthropocene mustredefineourrelationshipwiththeshouldnottakeitseriouslybuttotakeitneedanewwayofthinkingaboutneedcoolerheadsandclearerPassageHumanityhaspassedatone:morepeopleliveincitiesthaninruralareas.Thecurrentrateofurbanizationisunprecedentedinourhistory.In1950,only29%ofpeoplelivedincities;by2050,70%areprojectedtodoso-mostoftheminpoorercountries.Amongmanyotherissues,thisrapidconcentrationmakescitiesafrontlineinthebattlesagainstclimatechangeandairpollution.Confrontingthechallengesoframpanturbanizationdemandsintegrated,multidisciplinaryapproaches,andnewthinking.Takethebuildingboomassociatedwiththeincreasedwealthofurbanareas,anditimpactongreenhouse-gasemissions.InChinaalone,theUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgrammeestimatestheenergydemandforheatinghomesbuiltoverthenextdecadecouldincreasebysome430terawatt-hoursor4%ofChina’stotalenergyusein2003.Worldwide,theenergyconsumedbybuildingsalreadyaccountsforaround45%ofgreenhouse-gasemissions.Fortunay,researchersinGermanyandelsewherehavealreadyshownthattheycanreducethatenergyconsumptionby80-90%,justbyoverhaulingobsoletebuildingdesignsandusingexistingtechnologies.Thereultra-efficientbybuildingsdemandthatplanners,architects,engineersandbuildingscientistsworktogetherfromtheoutset,andrequirehigherlevelsofexpertisethanconventionalbuildings.Butsuchbuildingsareoftencheaperthanthosebuiltusingconventionalmethods.Researchisalsoneededtodeveloptechnologies,materialsandenergyconcepts,butgreenbuildingresearchtodayisfragmentedandpoorlyfunded.Expandingcitiesmustembracesuchtechnologiesandstrategies----andnotjustinthedevelopednations.Manypoorercountrieshavearichtradit