国际贸易实务英汉双语课件-第6章 payment terms

Internationaltradepractice主讲：刘伟良TelQ：1047205122Chapter6PaymentTerms1.PaymentInstrumentsofInt’lTrade2.MethodsofPayment1/85P118-1.PaymentInstrumentsBillofexchange/DraftPromissorynoteCheck/Cheque22/85P118-2.MethodsofPaymentCashinAdvanceLettersofCreditDocumentaryCollectionOpenAccount预收货款信用证跟单托收赊帐22/85P115-Longdistanceandmoreproceduresareinvolved.Longertimeisneededinsettlinganint’lpayment.Differentregulationsandsystemsoflawareapplied.Differentmonetaryandfinancialmattersareused.Differentsettlingmethodsareused.Chapter6PaymentTermsWhyint’ltradesettlementsaremorecomplicatedanddifficult?2/85Adraft(alsocalledbillofexchange)isanunconditionalorderinwritingsignedbyoneparty(drawer)requestingasecondparty(drawee/payer)tomakepaymentinlawfulmoneyimmediatelyoratadeterminablefuturetimetoathirdparty(payee).1)Draft–汇票1.PaymentInstrumentsofInt’lTradeP115-汇票——由一人签发给另一人的无条件书面命令，要求受票人见票时或于将来某一规定的或可以确定的时间，将一定的金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或其指定人，或持票人。DateandplaceofissueTimeofpaymentNameofpayeeCurrencyandamountCreditreference(L/C/invoiceNo.)Nameofdrawee/payerDrawer’snameandsignature……Basiccontentsofadraft3/85BillofExchangeNo._________(汇票号码)Drawnunder(出票依据)______L/CNo._________Dated__________Payablewithinterest@_____________%_______________(付款利息)ExchangeforUSD100,000.00

(汇票金额)Beijing,China06/10/2008(出票时间地点)At(见票)___________SightofthisFIRSTofExchange(Secondof

Exchangebeingunpaid)(付一不付二)

Paytotheorderof

BANKOFCHINA，GUANGZHOUBRANCH(收款人)thesumof(金额

USDOLLARSONEHUNDREDTHOUSANONLYTo(致付款人)______ABC_ororder_______________________________EFG______________Drawer

(出票人)(Signature)(签字)SampleofCommercialDraft5/85P116-①

以出票人不同CommercialDraft(商业汇票)——onethatisdrawnbyafirmoranexporter.Thedrawercanbeafirm,anexporter.Banker’sDraft(银行汇票)——adraftthatisdrawnbyonebankonanotherbank.②

按付款时间不同SightDraft(即期汇票)——adraftthatispayableonpresentation,i.e.,thedraweeshouldimmediatelypaytheamountonthedraftdrawnonhim.Time/usanceDraft(远期汇票)——adraftthatispayableinaspecifiednumberofdaysafteritsdateofissue/acceptance,thedateofB/Loratafixedfuturedate.③

按在流通中是否附有货运单据CleanDraft(光票)——adraftthatispaidwithoutthepresentationofanyotherdocumentsattached.DocumentaryDraft(跟单汇票)——adraftthatshouldbepaidonlywhencertaindocumentshavebeenattachedtoandpresentedtogetherwiththedraft.TypesofDraft4/85UseofDraftISSUANCEPRESENTATIONACCEPTANCEPAYMENTEndorsementDiscountDishonorRecourseSightP116-出票提示承兑付款背书贴现拒付/兑追索见票6/85PartiestoadraftDrawer/Maker：出票人Drawee/Payer：受票人/付款人Acceptor：承兑人Payee：受款人Transferee：受让人出票人：开出汇票的人。国际贸易中，通常是卖方或出口商。受票人：汇票上的付款人。国际贸易中，通常是买方或其指定银行。承兑人：承诺兑现远期汇票的人。国际贸易中，通常是买方指定银行。受款人：受领汇票上所规定款项人。国际贸易中，通常是卖方或其指定银行。Endorser：背书人Endorsee：被背书人Holder/Bearer：持票人PriorParty：前手SubsequentParty：后手7/85出票——以法定款式作成汇票并将其交付受款人的票据行为。只有当出票人将其作成的汇票交付给受款人以后方为出票。ISSUANCE–出票汇票的法律效力对出票人的效力。汇票经出票后，出票人对汇票必须承担两项责任，即担保承兑和担保付款。对受票人的效力。汇票出票行为对受票人不产生效力，只有当受票人承兑（远期）汇票后，才对该汇票负付款责任。若受票人拒绝承兑，即不对汇票负担任何责任。对受款人的效力。受款人依法接受汇票后，即得到该汇票的完整权利，可依该汇票所记载的文义，在法定期限内按有关法律规定行使付款请求权或追索权。Issuanceistheprocessinwhichanegotiableinstrumentisissuedinalegalformatanddeliveredtothepayee.P116-8/85Presentationmeanstheholderofthedraftletsthedraweesightthedraftforpaymentoracceptance.P117-PRESENTATION–提示PresentationforAcceptance(承兑提示)——theholderpresentsausancedrafttothedraweeforacceptance.PresentationforPayment(付款提示)——theholderpresentsasightdraftoradueusancedrafttothedraweeforpayment.提示——持票人向付款人实际出示汇票，请求承兑或付款的行为。汇票提示，包括：承兑提示和付款提示。付款人看到汇票，即为见票。9/85P117-ACCEPTANCE–承兑远期汇票持票人必须向受票人作承兑提示。即期汇票毋需承兑提示。承兑的作用在于确定付款人对汇票金额的付款义务。付款人承兑汇票后，就成为该汇票的主债务人，负到期付款的责任。在付款人承兑汇票之前，汇票的主债务人是出票人而不是付款人。若持票人遭付款人拒绝承兑或付款，他不能起诉付款人，而只能向其前手背书人或出票人行使追索权。Ifausancedraftispresented,thedraweetakesuptheobligationofpaymentwhenitbecomesdue,

byputtingtheword“ACCEPTED”,hissignatureandthedateofacceptanceonthefaceofthedraft.承兑——指汇票付款人承诺在汇票到期日支付汇票金额的票据行为。10/85P117-付款——汇票付款人向持票人支付汇票金额以消灭票据关系的行为。PAYMENT–付款Thedraweemustpayforasightdraftwhenhesightsit.Thedraweewillpayforausancedraftuponpresentationwhenitbecomesdue.Forasightdraft,thedraweepaystheamountonthedraftimmediatelywhenitispresented.Forausancedraft,thedraweewillpaywhenitisdue.11/85背书——是指在票据背面或粘单上记载有关事项经签章后交付给受让人的票据行为。其目的是将汇票权利转让给受让人或将一定的汇票权利授予受让人行使。Endorsement-背书汇票经背书，收款的权利就转让给受让人，被背书人取得汇票的权利。经背书的汇票到期前，受让人可再背书进行转让。“前手”对“后手”必须保证汇票必然被承兑或付款。One'ssignature,instructionsandetcplacedonthereverseofanegotiablecommercialinstrument(orattachedtoit)forthepurposeof

transferring

thelegalrights,whicharestatedontheinstrument,tothetransferee.12/85UsancedraftamountUSD11000$10000Payee/Payer/DraweeBank/Discountingcompany贴现——远期商业票据到期前，以低于票面价值的价格支款购入该票据。$11000TodayDueDateDiscount–贴现Purchaseorpromptpaymentfor

anegotiableinstrumentnotyetdueatalowerpricethanitsfacevalue.13/85拒付/兑——汇票受票人拒绝对即期汇票付款或拒绝对远期汇票进行承兑。Dishonor–拒付/兑在付款人或者承兑人死亡、藏匿、被依法宣告破产或因违法被责令停止业务活动等情况下，在事实上已经不可能付款时，也作为拒付。在付款人对汇票虽然不明示拒付，但是迟迟不付款或者承兑时，也可以认为是被拒付。Thedrawee’sfailureorrefusaltopayoracceptanegotiableinstrument,e.g.adraft,whenitispresented.14/85追索——汇票被付款人或承兑人拒付后，按票据法，持票人有权要求其前手包括背书人直止出票人承担付款责任。持票人的这种票据权利叫“追索权”（RightofRecourse）。Recourse–追索Legalrightofanegotiableinstrumentholdertodemandpaymentfromthedrawer,maker,orendorseriftheinstrumentsuchasacheck,draft,promissorynoteisdishonored.持票人须先从公证行等机构取得“拒绝证书”（CertificateofProtest），然后凭此才可行使追索权。15/85Apromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadeandsignedbyonepersontoanother(thepayee/theholder)topayondemandoratthefixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumofmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonorbearer.P117-2)Promissorynote–本票本票——是由出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时或定期或在可以确定的将来时间向收款人无条件支付一定金额的票据。16/85P118-Typesofpromissorynote我国不允许个人开立本票。我国《票据法》第73条规定：本法所称本票，是指银行本票。按我国《票据法》第79条规定，我国只允许开立自出票日起，付款期限不超过2个月的银行本票。Generalpromissorynote(一般本票/商业本票):issuedbyafirmora

person.ItcanbedividedintoSightpromissorynoteandusanceone.Banker’spromissorynote/Cashier’sorder(银行本票):issuedbyabank.Ithasonlyonetype,thesightpromissorynote.

17/85Sampleofpromissorynote₤60,000.00

London,15thMay2006

ThreemonthsafterdateIpromisetopayJohnTracyororderthesumofSIXTYTHOUSANDPOUNDSforvaluereceived.

WilliamTaylorASIAINTERNATIONALBANK,LTD18Queen'sRoad,HongKongCASHER'SORDERHONGKONG,8thAug2006

PaytotheorderofDockfield&Co.,......................................................................................thesumofHongKongDollarsEIGHTYTHOUSANDEIGHTHUNDREDONLY.................

ForAsiaInternationalBank,Ltd

HK$80,000.00ManagerGeneralpromissorynoteBanker’spromissorynote/Cashier’sorder18/85支票——是由出票人签发，委托办理支票存款业务的银行或者其他金融机构在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。3)Check/Cheque-支票Acheckisanunconditionalorderinwritingaddressedtoabankandsignedbythecustomer,authorizingthebanktopayondemandaspecifiedsumofmoneytoortotheorderofanamedpersonortobearer.P118-19/85TypesofchequeOpenCheque(普通支票)：achequewhichhasnotbeencrossedormarked‘notnegotiable’,whichcanbecashedatthebank.CrossCheque(划线支票)：achequewhichiscrossedwith2parallellinesforaccountdepositonly.(只能转账，不能提现。）CertifiedCheque(保付支票)：achequewhichismarkedbyabankas“certified,”therebyunconditionallypromisingthatthebankwillpaythechequeuponitspresentationbythepayee.支票没有远期的，只有即期的，即，见票即付款。若出票人出票时不希望受款人马上取款，可以在支票上将签发日期填成未来支款时的日期。P118-20/8531stJan.,2009

ChequeLondon,31stJan.,2009No.352876BANKOFEUROPE4LondonTianjinEconomic

&DevelopmentPaytoTianjinEconomic&DevelopmentCorp.Corp.ororderthesumoffourhundredandfiftypounds

ForSino-BritishTradingCo.,London

signature35287635287660…2386022111250000450000银行编码支票编号付款行代号出票人在付款根据支票磁性编码磁性编码行的支票专户面额加编账户磁码的磁码SampleofCheque21/85P118-2.MethodsofPaymentCashinAdvanceLettersofCreditDocumentaryCollectionOpenAccountRankedbypreferenceoftheexporterfromtheleasttothemostrisk.预收货款信用证跟单托收赊帐22/85P119-Thetermsareusedinthefollowingsituations:Businessrelationshipsarenew.Transactionsaresmall.Goodsareinthesellersmarket.Goodsareinheavydemand(mostsought-after).Goodsarecustom-madetothebuyer’sspecification.1)CashinAdvanceTherearetwosub-termsundercashinadvance:①Cashwithorder;②Cashpaymentbeforeshipment.23/85P119-CashwithorderCashpaymentbeforeshipmentSub-termsunderCashinAdvanceUndercashinadvanceterms,thebuyercanaskthesellertoarrangeadownpaymentguarantee(预付款保函)orastandbyL/C(备用信用证)inthebuyer’sfavorsoastoguaranteethesellersurelyshipsthegoodstohim.24/85P120-Remittancemeansthetransferofmoneyfromonepartytoanotherpartythroughbanks.Remittance汇付——交易的一方按合同约定的条件和时间，委托银行用一定的汇兑工具把款项汇寄给交易另一方的商业信用支付方式。25/85P120-MethodsofremittanceTelegraphictransfer–T/T(电汇）由汇款人委托汇出行用电报、电传（bytelexorcable）或环球银行间金融电信网络（bySWIFT）等电讯手段发出付款委托书给收款人所在地汇入行，委托它将款项解付给指定收款人。Remittancebybanker’sdemanddraft(票汇）汇出行应汇款人申请，开立以其代理行或其他来往银行为付款人的银行即期汇票，交由付款人寄交收款人。收款人凭票向付款人（当地银行）收款。

Mailtransfer–M/T（信汇）以信汇委托书或支付通知书作为结算工具，通过邮政航空信件方式寄发给汇入行。汇入行收到汇出行邮寄来的委托书或通知书后首先要核对汇出行的签字或印鉴无误后，付款给收款人。26/85DocumentaryLetterofCredit(跟单信用证)–L/Cisawrittenundertakingbyabankgiventothebeneficiary(theseller)attherequest,andinaccordancewiththeinstructions,oftheapplicant(thebuyer)toeffectpaymentuptoastatedsumofmoney,withinaprescribedtimelimitandagainststipulateddocuments.P120-信用证，又称信用状，是银行根据申请人（常为买方）的要求和指示，以自身名义向受益人(常为卖方）开立的，承诺在规定时限内收到符合要求的文件后，向受益人支付规定金额的书面文件。2)DocumentaryLetterofCredit–L/C27/85国际贸易中买卖双方都面临较大的商业信用风险。对于卖方，一旦将货物交给了买方，有可能无法收到货款；对于买方，一旦将将货款付给卖方，有可能无法取得货物。信用证结算方式以“银行信用”代替了“商业信用”，通过银行的信用担保，减少贸易各方所承担的“商业信用风险”，很大程度上保证卖方安全收到货款及买方按时收到符合要求的货物，解决了双方在付款和交货环节的矛盾。采用信用证结算，还可以通过票据贴现及“打包放款”等银行业务为贸易双方提供资金融通的便利。P120-AdvantagesofL/Csettlement28/85L/CRules—UCP600(P146)1933年，国际商会制定《商业跟单信用证统一惯例》，此后对该惯例进行了三次修订。1983年对该惯例再次修订，称为《跟单信用证统一惯例》（UniformCustoms&PracticeforDocumentaryCredit），因其是《国际商会第400号出版物》，故又称为《UCP400》。1993年，国际商会对《UCP400》进行修订，修订版称为《国际商会第500号出版物》，简称《UCP500》，并于1994年1月1日起实施。根据新形势需要，国际商会又对《UCP500》作了修改，出台了《国际商会第600号出版物》，简称《UCP600》，于2007年7月1日起正式生效。目前，信用证操作基本都按《UCP600》进行。所以，信用证中一般注明：本证依国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》（UCP600）办理。29/85UCP600（中文）PleasebewelluponUCP600（English）30/85GeneralflowchartofL/CsettlementApplicant(Importer)Beneficiary（Exporter）Issuing/reimbursingbankAdvising/Negotiatingbank合同申请开证开证通知信用证交单议付垫付票款索偿偿付通知付款付款赎单39/85GeneralflowchartofACCEPTANCEL/CsettlementApplicant(Importer)Beneficiary（Exporter）Issuing/reimbursingbankAdvising/Negotiatingbank合同申请开证开证通知信用证交单议付承兑承兑提示承兑通知付款付款赎单39/85P122-开证申请人受益人开证行保兑行通知行付款行承兑行议付行偿付行寄单行转让行第二受益人PartiestoacreditAPPLICANT/OPENERBENEFICIARYISSUINGBANK/OPENINGBANKConfirmingbankAdvisingbank/NotifyingBankPayingbank/DraweeBankAcceptingbankNegotiatingbankReimbursingbankRemittingbankTransferringbankSecondbeneficiary31/85P122-Applicant/Opener:thepartyonwhoserequestthecreditisissued.Itisusuallythebuyeri.e.theimporter(申请人，向银行提出申请开立信用证的人，一般为贸易合同的买方，即，进口人)。开证申请人与开证行之间的权利和义务以开证申请书及有关协议为准。

Issuingbank:thebankthatissuesacreditattherequestoftheapplicant(开证行，根据申请人的请求而开立信用证的银行，一般是进口地的银行)。信用证一经开立，开证行承担付款责任。Beneficiary:thepartyinwhosefavoracreditisissued.Itisusuallytheselleri.e.theexporter(受益人，信用证上所指定的有权使用该信用证的人，一般为贸易合同的卖方，即，出口人)。受益人有权向开证行索取价款的权利。32/85PartiestoacreditP122-Advisingbank:thebankthatadvisesthecreditattherequestoftheissuingbankwithoutanyundertakingtohonorornegotiate(通知行，根据开证行的请求，向受益人通知信用证的银行，一般为出口人所在地的银行）。通知行对信用证项下的单据没有必然的议付责任，但对所通知的信用证的真实性负责，若无法鉴别真实性而又通知该信用证，则须向受益人告知情况。Confirmingbank:thebankthataddsitsdefiniteundertaking,inadditiontothatoftheissuingbank,tohonorornegotiateacomplyingpresentation(保兑行，应开证行的请求或授权对信用证加具保兑的银行。保兑行在信用证上加具保兑后，即对受益人独立承担责任)。保兑行对已加具保兑的信用证有必然的议付、承兑、付款的责任，而且对议付款没有追索权。33/85PartiestoacreditP122-Payingbank:thebankthatmakespaymenttothebeneficiaryagainstpresentationofstipulateddocuments(付款行，开证行授权进行信用证项下付款的银行。付款行可以是开证行，也可以是开证行指定的银行，但多数情况下，付款行就是开证行自己)。付款行一经付款，对受益人没有追索权。Acceptingbank:thebanknominatedinthecredittoacceptausancebillofexchangedrawnonit(承兑行，对承兑信用证项下的远期汇票，经审单确认其与信用证规定相符时，承诺到期付款的银行)。承兑行付款后，对受益人没有追索权。若承兑行承兑汇票后倒闭或丧失支付能力，开证行承担付款责任。34/85PartiestoacreditP122-Remittingbank:thebankwhichsendsthedocumentstotheissuingbank(寄单行，或托收行，负责把单据寄给开证行)。寄单行不审查单据，不负单证不符之责。

Negotiatingbank:thebankthatnegotiatesordiscountthebeneficiary’sbillofexchange(根据开证行的授权买入或贴现受益人开立和提交的符合信用证规定的汇票及/或单据的银行)。议付行通常是受益人的指定人和汇票的善意持票人，对作为出票人的信用证受益人的议付（贴现）有追索权。35/85Partiestoacredit转让行——应受益人的委托，将可转让信用证转让给信用证的受让人（第二受益人）的银行。转开行不对其转开的信用证承担付款责任。只要不禁止分批装运/分批支取，可转让信用证可分为若干部分，分别转让给不同的几个第二受益人。第二受益人——是接受转让的可转让信用证的受益人，又称信用证的受让人或被转让人。第二受益人受让信用证后，不能再转让给其他人使用；原证可以转让给多个第二受益人。P122-36/85PartiestoacreditGeneralflowchartofL/CsettlementApplicant(Importer)Beneficiary（Exporter）Issuing/reimbursingbankAdvising/Negotiatingbank合同申请开证开证通知信用证交单议付垫付票款索偿偿付通知付款付款赎单39/85P123-ThetradingpartiessignacontractstipulatingpaymentbyL/C.ThebuyerrequestsalocalbankforL/Cestablishment.TheissuingbankopensanL/C.TheL/Cisadvisedbytheadvisingbanktothebeneficiary(seller).Thebeneficiary(seller)examinestheL/CclausesThebeneficiary(seller)presentsthedocumentsfornegotiationThenegotiatingbankaskstheissuing/payingbankforreimbursement.Theissuing/payingbankreimbursesthenegotiatingbank.Theapplicant(buyer)retiresthedocumentsfromtheissuingbank.GeneralprocedureofusinganL/C40/85(E.G.SightnegotiableL/C)P123-②ThebuyerrequestsalocalbankforL/Cestablishment买方与银行签订开证协议（交纳押金等）；买方向开证行递交开证申请书，列明信用证条款；如何开好信用证？①TradingpartiessignacontractstipulatingpaymentbyL/C双方确定信用证相关条款。为及时落实货源，卖方应在合同明确买方开证期限，并约定：若买方不依时开证，卖方可以撤销合同并要求买方支付一定数额的罚金。③TheissuingbankopensanL/C开证行按申请人的指示和要求开立信用证。信用证一经开立，开证行承担付款责任。41/85GeneralprocedureofusinganL/CP123-⑥Thebeneficiarypresentsthedocumentsfornegotiation申请人（出口人）缮制单据；向银行交单办理议付；议付：银行在获得偿付的银行日或之前，购买相符交单项下的汇票及单据，并向受益人预付或同意预付款项。⑤ThebeneficiaryexaminestheL/Cclauses信用证条款与合同条款；信用证本身的可操作性。④TheL/Cisadvisedbytheadvisingbanktothebeneficiary通知行所通知的信用证的真实性负责；若无法鉴别真实性而又通知该信用证，则须向受益人告知情况。42/85GeneralprocedureofusinganL/CP124-⑨Theapplicantretiresthedocumentsfromtheissuingbank.开证申请人（买方）向开证行付款，取得单据，凭以提货。⑧Theissuing/payingbankreimbursesthenegotiatingbank.若信用证未声明是否按照国际商会有关银行间偿付的规则办理，则开证行不应要求索偿行向偿付行提供证实单据与信用证条款相符的证明。若偿付行未能按信用证条款在首次索偿时即行偿付，则开证行应对索偿行的利息损失以及产生的费用负责。⑦Thenegotiatingbankaskstheissuing/payingbankforreimbursement银行办理信用证结算向受益人支付了票款后，即寄单向开证银行索回其已付给受益人的票款。出口人可要求（即期）信用证列明“电报索偿”条款，规定在议付行审单后认为单证相符，即可电告开证行索偿。43/85GeneralprocedureofusinganL/CCharacteristicsofL/C①AnL/Cisabanker’scredit-信用证是一种银行信用AnL/Cisissuedbyabankunderitsownname.Theissuingbankisthepayer.Theissuingbankhasnorecourseagainstthebeneficiary.②AnL/Cisaself-sufficientinstrument-信用证是一项自足文件AnL/Cisnotboundbyanycontracts,regulations,orlawsthatitmayrelateto.IfthereisanycontradictionbetweenL/CandtheUCP600,theL/CclausesoverridetheUCPregulations.③AnL/Cisconcernedwithdocumentsonly-信用证业务是纯单据买卖InL/Coperations,allpartiesconcerneddealwithdocumentsonly,ratherthangoods,orservicestowhichitmayrelate.Banksexamthedocumentsunderthedoctrinesof“apparentcompliance”and“strictconformity”.37/85P123-信用证本身的说明：编号、开证日期、到期日/地点、交单期兑付方式：即期付款、延期付款、承兑、议付信用证的种类信用证的当事人（见前述）汇票条款：出票人、受票人、付款期、出票条款、出票日期货物条款：名称、规格、数量、包装、价格、唛头支付货币和信用证金额装运与保险条款：装运/目的/转运港、装运期、转运/分批单据条款：发票、运输单据、保险单据、检验证书等其他规定：对提单出单人的限制、对航线的限制信用证样本BasicitemsofL/C38/85P124-RevocableL/CIrrevocableL/CConfirmedL/CUnconfirmedL/CSightL/CSightpaymentL/CSightnegotiationL/CTerm/TimeL/CAcceptanceL/CNegotiationL/CwithausancedraftDeferredpaymentL/CTypesofL/C(1)可撤销信用证不可撤销信用证保兑信用证非保兑信用证即期信用证即期付款信用证即期议付信用证远期信用证承兑信用证远期议付信用证延期付款信用证44/85P124-TypesofL/C(2)TransferableL/CUntransferableL/CBack-to-backL/CRevolvingL/CRedClauseL/CStandbyL/C可转让信用证不可转让信用证背对背信用证循环信用证红条款信用证备用信用证45/85P124-RevocableL/C：onethatmaybeamendedorcancelledbytheissuingbankatanytimewithoutpriornoticetothebeneficiarybeforethedocumentshavebeenpaid,accepted,ornegotiated.It’snormallymarkedwith“Revocable”oraclauselike-Thiscreditissubjecttocancellationoramendmentatanytimewithoutpriornoticetoyou.

IrrevocableL/C：onethatcannotbeamendedorcancelledbytheissuingbankunilaterally（单方面）.It’snormallymarkedwith“Irrevocable”oraclauselike“Weherebyengagewiththedrawers,endorsersandbonafideholdersofdraftsdrawnunderandincompliancewiththetermsofthiscreditthatsuchdraftswillbehonoredonpresentation.”UnderUCP400,ifanL/Cdoesnotsayitisirrevocable,itisthenrevocable;UnderUCP500/600,ifanL/Cdoesnotsayitisrevocable,itisthenirrevocable.46/85TypesofL/CP125-ConfirmedL/C——acreditwithwhichaconfirmationisaddedbytheadvisingbank(oranyotherbankratherthantheissuingbank)toundertaketohonorthedrafts/documentsuponcomplyingpresentation.UnconfirmedL/C——acreditwithwhichnoconfirmedundertakingisaddedbyanyotherbank(指未经开证行以外的银行保兑的信用证)。保兑行对经本身保兑的信用证负必然议付、承兑、付款的第一责任。保兑信用证对受益人最有保障。保兑信用证——开立后，由开证行以外的另一家银行(通常是通知行)附加兑付保证的信用证。开证行在开立信用证时加列委托保兑文句，如，“Pleaseadvisethebeneficiaryofthiscreditbyaddingyourconfirmation.”。通知行接受了委托后，在信用证上加列保兑文句，如，“Thiscreditisconfirmedbyus.”47/85TypesofL/CP126-SightL/C——acreditbywhichthebeneficiaryispaiduponcomplyingpresentationofdocuments(开证行或其指定付款行见到受益人出具符合要求的单据即行付款的信用)。TermL/C——acreditbywhichthebeneficiaryispaidinafuturedateuponcomplyingpresentationofdocuments(开证银行和其指定付款行在见到受益人出具的符合要求的单据后的将来某一天付款的信用证)。远期信用证项下，受益人可请求结算行对汇票或其他单据进行贴现，取得即期的融通资金。“假远期信用证”——规定受益人出具远期汇票，由开证行或其指定付款行负责贴现，而贴现利息和手续费则由信用证申请人负担。此类信用证表面上是远期信用证，但实际上，卖方凭远期汇票及其他单据向银行收回全部票款，与即期信用证相同。48/85TypesofL/CP126-SightPaymentL/C——acreditthatnominatesabanktopaythebeneficiaryimmediatelywithoutrecourseuponcomplyingpresentationofdocuments.SightnegotiationL/C——acreditauthorizingabanktonegotiatethesightdraftsanddocumentsuponcomplyingpresentation.即期付款信用证——规定受益人向开证行指定付款行(通常在受益人所在地)提交单据并由付款行立即支付票款的信用证。开证银行通常不要求汇票，以避免沉重的汇票印花税-如德国、意大利。即期议付信用证——规定受益人向开证银行以外的银行或其他银行提交即期汇票等单据、办理议付的信用证。受益人向议付行提交单据，若单证相符，即请求议付行立即贴现票款。议付——一银行在获得开证行偿付的银行日或之前，购买符合信用证要求的汇票（付款人为其他银行）及/或单据，并向受益人预付或同意预付款项。49/85TypesofL/CP127-承兑信用证——规定受益人向开证行指定的承兑银行提交远期汇票等单据，要求承兑行办理远期汇票承兑手续，并在汇票到期日要求兑现票款的信用证。AcceptanceL/C——acreditwhichnominatesabanktoacceptausancedraftdrawnonituponcomplyingpresentationandpayatmaturity.承兑银行承兑汇票后，交回受益人，并将单据寄给开证银行。而受益人可在到期日向承兑行要求兑现，或马上在承兑行或贴现市场贴现汇票。

50/85TypesofL/CP127-远期议付信用证——规定受益人向开证银行以外的银行提交远期汇票等单据，办理议付的信用证。议付行审单并确认单证相符，即向开证行寄单，并要求其在汇票到期日偿付票款。而受益人可与议付行商议，由议付行马上购入单据并向受益人贴现票款。延期付款信用证——规定受益人向开证行指定(通常在受益人所在地)付款行提交单据，由付款行在将来某日或可确定的日期支付票款的信用证。开证行通常不要求汇票。受益人可请求付款行在单据到期日前对单据贴现。NegotiationL/CwithaUsanceDraft——acreditthatcallsforausancedrafttogetherwithotherdocumentsfornegotiationinabank,whichwillprocessandforwardthemtotheissuingbankforpaymentatmaturity.DeferredPaymentL/C——acreditthatnominatesapayingbankandindicatesafixedordeterminabledateonwhichpaymentistobeeffected.51/85TypesofL/CP128-TransferableL/C——acreditthatcanbetransferredbythefirstbeneficiarytosecondbeneficiary.Ifpartialshipmentsareallowed,differentportionsofsuchacreditcanbetransferredtodifferentsecondbeneficiaries.可转让信用证(TransferableL/C)——受益人(第一受益人)有权向银行(即转让行)要求将信用证的全部或部分转让给一个或数个受益人(第二受益人)使用的信用证。不可转让信用证——没有注明“可转让”的信用证，均为不可转让信用证。它只限于受益人使用，不得转让给其他人。UntransferableL/C——acreditwhichisnotmarkedwith“Transferable”andcannotbetransferredtosecondbeneficiaries.52/85TypesofL/CP130-Back-to-BackL/C——acreditthatisissuedbasedonamasterL/Cbyitsadvisingbankandtheattherequestofitsbeneficiary(middleman)tobefavorofanewbeneficiary(themiddleman’sproductssupplier).银行的做法是：以原受益人收到的信用证为基础，在原证的框架下开出新的信用证，形象地说是背对着背的信用证。背对背信用证本身与普通信用证的操作程序相同。背对背信用证——受益人收到信用证后，以原证为担保，要求原证的通知行或受益人所在地的其他银行另开立一张条款与原证相似而受益人不同的新的信用证。53/85TypesofL/C两者主要不同点前者涉及两笔信贷款；后者涉及一笔信贷。前者不显示其背对背性质。后者明确该证的转让性质。前者的开证行对该证承担付款责任；后者的转开行不对其转开的信用证承担付款责任。前者不同时有几个受益人；后者一般可分别转让给不同的第二受益人。前者可增加比原证更严格的条款；后者除金额、单价、到期日、交单期限和装运期限允许有所调整以外，其他条款须按原证条款原封不动转开。背对背信用证与转让信用证的异同点两者主要相同点两者都涉及一个中间商作为卖方；两者都涉及换单环节；两者的到期地点通常都不在受益人所在地，而在新证的开证行或转开行；两者在开立新证时，都要调低单价格及总金额，缩短交货期和交单期；两者都要调高保单(如有)中的投保金额。54/85P132-RevolvingL/C——acreditthatisissuedforaspecificamountwhichrenewsitselfforthesameamountoveragivenperiod.循环方式自动循环：信用证金额在一定期限内被使用后，毋须等开证行的通知，即可自动恢复到原金额的水平；半自动循环：信用证金额被使用后，若开证行未在限期内发出不可恢复的通知，即可自动恢复到原金额水平；非自动循环：信用证金额被使用一次后，必须经开证行通知后才恢复到原金额水平。循环信用证——在一定时限内，受益人使用信用证规定的金额后，原金额能够恢复使用若干次或累积到一定金额为止的信用证。可分为：积累循环信用证（允许前一次未使用的金额结转到下一次使用）；非积累循环信用证（前一次未使用的金额不能转到下一次使用）。55/85TypesofL/CP132-信用证载有特殊的预支条款，授权出口地银行凭受益人的汇票或承诺补交单据的保证书，向受益人预支一定金额的票款。当受益人向预支行交单结算时，预支银行扣还预支金额及利息。若取得预支款后，受益人不向预支行交单，那么，预支行可向开证行索偿预支款及相关利息和手续费。红条款信用证/预支款信用证——规定受益人有权在货物出运前向当地银行(预支行)预支部分或全部票款的信用证。由于预支条款过去通常是以红色打印，故预支信用证又称为“红条款信用证”(RedClauseL/C)。RedClauseL/C/AnticipatoryL/C)——acreditwithaclause(originallytypedorprintedinredinktodrawspecialattention)thatauthorizestheadvisingbanktomakecleanadvancesofacertainpercentageorthetotalamountoftheL/Ctothebeneficiary.56/85TypesofL/CFreelyNegotiableL/C/OpenNegotiableL/C/Non-restrictedNegotiableL/C（自由议付/公开议付/非限制性议付信用证）——是规定任何银行都可以办理议付的信用证。它载有自由议付的文句，例如：“Thiscreditisavailablewithanybankbynegotiation”。RestrictedL/C（限制性信用证)——限定受益人必须到某一家银行办理结算手续的信用证。它通常载有限制性文句，例如：“Thiscreditisavailablewiththeadvisingbankonlybynegotiation”。若没有特别注明限制条款，那么，属于限制性的信用证通常包括有：承兑信用证、即期付款信用证、远期付款信用证及保兑信用证。自由议付信用证的受益人可以自由选定一间对自己有利的银行来办理议付。57/85TypesofL/CStandbyL/C——Alsoknownasa“non-performingL/C”，isaguaranteeofpaymentissuedbyabankonbehalfofaclientthatisusedas"paymentoflastresort"incasetheclientfailstofulfillacontractualcommitmentwithathirdparty.备用信用证——又称“担保信用证”，是一种特殊形式的信用证。开证行保证在开证申请人未能履行其应履行的义务时，受益人只要凭备用信用证的规定向开证行开具汇票，并随附开证申请人未履行义务的声明或证明文件，即可得到开证行的偿付。P133-58/85TypesofL/CSomenotesonusingL/C议付信用证项下的议付行向受益人办理议付后，若无法从开证行取得偿付，可向受益人行使追索权。保兑行、承兑行、付款行向受益人付款后，即使无法从开证行取得偿付，对受益人都没有追索权。59/85P134-DisadvantagesofL/CHighcost–opening,advising,amendment,negotiation,andetcBeingtime-consumingBeingcomplicatedprocedurallyHowtodecideiftheL/CshouldbeusedCorporatecreditpolicyandthecompany’sabilitytoabsorbrisksCreditstandingoftheimporterPoliticalenvironmentintheimportingcountryCurrentmarketconditionsandpaymenttermsofferedbycompetitionTypeofmerchandisetobeshippedandthevalueoftheshipmentTypeofexchangecontrolsintheimportingcountryandthebuyersabilitytogetforeignexchange.60/85P134-ChecklistforexportL/CWhichbankhascommittedtopay?Asthebeneficiary,istheexportersatisfiedwiththebank?Ifnot,hemaywishtorequesttheimportertohavetheL/Cconfirmedbyalocalprimebank.Istheresufficienttoleranceallowedonthequantitytobeshippedandalsoontheamounttobepaid?Doexpiryandshippingdatesgivesufficienttimetoeffectshipmentandassurepayment?61/85P134-ChecklistforexportL/CArepartialshipments/transshipmentpermitted,ifrequired?Iftheexporterorimporterischarteringavessel,doestheL/CallowcharterpartyB/L?Iftheexporterisshipping“ondeck”,doestheL/Callowfor“ondeck”shipment?Doestheinsurancepolicyorcertificate,underCIFterms,cover“ondeck”shipment?IftheL/Cstipulatesshipmenttobeeffectedonanamedvesselorvesselsofanamedsteamshipcompany,cantheexportercomplywiththisrequirement?CantheexporterobtainproperlyexecuteddocumentstoconformwiththeL/Cterms,e.g.,shippingdocuments,consularinvoice,exportlicense,andotherdocuments?P135-HowtohandleL/Cdiscrepancies?CorrectthediscrepanciesandresubmitthedocumentstothenegotiatingbankwithinthevalidityoftheL/C.Requesttheimportertowaive搁置discrepanciesiftheydonotmateriallyaffecttheshipment.Provideadocumentarydiscrepancyguaranteeif,unwillingtowaitforthewaiver,theexporterisconfidentthattheimporterwillacceptthediscrepancy.Submitthedocumentsoncollectionbasis.重交单据：若条件允许，修改不符点，向议付行重交单据。电提：议付行有关不符点电告开证行（进口商），请求并得到开证行（进口商）同意接受不符点，然后办理议付。凭保议付：非严重不符情况下，受益