unit3-grammar-宾语从句与表语从句

NounClauses(名词性从句)SubjectClause(主语从句)AppositiveClause（同位语从句）ObjectClause（宾语从句）PredicativeClause（表语从句）名词性从句的作用相当于名词，因此主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.主语从句宾语从句表语从句

同位语从句That/wh-clause+v+…主语从句S+be/link.v+that/wh-clause表语从句S+vt+that/wh-clause宾语从句S+vi+prep+wh-clause宾语从句

(引导名词性从句的关联词):从属连词(不作成分）连接代词（作成分）连接副词（作状语）what,who,whom,whose,which,wh+everthat,whether,ifwhen,where,how,whyIknowhim.2.Iknowwhoheis.主语谓语宾语（简单句）主语谓语宾语从句连词从句主语

从句谓语

主句（复合句）什么是宾语？Iknowhim.Doyouhavethetime?Ithink(that)sheisbeautiful.Whydon’tyoupayattentiontome?

宾语位于谓语动词或者介词后一、宾语从句的概念从句在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，位置：通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。eg.WeknowMrGreenteachesEnglish.Sheaskediftheseanswerswereright.Wecanlearnwhatwedonotknow.HewilltalktousaboutwhathesawintheU.S.A.Idon’tknowwherewewillholdthemeeting.二、宾语从句三要素引导词（连接词）语序时态不同引导词引导的宾语从句由从属连词that

引导的宾语从句由连接代词Who,whom,whose,which,what

和连接副词where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句由从属连词whether,if

引导的宾语从句（一）引导词123e.g.Ihear(that)_______________________.Hesaid(that)______________________.Theteachertoldus(that)_______________________________.

hewillbebackinanhour

hemissedusverymuch

theearthmoves由从属连词that引导的宾语从句注：that在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略aroundthesun引导宾语从句的that一般都可以省去，但是当及物动词后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。Theteachersaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.that——不能省略的2种情况（1）当that作介词except,in

宾语时Theybelieveinthatshemuststillbesingle.Iknownothingabouthimexceptthat

heislivinginBeijing.

（2）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句时（it常可以放在动词think,find,consider,believe,feel,make等后作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语——that从句则放在句尾）

IthinkitnecessarythatyoushouldreadEnglishaloud.Weheardit

thatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句Iwanttoknow______________________________________.2.Askhim_________________________.3.Iwonder____________________________.4.Couldyoutellme________________________?

if(whether)hewillgototheparkwithuswhether(if)hecancomewhetheritisgoingtorainornotif/whether“是否”，说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在ask,wonder,can(could)youtellme等后。whether(if)

MrLiliveshere只能用whether不能用if的情况1.在介词后面：I’mthinkingofwhetherweshouldgofishing.Weareworriedabout

whetheritwillraintomorrow.2.在动词不定式前(whethertodosth.)：Theyaskedmewhethertogoskating.3.当与ornot连用，或提出两种选择时:Idon’tknowwhetherhe’sfreeornot.MaryaskedwhetherIwasdoingmyhomeworkornot.Tellmewhetheryou’dliketogoshoppingortidytheroom.4.宾语从句提前时：Whetherthisistrueornot,Ican’tsay.Practicetimeif/whether1.Iaskedher__________shehadabike.

2.We’reworriedabout________heissafe.

3.Iwonder___________heiswell.

4.Idon’tknow________ornotheiswell.

5.Idon’tknow_______togo.

if/whetherwhetherwhether/ifwhetherwhether由连接代词Who,whom,whose,which,what

和连接副词where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句1.Heasked_____________________________.2.Doyouknow____________________3.Heasked________________________

whocouldanswerthequestion

whomtheyarewaitingfor

whosebikewasthebestintheclass连接代词或副词连接主句和从句，并在从句中担任句子成分，具有一定的意义，不可省略。4.Doyouknow_________________________?5.Pleasetellme_____________.6.Canyoutellme________________________?7.Couldyoutellme______________________?

whenwe’llhaveameeting

whereheis

howIcangettothestationwhythetrainislate二、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分

Whenwillhegotothelibrary?

Hisbrotheraskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.

主句+连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）否定的转移

主语为第一人称，主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。翻译句子Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.Idon’tthinkyouareright.

我认为你今天无法完成工作。

我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。我认为你是错的。

Idon’tbelieveyouwillfinishtheworktoday.

Iknowheliveshere.Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow.三、时态主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态，根据实际情况而定。2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时），从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时（一般过去时，过去进行时,过去将来时，过去完成时）Iknewwholivedhere.Isawshewastalkingwithhermother.Heaskedwhetherhisfatherwouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenit.3.从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时，仍用一般现在时。Hetoldtheboythatthreeandthreeissix.Hetoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun.4.从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍用一般过去时。Theteachertoldmeshewasbornin1960.IheardthathewenttoParislastnight.宾语从句

三要素时态Summary(小结）引导词（连接词）语序常见的系动词分为三种：A．表示特征和状态：

be,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear等

B．表示由一类状态转为另一类状态：

get,become,grow,turn,fall,go,come,run等C．表示某种状态的：

remain,keep,prove,continue,stay等表语从句表语从句就是从句在主句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后我们的目的是他能认识到错误。Ourpurposeisthathecanrealizehisfaults.引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。问题是它是否值得做。Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.表语从句表示“是否”只用“whether”

而不用“if”试区分以下句子Isthismuseumwhatyouvisited?Isthisthemuseumthatyouvisited?Isthismuseumtheonethatyouvisited?(表从)(定从)(定从)注意1：that/what的辨用1.______hewantsisabook.2.____hewantstogothereisobvious.

3.Weshouldpayattentionto______theteacherissaying.4.Hetoldus______hefeltill.WhatThatwhat（that）5.Theresultis______wewonthegame.

6.Thisis_____wewanttoknow.

7.Ihavenoidea_____hedidthatafternoon.8.Thefact______sheworkshardiswellknowntousall.thatwhatwhatthat9.Hisfatherissatisfiedwith_____hehasdone.10.Thereasonwas______Todhadneverseenthemillionpoundbank-note.whatthat1.that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用2.what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。Ruleswhether与if的辨用1.Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem.2.Itremainsaproblemwhether/ifitistrue.3.Heaskedwhether/ifMarywouldattendtheceremony.4.Itdependsonwhetherwehavegotenoughmoney.5.Thequestioniswhetheryoushouldacceptit.6.Thequestionwhetherhe’llattendthemeetingisimportant.7.Ididn’tknowwhethertolaughortocry.8.Idon’tknowwhetheritisrightornot.1.在由形式主语it引导的主语从句及在vt后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”，whether/if都可以用；2.在前置主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和跟在介词后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”，只能用whether；3.在whether…ornot和whethertodo中whether不能换成ifRules1.

Theyoungmanasked_____it'ssummerorwinter.A.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whether2.

Wedon'tknow______theydidit.A.howB.whoC.whatD.whichDA

Practice3.Theteacherasksus____Jimcancomebackontime.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whattime4.Doesanybodyknow______wewillhaveasportsmeetingthisweekendornot.A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.thatBC5.Couldyoushowme________?A.howcanIgettothestationB.whereisthestationC.howIcouldgettothestationD.howIcanreachthestation6.Pleasetellme_______.

A.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whath