小作文(开头段+基本句型)

(图表作文/流程/地图)2020/12/191Agenda小作文的基本要求小作文完成步骤审题5要素开头段：基本句式、替换词主体部分：必备句式、补充词汇图表作文（线/条/表/饼）--动态图/静态图流程图地图2020/12/192WritingTask1基本要求summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonwhererelevant.总结信息（概括特征，数据支持）选择和汇报主要的特点如果合适的话，进行比较2020/12/1932014年小作文题型分布2014年小作文题型分布Times柱状图13表格10曲线图8饼图23、流程图64、地图7混合图2柱状图27%饼图4%流程图12%地图15%曲线图17%表格21%混合图4%2014年小作文题型分布1、动态图2、静态图2020/12/194小作文完成步骤--图表（线/柱/表/饼图）第一步：审题第二步：开头段（改写题目）第三步：完成主体部分第四步：结尾段2020/12/195第1步：审题首先，确定图形类别动态图（时间段）静态图（时间点）然后，确定描述对象动态图：有几根线静态图：几个对象其次，确定时态第四，确定图中重要的信息第五，确定文章结构（分段）2020/12/196区别动态图和静态图动态图：强调变化趋势静态图：强调对比时间动态图静态图时间段时间点/无2020/12/197练习：判断动态图还是静态图动态图2020/12/198练习：判断动态图还是静态图动态图25%20%15%10%5%2020/12/199练习：判断动态图还是静态图动态图USpopulationbyraceandethnicity2020/12/1910练习：判断动态图还是静态图静态图2020/12/1911练习：判断动态图还是静态图动态图Thepiechartscomparethesourcesofpollutantsinaparticularareaofocean.2020/12/1912commuterrailheavyraillightrailbusDemandresponse练习：判断动态图还是静态图静态图2020/12/1913练习：判断动态图还是静态图静态图2020/12/1914第1步：审题首先，确定图形类别动态图（时间段）静态图（时间点）然后，确定描述对象动态图：有几根线静态图：几个对象其次，确定时态第四，确定图中重要的信息第五，确定文章结构（分段）2020/12/1915练习：确定描述对象4根线2020/12/1916练习：确定描述对象4根线25%20%15%10%5%2020/12/1917练习：确定描述对象10根线USpopulationbyraceandethnicity2020/12/1918练习：确定描述对象7根线Thepiechartscomparethesourcesofpollutantsinaparticularareaofocean.2020/12/1919练习：确定描述对象5个对象2020/12/1920第1步：审题首先，确定图形类别动态图（时间段）静态图（时间点）然后，确定描述对象动态图：有几根线静态图：几个对象其次，确定时态：第四，确定图中重要的信息第五，确定文章结构（分段）通过给定的时间确定2020/12/1921练习：确定时态过去时2020/12/1922练习：确定时态25%20%15%10%5%过去时将来时2020/12/1923第1步：审题首先，确定图形类别动态图（时间段）静态图（时间点）然后，确定描述对象动态图：有几根线静态图：几个对象其次，确定时态第四，确定图中重要的信息（最高值、第二高值、起始结束值、反转的数据、总体趋势）第五，确定文章结构（分段）2020/12/1924动态图什么数值比较重要一般来说：（针对一条线来说）1、最高值2、最后一年的数据3、第一年的数据4、中间的数据2020/12/1925练习：确定重要信息最高值：road第二高值：water最低值：pipeline总体趋势：road，water，pipeline上升，rail平稳2020/12/1926第1步：审题1.确定图形类别：2.确定描述对象：3.确定时态：4.确定重要信息5.分段：动态图（1974-2002）有4根线分两段过去时最高值：road货运量最大最低值：pipeline货运量最少趋势：road，water，pipeline货运量上升，rail货运量平稳2020/12/1927小作文完成步骤--图表（线/柱/表/饼图）第一步：审题第二步：开头段（改写题目）第三步：完成主体部分第四步：结尾段2020/12/1928第2步：开头段基本句式1.informatione.g.Thechart/graphprovides/presentstheinformation/pare+名词e.g.Thechartcompares......3.show/illustrate+名词e.g.Thechartshowsthechangesin......4.how+宾语从句e.g.Thechart/graphshows/illustrateshow......changed/varied......（How引导的名词性从句后面一定要加完整的句子)5.that+宾语从句：粗略的描述总体趋势e.g.Thechart/graphshows/reveals/indicates/suggeststhat......2020/12/1929开头段简单换词graph（图表、曲线图）chart(图表)=diagram=shows(v.)=information=thenumberof=theproportionof=poepleintheUSA=howtoproduce=inthreecountries=表达（一段时间)例如：从1999到2009年=linegraphbarchart，piechart，flowchartFrom1999to2009=between1999and2009=overaperiodof10years=overtheperiodfrom1999to2009=duringtheperiodbetween1999and2009intheUK,FranceandSpaintheprocessofproducingAmericansthepercentageof=

thefigureforthefigurefordataillustratesfigure（流程图）=flowchart2020/12/1930练习:开头段改写2020/12/1931练习:开头段改写ThegraphprovidestheinformationabouttheamountsofgoodstransportedintheUnitedKindombyfourmeansoftransport

overtheperiodfrom1974to2000.

ThelinegraphcomparesthequantitiesofgoodstransportedintheUnitedKindombyfourtypesoftransportfrom1974to2000.ThegraphillustratesthequantitiesofgoodstransportedintheUnitedKingdombyfourmeansoftransportfrom1974to2002.Thegraphillustrates(howthequantitiesofgoodstransportedbyfourmeansoftransporthadchanged)intheUnitedKingdomoveraperiodofnearly30years.注意:从句的完整性2020/12/1932练习:开头段改写Thefollowingtablepresentssomeinformationaboutconsumerspendingonthreeitemsinfivedifferentcountriesin2002.Thetableshowspercentagesofconsumerexpenditureforthreecategoriesofproductsandservicesinfivecountriesin2002.2020/12/1933练习:开头段改写Thebarchartcomparesdifferentagegroupsintermsofinternetusagebetween2003and2006.2020/12/1934USA40%Others20%UK10%Japan30%Above50yearsold50%Below30yearsold15%40-49yearsold20%练习:开头段改写法一：ThetwopiechartsdemonstratethesituationofoverseastravelbyIndiansintermsoffourdestinationsandagegroupsrespectively.法二：ThefirstpiechartdepictstheinformationaboutthenumberofIndianstravellingtodifferentcountries,andthesecondoneillustratesthefigureforIndiatravellersbydifferentagegroups.2020/12/1935练习:开头段改写-流程图Thediagrambelowshowstheprocessbywhichbricksaremanufacturedforthebuildingindustry.brickmanufacturingdiggerbrickswirecuttersand+watermetalgridrollerclaydeliverypackagingcoolingchamberkilndryingovenmould法二：Thediagramshowshowthebricksareproduced

insevenstepsforthebuildingpurposes.法一：Thediagramshowstheprocessofbrickmanufacturinginsevenstepsforthebuildingpurposes.2020/12/1936ChorleywoodisavillagenearLondonwhosepopulationhasincreasedsteadilysincethemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Themapbelowshowsthedevelopmentofthevillage.1868–18831883–19221922–19701970–1994built1970built1909练习:开头段改写-地图方法一：ThemapshowsthechangesanddevelopmentofChorleywoodvillageinGreatBritainoveraperiodof126yearsfrom1868to1994.方法二：ThemapillustratesthechangesinanareacalledChorleywoodduringtheperiodfrom1868to1994.2020/12/1937小作文完成步骤--图表（线/柱/表/饼图）第一步：审题第二步：开头段（改写题目）第三步：完成主体部分第四步：结尾段2020/12/1938第3步主体部分

动态图必备8个句型1.Thefigureof...increased/decreased......2.Therebe句型3.see/witness4.分词结构5.用afterwhich,duringwhichtime,bywhichtime,when,where引导的定语从句6.用while/whereas/although引导的状语从句，或者but引导的并列句7.倍数8.比较级和最高级2020/12/1939（图表类）必备句式基本句型1：Thefigureof...increasedrapidlyfrom…to…duringtheperiodfrom…to….主语(...的数值)描述趋势的V.描述变化幅度的adv.描述变化幅度的prep.时间范围Thefigureof...Theamountof...Thequantityof..Thenumberof...Thepercentageof..Theproportionof...上升下降大幅度地显著地稳定地平稳地小幅度地微弱地by...to...from..toduring/overtheperiodfrom..to..;inthefollowing...years;intheearly/lateperiodbetween..and..increase;rise;grow;climb;soar;rocket;surge;ascend;goup;decrease;decline;drop;deminish;descend;plunge;plummet;winddown;fall;godown;markedly；remarkably；significantly;considerably;dramatically;sharply;rapidly;substantially;drastically;exponentially;stably;steadily;constantly;gradually;continuously;moderately;gently;slightly;modestly;marginally；slowly;fractionally;insignificantly;注意：表示"上升"和"下降"的单词一般都是不及物动词，没有被动语态。2020/12/1940M-city人口变化图20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型1：Thenumberofpopulationincreasedconsiderablyto15millionduringtheperiodbetween2000to2010.2020/12/1941（图表类）必备句式基本句型2：Therebe句型S.+V.冠词描述变化幅度的adj.描述趋势的n.时间范围Thereis...;

Thereemerges...;Theperiodfrom..to...witnesses...;

Theearly/late/subsequent/following..yearssee...;Thisisfollowedby...;

Itundergoes/experiences...;aan大幅度的明显的稳定的平稳的小幅度的微弱的上升下降in…between…and…from…to…….marked;rapid;sharp;significant;dramatic;drastic;considerable;substantial;exponential;stable;steady;constant;gradual;continuous;moderate;gentle;slow;slight;modest;fractional;insignificant;increase;rise;growth;leap;soar;boom;surge;decrease;fall;decline;slide;plunge;2020/12/1942M-city人口变化图20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型2：Therewasamarkedincreaseinthepopulationfrom2000to2010.Therewasadownward/anoppositetrendin

thepopulationinthefollowingfiveyears.2020/12/1943（图表类）必备句式基本句型3：see/witnessS.+V.冠词描述变化幅度的adj.描述趋势的n.时间范围Thereis...;

Thereemerges...;Theperiodfrom..to...witnesses...;

Theearly/late/subsequent/following..yearssee...;Thisisfollowedby...;

Itundergoes/experiences...;aan大幅度的明显的稳定的平稳的小幅度的微弱的上升下降in…between…and…from…to…….marked;rapid;sharp;significant;dramatic;drastic;considerable;substantial;exponential;stable;steady;constant;gradual;continuous;moderate;gentle;slow;slight;modest;fractional;insignificant;increase;rise;growth;leap;soar;boom;surge;decrease;fall;decline;slide;plunge;2020/12/1944M-city人口变化图20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型3：IntermsofthepopulationofM-city,

theperiodfrom2000to2010

witnessed/saw

asignificantincreasewiththefigurerisingfrom5millionattheverystartto15eventually.2020/12/1945补充知识--"see"的使用21世纪初中国房价大幅上升。China：Chinasawadramticincreaseinhousepricesinthe2000s.The2000sThe2000ssawadramaticincreaseinhousepricesinChina.TherealestateindustryofChinaTherealestateindustryofChinasawhousepricesincreasedramticallyinthe2000s.2020/12/1946（图表类）必备句式基本句型4：分词结构e.g.Thenumberofpopulationnearlydoubled,rising

fromtwomilliontofourmillionin2010.

注意：double不及物V，无被动wasdoubled；

5million/billion/thousand/hundred,不加Se.g.Thepopulationrosetofourmillionin2010,beforedecliningtothreemillionin2012.=Thepopulationrosetofourmillionin2010,afterwhichitdeclinedtothreemillionin2012.注意：rise不及物V，无被动；2020/12/1947M-city人口变化图20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型4：Thenumberofpopulationnearlytripled,rising

fromfivemilliontofifteenmillionin2010.Thepopulationrosetofifteenmillionin2010,beforedecliningtotenmillionin2015.2020/12/1948（图表类）必备句式

--定语从句基本句型5：afterwhich，duringwhichtime，bywhichtime，when，where引导定语从句e.g.Thepopulationrosetofourmillionin2010,afterwhichitdeclinedtothreemillionin2012.e.g.Thevolumeoffruitsalesremainedconstantuntil2010,whenthefigurerosemarkedly.水果销售额一致保持到2010。在那一年，销售额急速上升。2020/12/1949M-city人口变化图20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型5：Thepopulationrosetofifteenmillionin2010,afterwhichitdeclinedtotenmillionin2015.2020/12/1950（图表类）必备句式

--状语从句基本句型6：whereas/while/although引导状语从句e.g.ThevolumeoffruitsalesamountedtothepeakinAugustwhereasithitthetroughinNovember.水果的销量在8月份达到高峰，然而在11月触到最低值。注意：用while和whereas时，注意两个单句的结构一致。e.g.Althoughmenoutnumberedwomeninscience,thisnumberwasdeclined.虽然读科学的男生比女生多，（但是）这个数字在下降2020/12/1951M-city人口变化图20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型6：Thenumberofpopulationamountedtothepeakin2010

whereasitdeclined

to10millionin2015.2020/12/1952（图表类）必备句式

--倍数基本句型7：times

twice/xxtimesasmuchas...;

twice/xxtimesthefigurefor…;

twice/xxtimeshigherthan…;

e.g.2010年，娱乐的花费是书的花费的三倍。Thespendingonentertainmentwasthreetimesasmuchasthatonbooksin2010.Thespendingonentertainmentwas5000dollars,threetimesthefigureforbooks.Thespendingonentertainmentwasthreetimeshigherthanthatonbooks.注意比较对象要一致folde.g.芬兰老龄化人口增长了近三倍。基本句型1ThenumberofagingpopulationofFinlandincreasednearlythreefold.基本句型3ThenumberofagingpopulationofFinlandsawathree-foldincrease.2020/12/1953M-city人口变化图20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型7：Thenumberofpopulationin2010wasthreetimesasmuchas

thefigurein2000.ThenumberofpopulationofM-city

increasednearlythreefoldin2010.2020/12/1954（图表类）必备句式

--比较级、最高级基本句型8：比较级、最高级e.g.同芬兰的老龄化人口相比，日本的老龄化人口数量高出很多。ComparedwiththenumberofagingpopulationofFinland,thatofJapanwasconsiderablyhigher.e.g.日本的老龄化人口数量是最多的。ThenumberofagingpopulationofJapanwashighest.注意：比较级易犯错误是“比较对象不一致”错误句子：Thevolumeoffruitsaleswasapproachingfivetonnesin2014,muchhigherthan2013.正确句子：Thevolumeoffruitsaleswasapproachingfivetonnesin2014,muchhigherthanthefigurein2013.2020/12/1955M-city人口变化图20002005201020155201015millionyear基本句型8：ThenumberofpopulationofM-cityin2010washighest.2020/12/1956图表类小作文最常见错误例：TheunemploymentrateintheUKroseby2%between2008and2009,whereasCanadadecreasedbyabout1%.TheUSAwasthehighest,atjustover4%.错误1：Canadadecreased错误2：TheUSAwasthehighest改正：TheunemploymentrateintheUKroseby2%between2008and2009,whereasinCanadaitdecreasedbyabout1%.TheUSAsawthehighestriseinemployment,withanincreaseofjustover4%.2020/12/1957静态图注重对比注意句式的变换：基本句式6：while引导的状语从句，有时候也可以用b