国际贸易第1章导论(英文)

主讲人：王莉教授LL66@163.com

INTERNATIONALTRADE

国际贸易2023/2/62Chapter1：INTRODUCTION§1.

GeneralReview1、TheHistoryandStationoftheCourseInternationalTradeSovietModelinEarlyTimes.InternationalEconomicsin90’s.OneofCompulsoryCourseforStudentsMajoredinEconomics.2023/2/632、TheRelationbetweenInternationalTradeandotherSubjects2.1TheSubjectOriginofInternationalTradeInternationalEconomics(InternationalTradeandInternationalFinance)EconomicsPhilosophy2.2InternationalTradevsPhilosophy&Science2023/2/642.3

TheRelationbetweenInternationalTradeandotherCourses

inInternationalTradeSubjectEconomicsistheforwardcourse,especiallyMicroeconomics；It’stheforwardcourseofWTO,TransnationalCorperations,InternationalInvestment,

andetc；It’stheparallelcoursewithGeneralReviewofChineseForeignTrade.2023/2/653.ThearrangementofcoursesPartI:Thebasictheoryofinternationaltrade(Chapter1-6)

PartII:InternationalTradePolicy(Chapter7-11)

PartIII:Someimportantissuesintoday'sinternationaltradepractice(12-15).2023/2/664、ReferenceMaterial1)PeterLindert（彼得.林得特），InternationalEconomics，上海译文出版社，1985.

2)DominickSalvatore,InternationalEconomics,EighthEdition,JohnWiley&SonsInc.,2004.3)PaulKrugmanandMauriceObstfeld,InternationalEconomics:TheoryandPolicy(FifthEdition),Addison-WestleyPublishingCompany，2000.

4)Allkindsacdemicjournalsandnewpapers,suchas:

InternationalTrade,JournalofInternationalTrade、WorldEconomy、International

BusinessDaily、人大报刊复印资料。5)Internet.Suchas:中华人民共和国商务部.htm2023/2/675、PlanandArrangement1)3hoursclassesstudyeveryweek;2)4homeworks，oneiscoursepaper;3)1seminar4)1finaltest5)CourseEvaluationThegradingsystemforthecourseisbasedonthestudents’academicperformance.Thatincludes:30%homework&classperformance+70%finalexam.2023/2/68§2.

TheEmergence&DevelopmentofInternationalTrade&thetheoryofInternationalTrade

1、TheEmergence&Developmentof

InternationalTrade

1.1ConceptInternationaltrade

istheexchangeactivityofgoodsandservicesacrossinternationalbordersorterritories.

Foreigntrade

istheexchangeactivityofgoodsandservicesbetweenonecountry(district)withothers.2023/2/691.2

ThePrerequisiteforEmergenceof

InternationalTrade（1）Therearesurplusproductsforexchange;（2）Establishmentofnationalstateswiththeirownsovereignty.

2023/2/6101.3TheHistoryofInternationalTrade1)TheearlyinternationaltradeoccurredinancientRomaandGreece.Definitely,it’sonly“tradebetweendistricts”.2)Onlyafterindustrialrevolution,internationaltradeandworldmarkethaddefinitelyformedandgotdeveloped.3)AftertheSecondWorldWar，internationaltradeenteredanewdevelopingera,especiallyinthefieldsofservicetrade,TransnationalCorperations,InternationalInvestment.2023/2/611战后世界贸易（出口）发展情况

（1950年-2000年，10亿美元）2023/2/612

1.4

TheHistoryofChineseFoeignTradeEarlyinXihan,ChinastartedtradewithMiddleEastandEuropethroughthefamous“SilkRoad”。Fromthesetof“SilkRoad”

to“theOpiumWar(1840-1842)”，thedevelopmentofChineseforeigntradewerestganant。Untilmid19’s，ChinahadbennopeneditsforeigntradedoorbyEuropeanandAmericanartillery。ChinacastedoffthecontrolofwesterncountriesonlyaftertheNewChinafoundedin1949.Butthen，forthereasonssuchasembargofromwesterncountrieswhichleadedbyU.S.，Chinahadtocarryonclosed-doorpolicyagain.Anditsforeigntradefalledintostagnancyoncemore.

2023/2/613So，theexportratioofChinaintheworlddroppedfrom1.9%in1959to0.8%in1969,then0.74%in1978！After1978,Chineseforeigntradeenteredintoafastdevelopingperiod.From1978to2006，thevalueofChinesemerchandisetradeincreasedfromUS$20640million

(206.4亿美圆)toUS$1760690million,theyearlyaveragegrowthrateisover15%，farmorethanthatofothercountriesandtheworldaveragegrowth.Chinabecamethethirdcountryoftradeintheworld.2023/2/614

Chineseservicetradegotdevelopedinlate80’s.ThevalueofserviceexportincreasedfromtheonlyUS$2700millionin1982toUS$5748million

in1990,thenUS$157081millionin2005,andbecametheeighthserviceexportcountryintheworld.2023/2/615Questions(homework1)：(1)BalanceofforeigntradeofChinain2009and2014?

(2)BalanceofsrevicetradeofChinain2009and2014?

(3)HowabouttheChineseratioandrankinworldtrade?

(4)Statistictradedatasofothermaincountries.

2023/2/6162、TheDevelopmentTrackof

InternationalTradeTheory

Early15’s—Mid18’s，Mercantilism;Mid18’s，Tradebasedonabsoluteadvantage

(AdamSmith)；tradebasedoncomparativeadvantage

(DavidRicardo)；After20’s,H-OModel；TheLeontiefParadoxbyW.W.Leontief;SpecificfactormodelbyPaulSamuelson；BhagwatiEffectbyJagdishBhagwati；Intra-industryTradeModelbyPaulKrugman；TradeModelinProductCyclebyRaymondVernon.2023/2/617国际贸易领域做出贡献的重要学者国际贸易领域做出贡献的重要学者伊·菲·赫克歇尔（1879-1959）瑞典贝蒂·俄林

（1899--1979）瑞典2023/2/618保罗·萨缪尔森（美国）(Samuelson

,1915-):凯恩斯学派重要代表人，经济学通才，1970年获诺奖，

保罗·克鲁格曼（美国）(Krugman,1953-

):萨缪尔森弟子，2008年获诺奖

埃尔赫南·赫尔普曼（以色列）(Helpman,1946-)吉恩·格罗斯曼（美国）（Grossman，1955-）和赫尔普曼致力于利益集团对国际贸易的研究，两人也都是诺奖的热门人选2023/2/619国际贸易的主要理论模型2023/2/6203、StudyPattern

Internationaltradetheory

isdividedto:Positivetheory

Normativetheory2023/2/621PositiveAnalysis：Mainlyshowstherelationsbetweeneconomicvariables,analysesthereasonsandresultsofallkindstradebehaviorandpolicys,butnotgivejudgmentandcomment.PositiveAnalysisisakindoftechnicalanalysis.

Normative

Analysis：

ismainlythediagnosisandjudgmentor

commenttotheresultsofpositiveanalysis.Andthediagnosisandcommentreflectdifferentcognitionandvalueview.2023/2/6221、（1）美国经济比中国经济增长得更快。（2）穷人应该不纳税。2、王老师说：“对啤酒征税会使其价格上涨”，而李老师则认为：“在校大学生们喝啤酒喝得太多，因此应该对啤酒征税”2023/2/623RelationbetweenPositiveAnalysisandNormative

Analysis:Usuallycloselyrelated,cannotbecutted.Positiveanalysissupplythebasisfornormative

analysis.Atheorywithoutpositiveanalysisisalwaysshortofconviction。Ontheotherhands,ifatheoryonlycomposedbypositiveanalysisbutnonormative

analysis,it’llloseitseconomicsocialsignificance.So，internationaltradetheoryshouldbetheuniteofpositiveanalysisandnormative

analysis.2023/2/624

4、UsualEconomicAnalysisTools(1)Theautarky

equilibriumanalysis---productionpossibilityfrontier(PPF),opportunitycost,indifferencecurve；(2)Partequilibriumanalysis

---supplycurve,demandcurve.

2023/2/625Implications

fortheproductionpossibilityfrontier0R

WABCDPPF2023/2/626机会成本不变的PPF古典学派斯密、李嘉图模型WR机会成本递增的PPF(常态）新古典学派贸易模型wR机会成本递减的PPF当代贸易理论模型wR2023/2/627CommunityindifferencecurvesAcommunityindifferencecurvedisplaysthecombinationsoftwoproductsthatofferthecommunitythesamelevelofsatisfaction.Characteristicsofcommunityindifferencecurves:NegativeslopeConvextotheoriginDifferentcurvesdonotcross2023/2/628Communityindifferencecurve

YIIIIIIX更高的社会福利水平2023/2/629Theautarkyequilbrium(P*r/P*w)(Pr/Pw)

WAF