modernlinguistics,现代语言学,构词法

Couldyouexpressthem

inEnglish?Pigtaildog’sear书页的折角Cat’spawsomeonewhoisusedbysomeoneelsetoachievesomethingbad:猫爪（被利用的人）Q.Whenwillalionsettleforalion'sshare?A.Itdependsonwhich"lion'sshare"you'retalkingabout,saysMarkDavidsoninRight,Wrong,andRisky.Thephraseiscommonlyusedtomean"thelargestportion,"suchaswhenTheFinancialTimesstatedthat"amere30ofEgypt's300bookpublishersreceivethelion'sshareoftheindustry'sprofit."ⅠCompoundingDefinitionFormationFeaturesphonologicalfeaturesemanticfeatureChineseCounterpart

1.DefinitionCompoundreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,ortwoormorewordsjoinedtogethertoformsinglenewword.Incompounds,thelexicalmorphemescanbeofdifferentwordclasses.2.Formation

AdjectiveNounVerbAdjectivebittersweetpoorhousewhitewashNounheadstronghomeworkspoonfeedVerb\pickpocketsleepwalkTakeover?Compoundsarevariouslyspelledwiththehyphen,spaces,ornothingbetweentheindividualwords.Spellingdoesnottelluswhatsequenceofwordsconstituteacompound;whetheracompoundisspelledwithaspacebetweenthetwowords,withahyphen,orwithnoseparationatalldependsontheidiosyncrasiesoftheparticularcompound:blackbird,gold-tail,andclothmothsolid,hyphenated,andopen3.1PhonologicalFeatureCompound

a'blackhorse

a'bluebird

a'fathead

a'hothouseFreephrase

ablack'horse

ablue'bird

afat'head

ahot'houseInanactualcompound,thefirstwordisusuallystressed(pronouncedlouderandhigherinpitch),andinanon-compoundphrasethesecondwordisusuallystressed.Redcoatredcoat3.2SemanticFeatureThecompound’smeaningsdonotsimplyfollowthe“1+1Principle”.ThemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitspartsManycompoundstendtohavesensesthatarenotwhollypredictablefromtheconstituentelements:darkroom

Jack-in-a-box

roomusedforphotographicprocessingatoyconsistingofaclown-likepuppetthatspringsoutofaboxwhenthelidisactivated.Aboathouseisahouseforboats,acathouse?Amagnifyingglassisaglassthatmagnifies,alookingglass?Peanutoilandoliveoilareoilsmadefromsomething,babyoil?1年半前…Ayearandahalfago…

1.Americancloth

2.Britishwarm

3.Turkishdelight

4.Spanishathelete

5.Chinesecopy

6.Frenchleave

7.Indianmeal

8.Dutchtreat美产布料

英国式的暖日

土耳其式狂欢

西班牙运动员

中国版本法式告别

印度大餐

荷兰招待方式彩色油布

厚呢短大衣

土耳其软糖

吹牛者

山寨

不辞而别

玉米粥

AA制Readthefollowingcompounds,andthenguesstheirmeanings4现代汉语复合式联合型偏正型补充型动宾型主谓型4.1联合型（并列型）AB:A、B并列，A、B的语义关系。由两个意义相同、相近、相关或相反的词根并列组合而成的，这两个词根的前后顺序一般不能随意调换，如“买卖”不能说成“卖买”，也有少量可对调的，如“互相”也可说成“相互”。

举例：1、两词根意义并列，可互相说明，准确表达含义。

例如：途径价值关闭治理富强2、两词根结合后产生了新的意义。

例如：聪明眉目骨肉方圆始终3、两词根意结合后，只有一个词根的意项在起主要作用。

例如：国家人物忘记没有质量4.2偏正型AB：前偏后正，A修饰B。前一词根对后一根起修饰限制作用。如：高山小说汉字公牛红色倾销飞奔4.3补充型后一词根补充说明前一词根。举例：1、前一词根表示动作，后一词根表示动作的结果。例如：说服打倒延长改进合成推广2、前一词根表示事物，后一词根表示事物的单位。例如：人员牛只羊群花朵船只房间4.4动宾型支配型：前一词根表示动作、行为，后一词根表示动作行为所支配的对象。例如司法管家扫地投资

动员拔河挂钩4.5主谓型陈述型

前一词根表示被陈述的事物，后一词根是陈述前一词根的。

例如：

眼熟嘴馋肉麻心慌

自动民主海啸ableablyabilityunabledisableenableⅡDerivation/AffixationDefinitionAffixprefixinfixsuffixChineseCounterparts

1.Definition

Derivationisdonebyaddingaffixestoaroot.

Incontrasttocompound,aderivationalwordconsistsofatleastafreemorphemeandaboundmorpheme(derivationalmorpheme/affix).e.g.pure+ify=purify,whichmeans“tomakepure”purify+cation=purification,whichmeans“theprocessofmakingpure”

2.Affixes/DerivationalMorphemes

Derivationalmorphemeshaveclearsemanticcontent.Inthissensetheyarelikecontentwords,exceptthattheyarenotwords.Aswehaveseen,whenaderivationalmorphemeisaddedtoabase,itaddsmeaning.Thederivedwordmayalsobeofadifferentgrammaticalclassthantheoriginalword,asshownbysuffixessuchas–ableand–ly.Whenaverbissuffixedwith–able,theresultisanadjective,asindesire+able,adore+able.Whenthesuffix–enisaddedtoanadjective,averbisderived,asindark+en.Onemayformanounfromanadjective,asinsweet+ie.3.1PrefixPrefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningoftheroot.Theydonotgenerallyaltertheword-classoftheroot;fair–unfairisatypicalexample.However,withfurtherinvestigation,ithasbeenfoundthattherequiteanumberofprefixesincurrentEnglishwhichdoconverttoadifferentword-classincomparisonwiththeiroriginalbases.Be-adj.→v.belittle,becalmDe-n.→v.deform,debugEn-n.→v.unleash,unearthAnti-n.→adj.anti-war,anti-aircraftInter-n.→er-state,inter-laboratoryPost-n.→adj.postwar,postliberationPre-n→adj.precalculusBriefdescriptionofsomeproductiveprefixesinmodernEnglish.Ⅰanti.(Greek,against)A.Meaninga.against:antipolitical,antitraditionalb.unlike:anti-art,antiheroc.belongingtothehypotheticalworldconsistingofantimatter:antineutron,antiquarkB.Functiona.affixedtoNtoformN:antipopeb.affixedtoNtoformAdj.:antiwarc.affixedtoAdj.toformAdj.:antisocialⅡde-(Latin,off/from)A.Meaninga.toundowhathasbeendone,reverseanactionorprocess:decolonize,desegregate,deacidify,denationalizeb.toremove:defog,delocalize,denuclearizeB.Functiona.affixedtoV.toformV.:decolourize,decentralizeb.affixedtoN.toformN.:debugⅢmini-(French,“miniature”,popularizedbytheBritishMotorCorporation’sMiniMinor,acarproducedin1960)A.Meaninga.ofverysmallsizeorimportance:minibus,minipark,ministateb.reachingwellabovetheknee:miniskirtB.FunctionprefixedtoN.toformN.:minibike,minidresswordclasshasoftenbeenchangedNounsuffixesAdjectivesuffixesVerbsuffixesAdverbsuffixes

3.2Suffix

3.2.1NounSuffixa.Theformednounreferstoapersonorthing-ster/-eergangster,youngster,profiteer-er/-or/-ardriver,villager,stranger, Londoner,actor,beggar-ee(passive)trainee,examinee-ess(female)lioness,waitress-ant/-entinhabitant,resident-ese/-an/-ianChinese,American,physician-istsocialist,violinist-cratdemocrat,bureaucratb.theformednounreferstoabstractness(status,condition,domain,state,system)-hoodboyhood,neighborhood-shipfriendship,dictatorship-domfreedom,stardom-ocracydemocracy-ryslavery,nunnery,machinery-ance/-enceimportance,confidence-itysincerity,maturity-nessconsciousness,carelessness-ics/-logystatistics,psychology-surepressure-turemixture,texture-ismDarwinism,formalism-ageshortage,drainage-ydifficulty,victoryc.theformednounreferstoanact-ion/-tion/-sion/-ssion

invitation,decision,permission-ment

movement,achievement-al

refusal,dismissal-ing

building,drivingd.theformednounreferstosmallness-en kitten-et(te) cigaret(te),kitchenet(te)-ling duckling-let piglet,booklet-eme morpheme,phoneme-on electron,neutrone.theformednounreferstoaplace-arylibrary-eryrefinery,nunnery-oryfactory,dormitory-iumauditorium,solarium-ful(affirmative)careful,useful-less(negative)careless,useless-lyfriendly,cowardly-ysunny,hairy-enwoolen,wooden-likechildlike-ish(like,about,somewhat)childish,girlish,yellowish-esque(like)picturesque-(i)anDarwinian,American-eseJapanese-istsocialist,capitalist3.2.2AdjectiveSuffix-al