高中英语高考一轮复习一轮复习 阅读理解技巧指导(教师版) 2022届高考英语一轮复习

阅读理解干扰项中常见的九大逻辑错误思维品质，是高考阅读理解考查的重点。因此，“逻辑混乱”常常是命题者设置干扰项的重要手段。在阅读训练中，要警惕一些“诡辩”，有些表达乍看上去似乎很煽情，也有道理，但实则存在思维漏洞。做错了一道阅读理解题，最好的订正方法是，追根溯源，从逻辑这个根源上去分析我们的思维漏洞。我们先试一试下面的几个小题，说说它们在逻辑推理上存在什么问题？逻辑推理：IfJackisrunning,thensheismoving.Jackisnotrunning.Therefore,heisnotmoving.

SeveralNazisweremembersoftheKaiserClub.HanswasamemberoftheKaiserClub.Therefore,HanswasaNazi.Fansmakealotofnoise.MadameButterflywasusingherfan.Therefore,shewasmakingalotofnoise.Lovingone’sneighbourisamarkofaltrusim(利他主义).Jackwasagreatlover.Itfollowsthathewasanaltruist.Allthepeopleatthetablehadtheirheadsshaved.Jackwasatthetable.Therefore,Jackhadhisheadshaved.ProfessorAsaysJack’splanisgood.ProfessorBsaysJack’splanisgood.ProfessorCsaysJack’splanisgood.Therefore,Jack’splanisgood.

阅读理解干扰项中常见的九种逻辑错误错误类型实例1.把相关性当成因果性。阅读训练中有这样一个案例：在某个小镇上，当冰淇淋的销量越高，犯罪率就越高。这两件事情有相关性，但是并不代表着冰淇淋的销量高，是导致犯罪率上升的原因。事实上是由于冰淇淋销量高的时候往往是夏天，天气热，因此居民大多开着窗，因此入室盗窃作案的情况就有了显著上升……。总而言之，因果性（causality）会导致相关性（correlation），反之则不成立。2.滥用专家意见专家是某个特定领域的权威。在论证中，去向相关领域的专家请教是合情合理的做法。但是在向专家请教时，一定要保持警惕。我们来看以下论证:史密斯教授说项目A很好。琼斯教授说项目A很好。约翰教授说项目A很好。所以，我们应该接受项目A。让我们假设这三个教授都是项目A相关领域内真正的专家。可是我们更深入地来想一下，没有任何一个教授告诉我们为什么他会认为项目A是好的。教授们没有论证。这个项目会被接受仅仅是因为他们这么说。但是，占据主导地位的应该是论证本身，而不是专家的话。

3.偷梁换柱。干扰项与原文高度相似，命题者在不易引人注意的地方换了一两个词汇造成句意的改变；或者把一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征；或者把他人的观点说成是作者的观点。这类干扰项的特点就是“张冠李戴”。AcommonsightisthatofoldPersianmensittinginthecornertalkingloudlyaboutworldtopics,watchingnewseventsonTV,drinkingablackteaknownasPersianchai,andreadinglocalPersiannewspapersallthewhiletryingtofinishofftheirplatespiledwith.Whatactivityisalsomentionedapartfromdiningintherestaurant?A.Watchingnewseventson.Drinkingakindofblack.ReadinglocalEnglishnewspapers.D.Discussingworldtopicsinlowvoices.4.以先后论因果我们这里所要讨论的这种谬误，从拉丁语直接翻译过来就是“发生在其后，故因其所致”。这种谬误源自粗心。在因果关系中，原因总是先于结果发生，所以大家会有“发生在结果之前的就是原因”的错觉。比如，一个具有哲学思想倾向的原始人，有一天突然注意到，鸟儿总是在太阳升起之前歌唱。由此，他高兴地得出结论：是鸟儿的歌唱导致了每天都有日出。他犯的就是以先后论因果谬误。

5.以偏概全。把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。在猜测文章或段落大意、标题以及释义题中，干扰项总是以偏概全，具体表现为:

其一，把文章中的次要观点、细节混进体现文章主要观点、中心思想的选项；其二，把超过文章讨论的东西亦作为归纳或结论混进选项；其三，把段落的主旨当作文章的主旨（TheRedHerring）。Thereisnonecessaryconnectionbetweenthesymbolandthatwhichitstandsfor.Justassocialpositionscanbesymbolizedbyfeatherswornonthehead,bygoldonthewatchchain,orbyathousandotherthingsaccordingtotheculturewelivein,sothefactofbeinghungrycanbesymbolizedbyathousanddifferentnoisesaccordingtotheculturewelivecanweconcludefromParagraph2?A.Differentnoisemaymeandifferent.Ourculturedetermineswhatasymbolstands.Thelanguageweusesymbolizesoursocialpositions.D.Oursocialpositionsdeterminethewaywearedressed.6.错误分类人类天生是分类性动物。我们将一个事物放入某个和它有某种共同点的一个大类中，以此来加深对事物的了解。对事物进行错误的分类，例如把苹果当成橙子，可能会带来严重的后果。将事物归入错误的类别是因为我们最开始就没有正确认识它们，而没有正确认识的原因是我们散漫的态度。7.民主谬误在一个社会中，大多数人对某个特定的事物秉持同一种观点是个有趣的心理学现象，但是没有将事物的真实与否考虑进去。大多数也不绝对代表着正确。民主谬误是说，如果大多数人都认为命题X是正确的，那么我们可以就此得出结论说X是正确的。如果社会上大多数人认为白就是黑，黑就是白，这个社会就是黑白不分的。

中世纪大多数人认为地面是平的。所以，地球是平的。这就是一个民主谬误。民主谬误的危害性在于，很少有人能站到它的对立面，因为人本能地追求社会认同，会屈从于大多数。然而，社会的进步往往就是从打破民主谬误开始的。8.对人不对事比如：网络上的键盘侠，就是“对人不对事”的代表型人物，凭感觉下定论，只要是他们喜欢的明星，做什么都是对的。重申一下论证中的一个重要原则：在论证中，我们要关注的是论证本身，而不是做出论证的人。如果一个人忽略论证本身而故意去攻击论证者，那么他就违反了这个原则。所谓的对人不对事，就是在与他人辩论时（比如美国的总统大选），通过向公众传达关于对手的与论证无关的信息，例如生活中的负面信息，以此来达到击败对手的目的。9.负负得正直观上，我们认为两个错误的命题可以得到一个正确的结论。事实上，两个错误带来的仍旧是两个错误的命题而已。我们所讨论的这个谬误，可以用如下最简单的方式表示：“It'sallrightto...because...hasalreadybeendone.”

这个论证的推理有赖于如下假设：先例独立决定未来的行为。实际上先例不能为未来的行为提供有效的支持，“他们先做了，所以我们应该以牙还牙。”但是，如果他们所做的是错的，我们的行为就成了一种报复，双方都是错的也不能使这种行为立刻变成对的。

阅读理解技巧指导(1)—推理判断题选项设置正确选项设置特征：1、符合原文主旨，含义深刻。2、不包含绝对化的词。3、来源于原文又高于原文。4、逻辑的推理、得出的结论符合作者意愿。干扰选项设置特征：1、只是重复文中的某个细节，与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动。2、包含绝对化的词语。3、符合常识，但和原文毫无关系。4、在文中找不到相关的信息而推出的结论。5、态度和观点与文章相矛盾。6、是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。7、部分正确，部分错误。推理判断题类型一、推断隐含意义设题方式Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat__________.Fromthetextweknowthat…ismostlikely__________.Whenthewritertalksabout…,whatthewriterreallymeansis__________.Thewritersuggeststhat__________.Thestoryimpliesthat__________.Wecaninfer[conclude]fromthepassagethat__________.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree？[通常含有infer,suggest,imply,conclude等标志性词语]技巧点拨1).全面分析2).忠实原文3).不要选择表层信息[例题1]Didyoueverhearastrangesoundcomingfromthewall?Diditsoundlikeaclock?Ifso,itmayhavebeenmadebyabeetle.Longagopeoplethoughtthetickingmeantthatsomeonewasabouttodie.Thusthebeetleiscalled"thedeathwatchbeetle."●Thesoundofthisbeetle________.A.pleasedpeople.B.surprisedpeople.C.frightenedpeople.D.excitedpeople.[答案：C][例题2]Itisfuntoturnoverabigrockonthebeach.Makesureyouturntherockbacktothepositionitwasinafteryoumovedit.Ifyoudon’tturnitbackover,alltheseaanimalsunderitorclingingto（依附）theundersidewilldie.●Youcantellthatrocks________.A.hurtseaanimalsB.protectseaanimalsC.won’tbefoundonbeachesD.can’tbefoundonbeaches[答案：B][例题3]“Andshehashadfreshflowersinherhandsforthelast150years.”KarenBierylivesinDamascus,aboutfivemileswestofHopeCemetery.She’swrittenabookbasedonthelegendofGoldieBelleTaylortitledBelieve.In1886,attheageoftwo,youngGoldieBelleusedherhandstosopup(抹去)theleftoverelderberryjuicefromherfather’sironkettle.Shediednotlongafterfrompoisoning.Shewastheloveofherdad’slife,andhewassoupsetthathesoldthefamilyfarmtobuytheItalianmadestatue,whichtodaymarkshergrave.●Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph__________.A.herfatherwaspoisonousB.theironkettlewaspoisonousC.elderberryjuicewaspoisonousD.itwasherfatherthathatedher[答案C][例题4]InthisageofInternetchat,videogamesandrealitytelevision,thereisnoshortageofmindlessactivitiestokeepachildoccupied.Yetdespitethecompetition,my8-year-olddaughterRebeccawantstospendherleisuretimewritingshortstories.Shewantstoenteroneofherstoriesintoawritingcontest,acompetitionwhichshewonlastyear.…●Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A.Alotofamusementscompeteforchildren’stimenowadays.B.Childrenhavelotsoffundoingmindlessactivities.C.Rebeccaismuchtoobusytoenjoyherleisuretime.D.Rebeccadrawsonalotofonlinematerialsforherwriting.[答案A][例题5]Ihadjustspentweekscorrectingherstoriesasshespontaneously(自发地)toldthem.TellingmyselfthatIwasmerelyanexperiencedwriterguidingtheyoungwriteracrossthehall,Iofferedsuggestionsforcharacters,conflictsandendingsforhertales.Thestoryaboutafearfulangelstartingfirstgradewasquickly“guided”bymeintothetaleofalittlegirlwithawildimaginationtakingherfirstmusiclesson.Ihadturnedhercontestintomycontestwithoutevenrealizingit.●Theauthortookgreatpainstoimproveherdaughter’sstoriesbecause_______.A.shewantedtohelpRebeccarealizeherdreamsofbecomingawriterB.shewasafraidRebecca’simaginationmightrunwildwhilewritingC.shedidnotwanttodisappointRebeccawhoneededherhelpsomuchD.shebelievedshehadtheknowledgeandexperiencetoofferguidance[答案D]二、推断作者观点或态度设题方式Thewriter’sattitudetoward…is______.Thewriterthoughtthat______.Accordingtotheauthor______.技巧点拨注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。[例题6]Justascryingcanbehealthy,notcrying—holdingbacktearsofanger,painorsuffering—canbebadforphysical(身体的)health.Studieshaveshownthattoomuchcontrolofemotionscanleadtohighbloodpressure,heartproblemsandsomeotherillnesses.Ifyouhaveahealthproblem,doctorswillcertainlynotaskyoutocry.Butwhenyoufeellikecrying,don’tfightit.It’sanatural—andhealthy—emotionalresponse(反应).●Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Cryingisthebestwaytogethelpfromothers.B.Fightingbacktearsmaycausesomehealthproblems.C.Wewillneverknowourdeepfeelingsunlesswecry.D.Wemustcryifwewanttoreducepressure.[答案：B][例题7]Whyisn’tyournewspaperreportinganygoodnews？AllIreadaboutismurder,bribery(行贿)，anddeath.Frankly，I’msickofallthebadnews.●Thisauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewspaperreportingisto_____.A.complainB.apologizeC.amuseD.inform[答案：A][表示作者态度的词汇汇总]一、积极/肯定positiveadj.肯定的,积极的,确实的favorableadj.赞成的,有利的approvaln.赞成,承认,正式批准supportiveadj.支持的，支援的enthusiastic热情的/enthusiasmn.狂热,热心,积极性defensive为……而辩护，防卫的practicaladj.实际的logical符合逻辑的reasonable合理的rational理性的warmhearted热心的active主动的，积极的optimisticadj.乐观的confidentadj.自信的,确信的impressiveadj.给人深刻印象的,感人的respective/respectful尊敬的persuasive令人信服的，有说服力的convinced信服的/convincing令人信服的二、消极/否定negativeadj.否定的,消极的,负的,阴性的disapproval不赞成/disapproving反对的objection异议，反对/objective反对的opposition反对critical批评的/criticism批评,批判impractical不实际的illogicaladj.不合逻辑的irrelevant不相关的radicaladj.激进的biased有偏见的prejudiced

有成见的；偏颇的conservativeadj.保守的ironic讽刺的unfavorable不支持的passive被动的，消极的negative消极的pessimistic悲观的depressed消沉的，压抑的，抑郁的frustrated失意的，挫败的disappointed失望的/disappointing令人失望的gloomyadj.黑暗的,阴沉的,阴郁的indifferent漠不关心的unconcerned不关心的blue忧郁的disgusted厌恶的discouraging令人沮丧的uncaring冷漠的，无同情心的三、怀疑suspicionn.猜疑,怀疑/suspiciousadj.可疑的,怀疑的doubt怀疑/doubtfuladj.可疑的,不确的,疑心的puzzling/puzzledadj.使迷惑的,使莫明其妙的confused困惑的skeptical怀疑的四、客观objectiveadj.客观的neutraladj.中立的impartialadj.公平的,不偏不倚的impersonaladj.不带个人色彩的unbiasedadj.没有偏见的unprejudicedadj.公平的,无偏见的factualadj.事实的,实际的,根据事实的五、主观subjectiveadj.主观的,个人的tolerancen.宽容，容忍/tolerant宽容的/intolerablesensitive敏感[锐]的,易受伤害的scaredadj.恐惧的/scary可怕的reservedadj.保留的,包租的moderateadj.中等的,适度的,适中的v.缓和mildadj.温和的,温柔的,淡味的,适度的amazedadj.吃惊的,惊奇的amused可笑的concernedadj.关心的,有关的humorous幽默的fascinated迷人的curious好奇的unforgiving不可饶恕的pitiful可怜的，令人同情的stressful有压力的merciful仁慈的mercy仁慈innocent无辜的，无罪的sociable好交际的，友善的cautious小心的，谨慎的changeable易变的

ambiguous模棱两可的unexpected意想不到的particular挑剔的三、推断写作目的设题方式(1)考查整篇文章的写作目的A.Thewriter’spurposeofwritingthispassageisto_____.B.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?C.Inwritingthepassage,theauthorintendsto_____.(2)考查某处细节的写作意图A.Thewriterusestheexampleof…toshowthat_____.B.Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_____.C.…arementionedinthefirstparagraphto_____.写作目的归纳不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的,但写作目的通常有以下三种：(1)toentertainreaders（娱乐读者，让人发笑）常见于故事类的文章。tomakepeoplelaugh;totellaninterestingexperience(2)topersuadereaders（说服读者接受某种观点）常见于广告类的文章。tosellaproductoraservice;toattractmorevisitors/readers/audience(3)toinformreaders（告知读者某些信息）多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章.[例题8]“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.●Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto______.A.testthereaders’knowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereaders’attentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylor’simportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthem[答案：B]实例来导入，介绍文章的主题，引起读者的兴趣[例题9]AyoungmanfromavillagecalledNawalapitiyamarriedayoungwomanfromMaliyuwa,anearbyvillage.Theylivedwiththeman'sbigfamily-hisparents,hisbrothers,theirwivesandchildren.Thefamilykeptanelephant,inwhichtheyoungwomansoontookagreatinterest.Everydayshefeditwithfruitandsugar.Threemonthslaterthewomanwentbacktoherparents'home,havingquarreledwithherhusband.Soontheelephantrefusedtoeatorwork.Itappearedtobeillandheart-broken.Onemorningafterseveralweekstheanimaldisappearedfromthehouse.Itwenttothewoman‘shome.Onseeingher,theelephantwaveditstrunkandtouchedherwithit.Theyoungwomanwassomovedbytheactoftheanimalthatshereturnedtoherhusband’shome.●Thewriterwrotethestoryinorderto________.A.showthatelephantsareverycleverB.tellhowawomantrainedawildanimalC.showthatwomencaremoreforanimalsthanmendoD.tellhowananimalreunitedahusbandandwife[答案：D]排除法会犯“以偏概全”的错误，以文章中的部分事实或观点来代替全文的主旨大意

四、推断文章出处设题方式Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom______.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof___.解题技巧这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：(1)报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称(2)广告：因其格式特殊，容易辨认(3)产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。[例题10]Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.Toreducepain,taketwotablets(药片)withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief(缓解疼痛)taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount(量).Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askyourdoctor’sadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.●Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma______.（2分钟）A.textbookB.newsreel(新闻片)C.doctor’snotebookD.bottleofmedicine[答案：A][例题11]Morethan30,000driversandfrontseatpassengersarekilledorseriouslyinjured（受伤）eachyear.Ataspeedofonly30milesperhouritisthesameasfallingfromathirdfloorwindow.Wearingaseatbelt（安全带）saveslives;itreducesyourchanceofdeathorseriousinjurybymorethanhalf.Thereforedriversorfrontseatpassengersover14inmostvehiclesmustwearaseatbelt.Ifyoudonot,youcouldbefinedupto$50.Itwillnotbeuptothedriverstomakesureyouwearyourbelt.Butitwillbethedriver'sresponsibility（责任）tomakesurethatchildrenunder14donotrideinthefrontunlesstheyarewearingseatbeltofsomekind.However,youdonothavetowearaseatbeltifyouarereversing（倒退）yourvehicleoryouaremakingalocaldelivery（发送）orcollectionusingaspecialvehicle;orifyouhaveavalidmedicalcertificatewhichexcusesyoufromwearingit.Makesurethesecircumstances（情形）applytoyoubeforeyoudecidenottowearyourseatbelt.Rememberyoumaybetakentocourtfornotdoingso,andyoumaybefinedifyoucannotprovetothecourtthatyouhavebeenexcusedfromwearingit.●Thistextistakenfrom_____.A.amedicalmagazineB.apolicereportC.anadvertisement（广告）D.agovernmentinformationbooklet（小册子）[答案：B]五、推断文脉逻辑关系设题方式1)推断上下文内容Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith_______Theparagraphprecedingthisonewouldmostlikelydiscuss______.2)推断篇章组织结构Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?Howisthepassageorganized?解题技巧推断上下文：1.根据作者的思路进行推理。2.关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。推断组织结构：1.按段落的组织方法理解文章结构2.按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章结构[例题12]Whenearlyhumanshuntedandgatheredfood,theywerenotincontroloftheirenvironment.Theycouldonlyinteractwiththeirsurroundingsaslowerorganismsdid.Whenhumanslearnedtomakefire,however,theybecamecapableofalteringtheirenvironment.Toprovidethemselveswithfueltheystrippedbarkfromtrees,causingthetreestodie.Clearingswereburnedinforeststoincreasethegrowthofgrassandtoprovideagreatergrazingareaforthewildanimalsthathumansfedupon.Thisdevelopmentledtofarmingandthedomesticationofanimals.Firealsoprovidedthemeansforcookingplantswhichhadpreviouslybeeninedible.Onlywhentheprocessofmeetingthebasicneedforfoodreachedacertainlevelofsophisticationwasitpossibleforhumanstofollowotherpursuitssuchasthefoundingofcities.●Theparagraphfollowingthispassagewouldmostlikelybeabout____________.A.fireB.huntingC.farmingD.urbanization（城市化）[答案：D][例题13]TheDietZone:ADangerousPlaceDietCoke,dietPepsi,dietpills,no-fatdiet,vegetablediet…Wearesurroundedbytheword“diet”everywherewelookandlisten.Wehavesoeasilybeenattractedbythepromiseandpotentialofdietproductsthatwehavestoppedthinkingaboutwhatdietproductsaredoingtous.Wearepayingforproductsthatharmuspsychologicallyandphysically（身体上）.Dietproductssignificantlyweakenuspsychologically.Ononelevel,wearenotallowingourbraintoadmitthatourweightproblemslienotinactuallylosingtheweight,butincontrollingtheconsumptionoffatty,high-calorie,unhealthyfoods.Dietproductsallowustojumpoverthethinkingstageandgostraightforthescale（秤）instead.Allwehavetodoistoswalloworrecognizetheword“diet”infoodlabels.Onanotherlevel,dietproductshavegreaterpsychologicaleffects.Everytimewehaveazero-caloriedrink,wearetellingourselveswithoutourawarenessthatwedon’thavetoworktogetresults.Dietproductsmakepeoplebelievethatgaincomeswithoutpain,andthatlifecanbewithoutresistanceandstruggle.Thedangerofdietproductsliesnotonlyinthepsychologicaleffectstheyhaveonus,butalsointhephysicalharmthattheycause.Dietfoodscanindirectlyharmourbodiesbecauseconsumingtheminsteadofhealthyfoodsmeanswearepreventingourbodiesfromhavingbasicnutrients(营养成分).Dietfoodsanddietpillscontainzerocalorieonlybecausethedietindustryhascreatedchemicalstoproducethesewonderproducts.Dietproductsmaynotbenutritional,andthechemicalthatgointodietproductsarepotentiallydangerous.Nowthatweareawareoftheeffectsthatdietproductshaveonus,itistimetoseriouslythinkaboutbuyingthem.Losingweightliesinthepowerofminds,notinthepowerofchemicals.Oncewerealizethis,wewillbemuchbetterabletoresistdietproducts,andthereforepreventthepsychologicalharmthatcomesfromusingthem.75.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?[答案：B]【总结】1.推断隐含意义,必须吃透相关文段的意思。2.推断作者的写作意图，应当关注主题句,同时把握文章的体裁也可以推断作者的写作目的。3.推断作者的观点，应当全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想。4.推断文脉逻辑，必须特别关注作者的思路和段落组织方法，推断下文要注意最后一段的内容,尤其是最后的两三句话。

阅读理解练习APeoplebelievethatclimbingcandogoodtohealth.Wherecanyoulearntheskillofclimbingthen?Ifyouthinkthatyouhavetogotothemountainstolearnhowtoclimb,you’rewrong.ManyAmericansarelearningtoclimbincitygyms(体育馆).Here,peoplearelearningonspecialclimbingwalls.Theclimbingwallgoesstraightupandhassmallholdingplacesforhandsandfeet.Howdopeopleclimbthewall?Toclimb，youneedspecialshoesandaharness(保护带)aroundyourchesttoholdyou.Thereareropes(绳索)tiedtoyourharness.Theropesholdyouinplacesothatyoudon’tfall.Abeginner’swallisusuallyabout15feethigh,andyouclimbstraightup.Therearesmallpiecesofmetalthatstickoutforyoutostandonandholdonto.Sometimesit’seasytoseethenextpieceofmetal.Sometimes,it’snot.Themostdifficultpartistocontrolyourfear.It’snormalforhumanstobeafraidoffalling,soit’sdifficultnottofeelfear.Butwhenyoumoveawayfromthewall,theharnessandtheropesholdyou，andyoubegintofeelsafe.Youmoveslowlyuntilyoureachthetop.Climbingattractspeoplebecauseit’sgoodexerciseforalmosteveryone.Youuseyourwholebody,especiallyyourarmsandlegs.Thissportgivesyourbodyacompleteworkout.Whenyouclimb，bothyourmindandyourbodycanbecomestronger.1.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Peoplearefairlyinterestedinclimbingnowadays.B.Itisimpossibletobuildupone’sbodybyclimbing.C.Peoplecanonlylearntheskillofclimbingoutdoors.D.Itisalwayseasytoseeholdingplacesinclimbing.2.Themostdifficultthingtodoinwallclimbingis________.A.totieropestoyourharnessB.tocontrolyourfearC.tomoveawayfromthewallD.toclimbstraightup3.Theword“workout”underlinedinthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.settlementB.exerciseC.excitementD.tiredness4.Whydoestheauthorwritethispassage?A.Totellpeoplewheretofindgyms.B.Toprovethebasicneedforclimbing.C.Toencouragepeopletoclimbmountains.D.Tointroducethesportofwallclimbing.1.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。由本文第一段中“Peoplebelievethatclimbingcandogoodtocanyoulearntheskillofclimbingthen”和第三段中“Climbingattractspeoplebecauseit’sgoodexerciseforalmosteveryone.”可推断出答案。2,【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Themostdifficultpartistocontrolyourfear.”可以推断出应该控制一下恐惧心理。3.【答案】B【解析】词义猜测题。由文中最后一段最后一句“Whenyouclimb，bothyourmindandyourbodycanbecomestronger.”可知，该词意为“锻炼”。4.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可以判断出作者主要介绍了wallclimbing这项运动。BAyearagoAugust,DaveFusslosthisjobdrivingatruckforasmallcompanyinwestMichigan.Hiswife,Gerrie,wasstillworkinginthelocalschoolcafeteria,butworkforDavewasscarce,andthepriceofeverythingwasrising.TheFusseswereatriskofjoiningthemillionsofAmericanswhohavelosttheirhomesinrecentyears.ThenDaveandGerriereceivedatimelygift—$7,000,alegacy(遗产)fromtheirneighborsIshandArleneHatch,whodiedinanaccident.“Itreallymadeadifferencewhenweweregoingunderfinancially，”saysDave.ButtheFussesweren’ttheonlyfolksinAltoandtheneighboringtownofLowelltoreceiveunexpectedlegacyfromtheHatches.DozensofotherfamiliesweretouchedbytheHatches’generosity.Insomecases,itwasafewthousanddollars;inothers,itwasmorethan$100,000.ItsurprisednearlyeveryonethattheHatcheshadsomuchmoney,morethan$3million—theywereanelderlycouplewholivedinanoldhouseonwhatwasleftofthefamilyfarm.ChildrenoftheGreatDepression,IshandArlenewereknownfortheirhabitofsaving.Theythrivedon(喜欢)comparisonshoppingandwouldroutinelygofromstoretostore，checkingpricesbeforemakinganewpurchase.Throughtheyears,theHatchespaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhentheirparentscouldn’taffordit.“IshandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything，”saystheirfriendSandyVanWeelden,“Theycouldseethingstheycoulddotomakeyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.”EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.ItwastheHatches’wishthattheirlegacy—alegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofdollarsandcents—shouldenrichthewholecommunity(社区)andlastforgenerationstocome.Neighborshelpingneighbors—thatwasIshandArleneHatch’sstory.1．Accordingtothetext,theFusses________.A.wereemployedbyatruckcompanyB.wereinfinancialdifficultyC.workedinaschoolcafeteriaD.losttheirhome2．WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheHatches?A.TheyhadtheirchildrenduringtheGreatDepression.B.Theyleftthefamilyfarmtoliveinanoldhouse.C.Theygaveawaytheirpossessionstotheirneighbors.D.Theyhelpedtheirneighborstofindjobs.3．WhywouldtheHatchesroutinelygofromstoretostore?A.Theydecidedtoopenastore.B.Theywantedtosavemoney.C.Theycouldn’taffordexpensivethings.D.Theywantedtobuygiftsforlocalkids.4．AccordingtoSandyVanWeelden,theHatcheswere________.A.understandingB.optimisticC.childlike D.curious5．Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A.ThecommunityofAltowaspoor.B.Thesummercampwasattractivetotheparents.C.SandyVanWeeldengotalegacyfromtheHatches.D.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.1.【答案】B【解析】事实细节题。从第一段前三句话可以看出，Fuss夫妇现在正处于经济困境中，所以B为正确答案。A、C项与文中有关细节不符，D项在文中没有信息支持。2.【答案】C【解析】事实细节题。第四段第一句话说Hatch夫妇是在大萧条时期出生的，而不是他们在大萧条时期有了孩子，排除A；第三段提到他们的老房子位于他们家的农场里，B错误；第二段提到他们帮助有困难的邻居们，但并未提及帮他们找工作，D错误。C项说他们把自己的财产捐赠给邻居，符合文意，故答案为C。3.【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。第四段提到他们有节约的习惯，买东西之前喜欢一个商店一个商店地比较价格，显然是为了省钱，故答案为B。A，他们决定开个商店；C，他们买不起贵的东西；D，他们想给当地的孩子买礼物，都明显与文意不符。4.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。从文章第五段SandyVanWeelden的话中可知，theHatches从来不问你需要什么，而是能够发现你需要的东西，然后就来帮助你，这说明他们非常善解人意，故答案为A。B表示乐观的；C表示孩子气的，天真烂漫的；D表示好奇的，明显不符合文意。5.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。A项错在这个地区很贫困，文章只是说这里有经济困难的人，并不是说这里是一个贫困地区；B项错在parents上；C项说SandyVanWeelden得到了Hatches夫妇的一份遗产，文章只是提到他对他们的评价，并未说他得到遗产之事；从文章倒数第二段第二句话以及最后一段可以看出，Hatches夫妇的愿望就是他们的遗产能够为社区以及子孙后代造福，邻里之间能够互相帮助，故答案为D。CWhenIwasachild,IoftendreamedofthetimewhenIcouldleavehomeandescapetothecity.Welivedonafarmand，inthewinterespecially,wewerequitecutofffromtheoutsideworld.AssoonasIleftschool,Ipackedmybagsandmovedtothecapital.However,Isoondiscoveredthatcitylifehasitsproblemstoo.Onebigdisadvantageismoney—itcostssomuchtogoout，nottomentionbasicslikefoodandhousing.Anotherdisadvantageispollution.Isufferfromasthma(哮喘),andattimestheairissobadthatIamafraidtogooutside.Thenthereistheproblemoftravelinground.AlthoughIhaveacar,Iseldomuseitbecauseofthetrafficjams.Onechoiceistogobybicycle，butthatcanbequitedangerous.Ofcoursethereareadvantages.First,thereissomuchtodointhecity，whateveryourtastesincultureorentertainment(娱乐活动).Besides,therearewonderfuljobsandgreaterchancesofmovingtoamoreimportantjoborposition.Finally，ifyoulikeshopping,thevarietyofgoodsisverysurprising—and,whatismore,shopsareoftenonlyashortwalkaway.Islifebetterthen，inthecity?Perhapsitis，whenyouareinyourteens(十几岁)ortwenties.However,asyougetolder，andespeciallyifyouhavesmallchildren,thepeaceofthecountrysidemayseempreferable.Icertainlyhopetomovebacktheresoon.1.Whatwasthewriteralwaysthinkingaboutwhenhewasachild?A.Stayingonthefarm.B.Movingtothecountryside.C.Leavinghomeforthecity.D.Runningawayfromtheschool.2.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthewriter?A.Heisveryoldnow.B.Heisingoodhealth.C.Heprefersdrivingacar.D.Helivesinthecitynow.3.Inthepassage,thewritertriesto________.A.expresshisopinionsaboutwayoflifeB.describehislifeinthecountrysideC.showaninterestintheoutsideworldD.persuadethereadertoliveinthecity4.Howisthepassagemainlydeveloped?A.Byinferring. B.Bycomparing.C.Bylistingexamples.D.Bygivingexplanations.1.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。由文章第一段第一句“WhenIwasachild，IoftendreamedofthetimewhenIcouldleavehomeandescapetothecity.”可知作者小时候的梦想是离开家去大城市。2.【答案】D【解析】判断正误题。由文章最后一段“How