国际经济学题库(英文版)

国际经济学题库（英文版）PartI.Fillintheblankwithsuitablecontent.I.Seventhemesrecurthroughoutthestudyofinternationaleconomics.Thesearethegainsfromtrade,thepatternoftrade,protectionismthebalanceofpayments,exchangeratedetermination,internationalpolicycoordination,internationalcapitalmarket.Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:comparativeadvantageandeconomicsofscaleAcountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodiftheopportunitycostTOC\o"1-5"\h\zofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.* *Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.aLC、aLWandaLC、aLWaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.IfaLC/aLW<aLC*/aLW*,Homehasacomparativeadvantageincheese.pC/pWistherelativepriceofcheese,whenaLC/aLW<Pc/Pw<aLC*/aLW*HomeandForeignspecializeinproducingcheeseandwine,respectively.* *Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.aLC、aLWandaLC、aLWaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome'sandForeign'slabor* *force.IfaLC/aLW<Pc/Pw<aLC/aLW,theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals(L/aLC)/(L*/aLW*) .Home'sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas(1/aLC)(Pc/Pw)一1/aLWInspecificfactorsmodel(Qm=Qm(K,Lm);Qf=Qf(T,Lf);L=Lm+Lf),ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorpricePM、色、&、rT>W?insideHomeisrkPmWPfrT .Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownasrKPmrKPmTherearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,resourcescan'tmoveimmediatelyorcostlesslyformoneindustrytoanotherSecondIndustriesdifferinthefactorsofproductiontheydemand.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,ComparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetweenrelativeabundanceandrelativeintensityAccordingtostolper-sammelsoneffectiftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.Accordingto罗布津斯基效应Rybczynskieffect,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.AccordingtoH-O模型H-Oproposition,ownersofacountry'sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry'sscarefactorslose.Accordingto 要素价格均等化命题 Factorpriceequalizationproposition,internationaltradeproducesaconvergence(收敛) ofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.(完整的要素价格均等化)Threeassumptions(假设) crucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare(1)两个国家者B生产两种产品 bothcountriesproducebothgoods(2)两国技术相同technologiesarethesame(3)存在贸易壁垒：天然壁垒和人为壁垒Therearebarrierstotrade:naturalbarriersandartificialbarriers一.“U.S.exportswrelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports“isknownas夫悖论Leontiefparadox.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcases(特殊t*况) of标准贸易模型standardtrademodelsThestandardtrademodelderives(派生推导)aworldrelativesupplycurve(曲线)from

productionpossibilitiesandaworldrelativedemandcurvefrompreferencesToexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedecline（下降）ofthewelfarecausedbythedeterioration（恶化）ofthetermsoftradeswapover（交换） theriseofthewelfarecausedbygrowth,thegrowthisimmiserizinggrowthimmiserizinggrowth（贫困化增长）.（贫困化增长）Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownasimmiserizinggrowth19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsareeconomicgrowthisstronglyexport-biased,thegrowingcountryislargeenoughtoaffecttheworldprice,RSandRDmustbeverysteep（贫困化增长）20.Accordingto 梅茨勒悖论Metzleparadox"，ariffsandexportsubsidies（补贴）mighthaveperverse（有害的） effectsoninternalprice..Inthemodelof “Monopolisl断）CompetitionandTrade”,firmsofindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweeneconomiesofscaleandvarietyofproducts.Marshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirms（企业集群）maybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation:specializedsupplieslabormarketpooling,knowledgespilloversknowledgespillovers（知识溢出）23.Thepatternofintraindustry （产业内）23.Thepatternofintraindustry （产业内）tradeitselfisunpredicted,historyandaccidentdeterminethedetailsofthetradepattern.Whenthereisexternaleconomies（夕卜部经济）,thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedby.economicsofscaleinteractwithcomparativeadvantageTheindexes（指标）ofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:I1exportsimportsexportsimportsformula:I1Interindustrytradeandintrainindustry （产业内） tradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.Whencountriesaresimilarintheirrelativefactorsupplies>scaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationsareimportant,intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsource（主要来源） ofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.Theargumentoftemporary（暂时的） protectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas_幼稚产业论theinfantindustryargumentIfweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindtheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:termsoftradegainandefficiencylossWhydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits? tradepoliticsInthepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy （贸易政策的政治经济学） ,governmentareassumedto（被彳贸定为）maximize政治成功politicalsuccessratherthan 国家IM禾Unationalwelfare..Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludethetermoftradeargumentforatariffandthedomesticmarketfailureargumentdomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblemssources.31.AccordingtoSpecificrule（对症规则31.AccordingtoSpecificrule（对症规则）,domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedby.Althoughmarketfailuresareprobablycommon,thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeshouldnotbeappliedtoofreely.Firstdomesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblemssources;Secondeconomistscannotdiagnosemarketfailurewellenoughtoprescribepolicy..Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,集体行动问题集体行动问题Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanincomedistributionisofcrucialimportance.explainwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted..TheWTOincludesfouraspectscontent:GATT1994,GATS,TRIPS,TRIMS.“Nondiscriminatory“principle非歧视性原贝U) includemostfavorednationprincipleandnationaltreatmentprinciple.Forpreferential(优惠)tradingagreements,suchascustomsunion,countriesmustcedepartoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity37.Whetheracustomsunion(关税同盟)（必须放弃部分主权的超国家实体）oftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity37.Whetheracustomsunion(关税同盟)isdesirable（可取） orundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstotradecreationortradediversion..Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives (涉及两个目标)promotingindustrializationandCopingwiththeproblemofthedualeconomy.hurtsthefactortotheexportsectors,withambiguouseffectsonmobilefactors.(F).Itispossibleinprincipleforacountry 'sgovernmenttousetaxe侪and)stobsidiesredistribute(重新分酉己)incometogiveeachindividualmoreofbothgoods.(T)Althoughinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistribution,therearestillpossibleinprincipletomakeeachindividualbetteroff.(T)Typically,thosewhogainfromtradeinanyparticularproductareamuchmoreconcentrated,informed,andorganizedgroupthanthosewholose.(F)Conflictsofinterest(利益冲突)withinnationsareusuallymoreimportantindeterminingtradepolicythanconflictsofinterestbetweennations.(T)Generally,economistsdonotregardtheincomedistributioneffectsoftradeasagoodreasontolimittrade.(T)Theformulationoftradepolicy(贸易政策的制定)isakindofpoliticalprocess(政治进程).(T)“Theworld'spoorestcountriescan'tfindanythingtoexport.Thesousceothatisabundant—certainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabundant.(F)WageinequalityinU.S.increasedbetweenthelate1970sandtheearly1990s,economistsattributethechangetothegrowingexportsofmanufacturedgoodsfromNIEs.(T)Ifthefactor-proportiontheorywasright,acountrywouldalwaysexportfactorsforwhichtheincomeshareexceededthefactorshare,importfactorsforwhichitwasless.(F)TheH-Omodelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade( 贸易量). (T)FactortradeingeneralturnsouttobemuchsmallerthantheH-Omodelpredicts.(T)Accordingtoaninfluentialrecentpaper,theH-Omodelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade.FactortradeingeneralturnouttobethesameastheH-Omodelpredicts.(F)OnlybydroppingtheHeckscher-OhlinassumptionthattechnologiesarethesameacrossthecountriescantheoverallpatternofinternationaltradebewellpredictedbytheH-Omodel.(T)Ifacountrywanttomaximizeitsnationalwelfare,theconsumptionpointiswherethehighestisovaluelineistangenttothehighestreachableindifferencecurve.(T).Ariseinthetermsoftradeincreasesacountry 'swelfare,whileadeclineitradetermsofreducesitswelfare.(T).Export-biasedgrowthtendstoimprovethegrowingcountry 'stermsoftradeattherestoftheworld'sexpense.(F)4.Ifthetwocountriesallocate(分酉己)theirchangeinspendinginthesameproportions,therewillnotbeatermsoftradeeffect.(T).Ifthecountryreceivingatransferspendsahigherproportionofanincreaseincomeonitsexportgoodthanthegiver,atransferraisesworldrelativedemandfortherecipient 'sexport(improveitstermsoftrade.(T).Atransferworsensthedonor'stermsoftradeifthedonorhasahighermariginalpropensitytospendonitsexportgoodthantherecipient(受体). (T).Atransferimprovesthedonor'stermsoftrade,worsensreciteemsoftrade.' (F).Atransferofincome sayforeignaid couldconceivablyleavetherecipientworseoff.(T).AtariffimprovesHome'stermsoftradeandworsensForeign's,whileaHomeexportsubsworsensHome'stermsoftradeandimproveForeign(Ts..Wherethereiseconomiesofscale,thereisimperfectlycompetitivemarketstructure.(F)Ifintraindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.(T).Effectonthedistributionofincomewithincountriesoftenweightmoreheavilyonpolicythantermsoftradeconcerns.(T).Theusualmarketstructureinindustriescharacterizedbyinternaleconomiesofscaleismonopolisticcompetition.(F).Today,antidumping(反倾销)maybeadeviceofprotectionism.(T).Reciprocal(相互)dumpingtendstoincreasethevolumeoftradeingoodsthatarequiteidentical

(一致).(F)Itispossiblethatreciprocaldumpingincreasenationalwelfare.(T)Strongexternal(外部)economiestendto“lockedin“theexistingpatternsofinterindustrytrade,evenifthepatternsareruncounterto(背道而驰)comparativeadvantage.(T).Atradingcountrycanconceivablylosefromtradeispotentiallyjustifyprotectionism.(T).Likestaticexternaleconomies,dynamicexternaleconomiescanlockinaninitialadvantageinanindustry.(T)50.Thestratigictradepolicyisrelatedtothemodelofproductsandintraindustrytrade(F.)compentioopoJidtfferentiate50.Thestratigictradepolicyisrelatedtothemodelofproductsandintraindustrytrade(F.)compentioopoJidtfferentiateisfirstdevelopedb.ThemodelOligopoly,homogeneousproductsandintraindustrytradeisfirstdevelopedbTOC\o"1-5"\h\zKrugmanandHelpman. (F).Tradeinfactorsisverymuchliketradeingoods,itoccursformuchthesamereasonsandproducessimilarresults.(T).Tradeinfactorsisanalternative(替代)totradeingoodsfortheallocationofresources.(T).Whenacountryborrows,it'sintertenPpoFailsbiasedtowardQp. (F).TherelativepriceoffutureconsumptiongoodsQpis(1+r). (T).ThedynamicpathofTNCs'enterforeignmarketFDIfExportfLicence.(F).Tariffsmayhaveverydifferenteffectsondifferentstagesofproductionofagood.(T).Nominal(名义)tariffreflectstheeffectiverateofprotection(有效保护率). (F).Thecostsandbenefitsanalysisofatariffiscorrectifonlythedirectgainstoproducersandconsumersinagivenmarketaccuratelymeasurethesocialgains.(T).Thecostsandbenefitsanalysisofatariffiscorrectifonlyadollar 'sworthofbenefitstoeachgroupisthesame.(T).AVERisexactlylikeanimportquotawhichthelicenseareassignedtoforeigngovernment.(T).VERSaremuchmorecostlythantariffs.(T).Localcontentlawshavebeenwidelyusedbydevelopingcountriestryingtoshifttheirmanufacturingfromassemblybackintointermediategoods.(T).Apoliticalargumentforfreetradereflectsthefactthatapoliticalcommitmenttofreetrademaybeagoodideainpracticeeventhoughtheremaybebetterpoliciesinprinciple.(T).Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.(T).Forasufficientlysmalltariffthetermsoftradegainofsmallcountrymustoutweightheefficiencyloss.(F).Thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeisintellectuallyimpeccablebutofdoubtfulusefulness.(F). “U.S.farmexportsdonjustmeanhigherincomesforfarmers——theymeanhigherincomeforeveryonewhosellgoodsandservicestotheU.S.farmsector ”.Thisremarkisapotentialvalidargumentforexportsubsidy.(T).Mostdeviationsfromfreetradeareadoptednotbecausetheirbenefitexceedtheircostsbutbecausethepublicfailstounderstandtheirtruecosts.(T)Ifthereismarginalsocialcostsratherthanmarginalsocialbenefits,domesticmarketfailurereinforcethecaseforfreetrade.(T).Theelectoralcompetitionmodelbelievespoliticalcompetitionwilldrivebothpartiestoproposetariffsclosetotm,thetariffpreferredbythemediumvoter.(T).Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanbestbeovercomewhenagroupislargeand/orwellorganized.(F).Tradepolicythatproducemorecoststhanbenefits,hurtmoreconsumersthanproducerscan'tbeadopted.(F).AsaviolationoftheMFN( "mostfavorednation")principle,thedWTOferentialtradingagreementsingeneral,butallowsthemiftheyleadtofreetradebetweentheagreeingcountries.(T).Theinfantindustryargumentviolates（违背）theprincipleofcomparativeadvantage（T）6.Importsubstitutingindustrialization 进口替代工业化）violatestheprincipleofcomparativeadvantage.TOC\o"1-5"\h\z“ （T）. “Importquotasoncapitaintensiveindustrialgoodsandsubsidiesfortheimportofcapitalequipmentweremeanttocreatemanufacturingjobsinmanydevelopingcountries.Unfortunately,theyhaveprobablyhelpedcreatetheurbanunemploymentproblem. （T'）.TheEastAsianMiracleprovedthatindustrializationanddevelopmentmustbebasedonimportsubstitution.（F）tisimpossibleforcountrytomakeitselfworseoffbyjoiningaccustomsunion（ 联盟）. （F）Partm.ChoosetheONLYonecollectanswerineachquestion.Animportantinsight（启示）ofinternationaltradetheoryisthatwhencountriesexchangegoodsandservicesonewiththeotheritisalwaysbeneficialtobothcountries.isusuallybeneficialtobothcountries.istypicallybeneficialonlytothelowwagetradepartnercountry.istypicallyharmfultothetechnologicallylaggingcountry.tendstocreateunemploymentinbothcountries.Iftherearelargedisparities（差品E） inwagelevelsbetweencountries,thentradeislikelytobeharmfultobothcountries.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywiththehighwages.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywiththelowwages.tradeislikelytobeharmfultoneithercountry.tradeislikelytohavenoeffectoneithercountry.Cost-benefitanalysisofinternationaltrade（成本收益分析）isbasicallyuseless.isempiricallyintractable.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestwithincountries.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestsbetweencountries.Noneoftheabove.Aprimaryreasonwhynationsconductinternationaltradeisbecauseofdifferencesinhistoricalperspective.location.resourceavailabilities.tastes.incomes.Argumentsforfreetradearesometimesdisregarded（忽视）bythepoliticalprocessbecauseeconomiststendtofavorhighlyprotecteddomesticmarkets.economistshaveauniversallyaccepteddecisivepoweroverthepoliticaldecisionmechanism.maximizingconsumerwelfaremaynotbeachiefpriohty（优先）forpoliticians.扩大消费者福利不是最主要的thegainsoftradeareofparamountconcerntotypicalconsumers.Noneoftheabove.Proponents（支持）offreetradeclaimallofthefollowingasadvantagesexceptrelativelyhighwagelevelsforalldomesticworkers..awiderselectionofproductsforconsumersC.increasedcompetitionforworldproducers.theutilizationofthemostefficientproductionprocesses.Noneoftheabove.InordertoknowwhetheracountryhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneparticularproductweneedinformationonatleastunitlaborrequirementsonetwothreeDfourEfiveAcountryengagingintradeaccordingtotheprinciplesofcomparativeadvantagegainsfromtradebecauseitisproducingexportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcouldalternatively.isproducingimportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcoulddomestically.isproducingexportsusingfewerlaborunits.isproducingimportsindirectlyusingfewerlaborunits.Noneoftheabove.AnationengagingintradeaccordingtotheRicardianmodelwillfinditsconsumptionbundle（消费约束）insideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.onitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.outsideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier（%产可能性边界）.insideitstrade-partner'sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.onitstrade-partner'sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.IfaverysmallcountrytradeswithaverylargecountryaccordingtotheRicardianmodel,thenthesmallcountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.thelargecountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.thesmallcountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.thelargecountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.Noneoftheabove.IftheworldtermsoftradeforacountryaresomewherebetweenthedomesticcostratioofHandthatofF,thencountryHbutnotcountryFwillgainfromtrade.countryHandcountryFwillbothgainfromtrade.neithercountryHnorFwillgainfromtrade.onlythecountrywhosegovernmentsubsidizesitsexportswillgain.Noneoftheabove.Ifaproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisbowedout（concavetotheorigin））（上凸，凹面向原点）,thenproductionoccursunderconditionsofconstantopportunitycosts.increasingopportunitycosts.decreasingopportunitycosts.infiniteopportunitycosts.Noneoftheabove.Iftwocountrieshaveidenticalproductionpossibilityfrontiers,thentradebetweenthemisnotlikelyiftheirsupplycurvesareidentical.theircostfunctionsareidentical.theirdemandconditionsidentical.theirincomesareidentical.Noneoftheabove.AssumethatlaboristheonlyfactorofproductionandthatwagesintheUnitedStatesequal$20perhourwhilewagesinJapanare$10perhour.ProductioncostswouldbelowerintheUnitedStatesascomparedtoJapanifU.S.laborproductivityequaled40unitsperhourandJapan's15unitsperhour.U.S.productivityequaled30unitsperhourwhereasJapan'swas20.U.S.laborproductivityequaled20andJapan's30.U.S.laborproductivityequaled15andJapan's25unitsperhour.Noneoftheabove.Internationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistributions.Therefore,internationaltradeisbeneficialtoeveryoneinbothtradingcountries.willtendtohurtonetradingcountry.willtendtohurtsomegroupsineachtradingcountry.willtendtohurteveryoneinbothcountries.willbebeneficialtoallthoseengagedininternationaltrade.Ifthepriceofthecapitalintensiveproductrises,wageswillrisebutbylessthanthepriceofthecapital-intensiveproductJ（工资刚性,变动较慢）risebymorethantheriseinthepriceofthecapital-intensiveproduct.remainproportionallyequaltothepriceofthecapital-intensiveproduct.fall,sincehigherpricescauselessdemand.Noneoftheabove.IfAustraliahasmorelandperworker,andBelgiumhasmorecapitalperworker,theniftradeweretoopenupbetweenthesetwocountries,therealincomeofcapitalownersinAustraliawouldrise.therealincomeoflaborinAustraliawouldclearlyrise.therealincomeoflaborinBelgiumwouldclearlyrise.therealincomeoflandownersinBelgiumwouldfall.贸易知识使一国丰富要素部门得利，稀缺要素部门受损）therealincomesofcapitalownersinbothcountrieswouldrise.Ifthepriceofmanufacturesandthepriceoffoodincreaseby25%,thentheeconomymovesdownitsaggregatesupplycurve.theeconomymovesbackalongitsaggregatedemandcurve.therelativequantities（相对数量） ofmanufacturesandfoodremainunchanged.therelativequantitiesofproductschangeby25%.Noneoftheabove.Ifthepriceofmanufacturesrises,thenthepriceoffoodalsorises.thequantityoffoodproducedfalls.thequantityofbothmanufacturesandfoodfalls.thepurchasingpoweroflaborintermsoffoodfalls.Noneoftheabove.Groupsthatlosefromtradetendtolobby（游说）thegovernmentto（贸易失利者游说政府）A.shiftthedirectionofcomparativeadvantage.abolishtheSpecificFactormodelfrompracticalvidepublicsupportfortherelativelyefficientvideprotectionfortherelativelyinefficientsectors.Noneoftheabove.Thespecificfactormodelarguesthatiflandcanbeusedbothforfoodproductionandformanufacturing,thenaquotathatprotectsfoodproductionwillclearlyhelplandowners.clearlyhurtlandowners.clearlyhelpmanufacturebuthurtfoodproduction.haveanambiguouseffectonthewelfareoflandowners.Noneoftheabove.If,relativetoitstradepartners,Gambiniahasmanyworkersbutverylittlelandandevenlessproductivecapital,then,followingthespecificfactormodel,weknowthatGambiniahasacomparativeadvantageinmanufactures.food.bothmanufacturesandfood.neithermanufacturesnorfood.Noneoftheabove.Inthe2-factor,2goodHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,aninfluxofworkersfromacrosstheborderwould（劳动者越过国境流入）A.movethepointofproductionalongtheproductionpossibilitycurve.shifttheproductionpossibilitycurveoutward,andincreasetheproductionofbothgoods.shifttheproductionpossibilitycurveoutwardanddecreasetheproductionofthelabor-intensiveproduct.shifttheproductionpossibilitycurveoutwardanddecreasetheproductionofthecapital-intensiveproduct.（资本密集型产品产量下降，扩展了生产可能性曲线，相当于扩展了消费的总量）Noneoftheabove.The1987studybyBowen,LeamerandSveikauskassupportedthevalidityoftheLeontieffParadox.supportedthevalidityoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel.usedatwo-countryandtwo-productframework.demonstratedthatinfactcountriestendtousedifferentvedthattheU.S.'scomparativeadvantagereliedonskilledlabor.TheCaseoftheMissingTradereferstothe9thvolumeoftheHardyBoys'Mysteryseries.thefactthatworldexportsdoesnotequalworldimports.thefactthatfactortradeislessthanpredictedbytheHeckscher-Ohlintheory.thefactthattheHeckscherOhlintheorypredictsmuchlessvolumeoftradethanactuallyexists.Noneoftheabove.OnewayinwhichtheHeckscher-OhlinmodeldiffersfromtheRicardomodelofcomparativeadvantageisbyassumingthat_技术相同__is（are）identicalinall

countries.factorofproductionendowmentsscaleeconomiesfactorofproductionintensitiestechnologyopportunitycostsAsopposedtotheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,theassumptionofdiminishingreturnsintheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelmeansthattheprobabilityisgreaterthatwithtradecountrieswillnotbefullyspecialized（专业化）inoneproduct.countrieswillbenefitfromfreeinternationaltrade.countrieswillconsumeoutsidetheirproductionpossibilityparativeadvantageisprimarilysupplyrelated.Noneoftheabove.Supposethattherearetwofactors,capitalandland,andthattheUnitedStatesisrelativelylandendowedwhiletheEuropeanUnionisrelativelycapital-endowed.AccordingtotheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,EuropeanlandownersshouldsupportUS-Europeanfreetrade.EuropeancapitalistsshouldsupportUS-Europeanfreetrade.allcapitalistsinbothcountriesshouldsupportfreetrade.alllandownersshouldsupportfreetrade.Noneoftheabove.AccordingtotheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,iftheUnitedStatesisrichlyendowedinhuman-capitalrelativetoMexico,thenasNAFTAincreasinglyleadstomorebilateralfreetradebetweenthetwocountries,theUnitedStateswillfinditsindustrialbasesuckedintoMexico.MexicowillfinditsrelativelyhighlyskilledworkersdrawntotheUnitedStates.ThewagesofhighlyskilledU.S.workerswillbedrawndowntoMexicanlevels.ThewagesofhighlyskilledMexicanworkerswillrisetothoseintheUnitedStates.ThewagesofhighlyskilledMexicanworkerswillfalltothoseintheUnitedStates.（墨西哥高技术工人工资降低到美国同水平）Iftwocountrieswereverydifferentintheirrelativefactoravailabilities（相对要素丰富程度相差很多），thenwewouldnotexpectwhichofthefollowingtobeempiricallysupported?TheHeckscher-OhlinTheoremTheFactorPriceEqualizationTheorem.要素价格均衡理论）TheLawofOnePriceTheLawofDemandNoneoftheabove.Acountrycannotproduceamixofproductswithahighervaluethanwheretheisovaluelineintersects（相交） theproductionpossibilityfrontier.theisovaluelineistangent（相切）totheproductionpossibilityfrontier中值线相切的生产可能性边界.theisovaluelineisabovetheproductionpossibilityfrontier.theisovaluelineisbelowtheproductionpossibilityfrontier.theisovaluelineistangentwiththeindifferencecurve.IfPc/Pfweretoincrease,theclothexporterwouldincreasethequantityofclothexports.theclothexporterwouldincreasethequantityofclothproduced_._thefoodexporterwouldincreasethequanti