欧洲文化入门知识点笔记全十章

23/23自考英语《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)

2006/09/0517:45北京自考热线1,Therearemanyelementsconstituting(组成)EuropeanCulture.2,Therearetwomajorelements：Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.3,Therichness(丰富性)ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.第一章1,The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.2,TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依靠)animmense(无限的)amountofslavelabour.3,Olympusmount，Revivedin1896(当代奥运会)4,AncientGreece(古希腊)‘sepicswascreatedbyHomer.5,TheeventsofHomer‘sowntime.(错)(TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer‘sowntime，probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.)6,TheHomer‘sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.7,Agamemnon，Hector，AchillesareinIliad.8,OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.9,Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→JamesJoyoe‘sUlysses(描述一天的生活)。Inthe20thcentury.10,DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.11,三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《PrometheusBound》—→仿照式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》②Sophocles(之首)《OedipustheKing》—→Freud‘s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA.《TrojanWomen》B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.Tobespecific(详细来说)，Euripides.12,TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18页Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派(Thelakers)华兹华兹13,History(Historicalwriting)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温柔的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以来最宏大的历史学家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta，AthensandSyracuse)14,TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.15,受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)16,希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所汲取17,①Euclid‘sElements解析几何ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(历史地位)②ArchimedesHisworknotonlyingeometry几何学，butalsoinarithmetic算术，mechanics机械，andhydrostatics.流体静力学选择：Givemeaplacetostand，andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论(Archimedes)18,Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格temple—→Parthenon巴台农神庙①TheDoricstyleisalsocalledmasculinestyle.(雄伟的)(陶立克式的〔纯朴,古老的希腊建筑风格〕)buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(单调)issturdy(坚毅的)，powerful,severe-looking(庄重肃穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.②TheIonicstyle(爱奥尼亚式的)isalsocalledthefemininestyle.(阴柔的)isgraceful(优雅的)andelegant(优美的)。TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(装饰性)③TheCorinthianstyle((古希腊)科林斯(式)的)isknownforitsornamentalluxury.(奢侈)19,Thefamoustemples：TheAcropolis(雅典的卫城)atAthensandtheParthenon.20,TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.21,ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(罗马折服希腊的标记)22,From146B.C.，LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.23,BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.24,TheRomanwriterHorace(贺拉斯〔公元前65-8年，罗马诗人〕)said“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”。25,Thedividingrange(分水岭)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.26,Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods：republicandempire.27,TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.28,ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.29,north：Scotlandeast：Armenia(亚美尼亚)andMesopotamia(美索不达米亚)30,IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)31,IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣罗马帝国)32,名解IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomana33,TheRomanLawprotected(爱护)therightsofplebeians(平民)。34,TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.35,After395，theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantine拜占廷的,东罗马帝国的Empire)andWest.36,Cicero西赛罗hislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的anenormousinfluence(巨大影响)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)37,JuliusCaesarcommentaries指责论“Icame，Isaw，Iconquered.”38,VirgilAeneid阿尼德39,Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.(古希腊,罗马供奉众神的)万神殿Theworld‘sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所40,TheColosseum(大理石像)isanenormous.露天的环形影剧院41,Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf(母狼)42,TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式43,TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的详细形式论述简答一,Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece？(名解简答)(Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece？Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy？)答：①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”，butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.②Women，children，foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.二,HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop？答：①Probablyaround1200B.C.，awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience，philosophy，literature，artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.，GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander，kingofMacedon.Whereverhewentandconquered，whereverGreekculturewasfound.⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.，theRomansconqueredGreece.三,HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop？答：(1),Threefounders1,Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯〔580？-？500B.C.,希腊哲学家,数学家〕①Allthingswerenumbers.②Scientificmathematics.③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论2,Heracleitue①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.冲突的对立统一3,Democritus德谟克利特(460？-370？B.C.)古希腊哲学家①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2),Threethinkers1,Socrates①Hehadn‘tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.2,Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyPlato.②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues，Apology，SymposiumandRepublic.3,Aristotle①TheLyceum(亚里斯多德讲学的)莱森学园；亚里斯多德派的哲学isthesecondschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyAristotle.②Aristotleisahumanist.(3),Fivecontendingschools(contend1.争夺，竞争；斗争，战斗2.争论，争论)1,TheSophists诡辩派①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论③Hisdoctrine教义is“manisthemeasureofallthings”。人是衡量一切的标准2,TheCynics犬儒派①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.提奥奇尼斯〔住在桶中白昼点灯找寻正人君子的古希腊哲学家，纪元前412-323〕②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.③Heproclaimed宣扬hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.权利3,TheSceptics置疑学派①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon古希腊-伊皮鲁斯②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可获得的，anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.4,TheEpicureans享乐派①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus伊比鸠鲁〔公元前342？-270，古希腊杰出的唯物主义和无神论者〕.选择：依据领导者的名字直接命名②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment.肉欲享乐Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通过实行道德获得Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子5,TheStoics斯多葛派①UndertheleadershipofZeno.芝诺②Hethoughtdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艰难andmisfortune不幸withcourage.志气DevelopedintoStoics‘duty.Hewasalsoamaterialist.四,WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished？(WhydowesayPlato‘sphilosophysystemwasidealistic？DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensive综合的systemofphilosophy？)答：1,Itdealtwith，amongotherthings，theproblemofhow，inthecomplex，ever—changingworld，menweretoattain获得knowledge.2,Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.3,Idealisticofphilosophy.4,ManyofPlato‘sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.(汲取到基督教的思想中)五,What‘sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)？答：1,Foronething，Aristotleemphasized(强调)directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.(理论联系实际)ThisisdifferentfromPlato‘sreliance(依靠)onsubjectivethinking.(万物依靠主观思维)2,Foranother，hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete(详细的)individual(个别的)realities.(物质与意识共同构成的客观事实)Here，too，hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(意识高于物质)3,Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen‘saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense，butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason，goodnessandcontemplation.(和善和期盼)一句话简答题Whatshouldbeman‘saiminlife？Aristotle‘sanswerwas：happiness.六,WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment？(WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCultureexert运用ontheworldcivilization文化？)答：Therehasbeenanenduringexcitement兴奋aboutclassical经典的GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere别处。RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital有生命力的partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.1,Spiritofinnovation创新精神TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy；Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed反对tomere纯粹的annals历史记载；Theyspeculated思索freelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife生命的轮回，withoutbeingboundinthefetters束缚ofanyinheritedorthodoxy.继承的习俗2,SupremeAchievement至高无上的成就TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour努力：Philosophy，science，epicpoetry，comedy，historicalwriting，architecture，etc.3,Lastingeffect持续的影响①Countless多数的writershavequoted举例，borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer‘sepics，thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides，Aristophanes’scomedies，Plato‘sDialogues，ect.②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury，inEnglandalone，threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics经典之作：Byron‘sIslesofGreece，Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats‘sOdeonaGrecianUrn.③Inthe20thcentury，thereareHomericparallels与…平行intheIrishman爱尔兰JamesJoyce‘smodernistmasterpiece代表作Ulysses.七,WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture？答：1,similarity①Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.②Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeities(神)tobereadily(简单的)identified(一样)，andtheirmyths(崇拜的神)tobefused.(融合)③Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways，bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.2,difference①TheRomansbuiltupavast(巨大的)empire；theGreeksdidn‘t，exceptforthebrief(短暂的)momentofAlexander’sconquests，whichsoondisintegrated.(瓦解)②TheRomanswereconfident(自信的)intheirownorganizationalpower，theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.(管理国家的实力)八,WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground？答：1,ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods：Beforetheyear27B.C.，Romehadbeenarepublic；fromtheyear27B.C.，Octaviustooksupreme(最大的)powerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.2,Twocenturieslater，theRomanEmpirereacheditsclimax，markedbylandarea‘sextension：Encircling(环绕)theMediterranean.(地中海)3,Strongmilitarypower：thefamousRomanlegions.4,IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomana.5,AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.6,Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.选择①Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul)。②After395(分裂时间)，theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWest③In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.④TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsed(崩溃)whenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.(英法百年战争结束)第二章1,ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.在西方最具影响力的宗教2,Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorcomponentsofEuropeanculture：JudaismandChristianity.3,TheJewishtradition，whichgavebirthtoChristianity.(犹太教是基督教的前身)BothoriginatedinPalestine，whichwasknownasCanaan.迦南4,TheancestorsoftheJews—theHebrews.犹太人的祖先是希伯来人5,Theycalled“Hebrews”，whichmeans“wanderers”。商旅6,About1300B.C.，theHebrewscametosettle(定居)inPalestine.7,TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.8,TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.9,TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.上帝与上帝的教义10,TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.11,TheNewTestamentis，inessence(实质上)，thefouraccounts(四福音书)，writtenbythefourdisciples.弟子12,Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.13,BibleisrepresentativeofChristianityand新旧约14,TheOldTestament名词说明TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.15,TheNewTestament名词说明TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.16,TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.摩西五经17,Pentateuch名词说明TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks：Genesis(创世记)，Exodus(出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers(逃亡记)，Deuteronomy(摩西遗言记)。18,Genesis名词说明GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligiousaccount(描述)oftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople，includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman，thecareer(经验)ofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.19,Exodus名词说明ExodusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligious(宗教的)historyoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt，theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod‘sLaw.Joshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktocanaan.20,TheFallofManwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，TheBible.21,Noah‘sArkwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，TheBible.22,TheHistoricalBookswasdividedintosevensections：？①BooksofJoshua②BooksofJudges③BooksofSamuel④BooksofKings⑤BooksoftheChronicles⑥BooksofEzra⑦BooksofNehemiah.23,ThecontentofhistoricalBooks：1200B.C.586B.C.DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.，tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin586B.C.24,TheHistoryBooks的内容①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.君主专制③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.两大王国的初步形成④(略看)Thesettlementinthehighlands⑤(略看)AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul，DavidandSolomon.25,JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.26,ThefirstkingtounitetheHebrewswasSaul.27,Davidestablishedreligiouscapital，JerusalemtoPalestine.28,TheProphets(先知)名词说明宣扬教义并受神灵庇佑的人FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.(分为大小先知)29,TheBookofDaniel名词说明TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.30,TheformerbodyofchurchwasknownasSynagogues.犹太教的会堂是教堂的前身31,ThePentateuchisthebookofDanielisalsocalledtorah.摩西五经的别称32,ThestoryaboutGod‘sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，theBible，whichwasknownasNoah’sArk.33,By300A.D.eachlocalchurchwascalledaparishandhadafulltimeleaderknownasapriest.34,Severalparishesweregroupedtogetherintoalargeunitcalleddiocese，whichwasheadedbyabishop.35,Themostimportantbishopswerecalledarchbishops.(红衣大主教)36,TowardstheendofthefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament，whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.37,TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinMatthew(马塞福音书)38,AllthegenerationsfromAbrahamtoDavidarefourteengenerations.为什么十四在西方吉利39,TheLastSupperwasrecordedinJohn.40,TheLastSupperwasputintoanoilpaintingbyDaVinciinthehighrenaissanceinItaly.文艺复兴以人为本的标记-蒙娜丽莎41,TheLastSupperadaptedfromSt.John，theNewTestament，theBible.42,ThestoryaboutJesusbeingbetrayedbyJudaswasknownasTheLastSupper.43,ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinned(钉死)inthecrosstodeathwasknownasTheLastSupper.44,ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.45,Wycliff与Tyndale的区分是：语言来源不同Reformation(宗教改革)为了againsttheLatinlanguage.46,WilliamTyndale‘sversionwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.来源论述简答一,WhatdifferencebetweenChristianityandtheotherreligions？(WhataretheforcefulbeliefsofChristianity？)答：Christianitybaseditselfontwoforceful(剧烈的)beliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.1,OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod，andthatGodsenthimtoearth(世界)toliveashumanslive，sufferashumanssuffer，anddietoredeemmankind.(挽回人类)2,TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson(唯一的儿子)，sothatwhosoever(whoever的强调型)believesinhimshouldnotperish，buthaveeverlastinglife.(获得永生)加尔文主义也有这样的观点二,HowdidChristianityoriginateanddevelopintheEuropeancontinent(洲)？☆(HowwasChristianityspreadtoEuropeandbecametheofficialreligion？统治性宗教)答：1,ThedisciplesofJesustriedtospreadhisgospel，firstamongtheJewsinPalestineandthenintheMediterraneanregion.2,Duringatimeofgreatunrestandupheaval动荡不安intheEuropeancontinent，thepoorandhumblefoundcomfortintheChristianGospel.福音(书)3,ChristianitybegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesinEurope.TheRomansgrewtiredofwarandfeared(胆怯 )thecollapse(崩溃)oftheempire.AndtheyadmiredthecourageoftheChristianmissionaries.传教士4,ConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattle(战役)andissued(发出)theEdictofMilan米兰特令(选择)in313.Itgranted(许可)religiousfreedomtoall，andmadeChristianitylegal.合法化5,In392A.D.，EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions.其他宗教不合法6,NowChristianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppression(压迫)toaweaponinthehandsoftheruling(管理)classtocrushtheiropponents(粉碎对手)。TheLatinlanguagebecametheofficiallanguage.三,WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible？答：1,Theoldestextant(现存的)GreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.AnditisstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.2,ThemostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition，whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeincommonpeople‘slanguage.ItbecametheofficialBibleoftheRomanCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.3,ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.4,AfterJohnWycliff‘sversion，appearedWilliamTyndale’sversion.ItwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.来源5,TheGreatBible(大圣经)orderedbyHenryⅧin1539tobeplacedinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale‘swork.6,ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”(官方版圣经)or“KingJames”version，firstpublishedin1611.Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames.Withitssimple，majestic(高雅的)Anglo-Saxontongue，itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.7,TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885，andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin1901.(美国英语版)8,TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.四,Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible？(WhatarethegreatinfluencesthattheEnglishBiblehasontheAmericanandBritishliterature？)答：1,ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirs(水库)ofModernEnglish.2,Miltion‘sParadiseLost(失乐园)，Bunyan’sPilgrim‘sProgress，Byron’sCain，uptothecontemporary(同时期的)Hemingway‘sTheSunAlsoRises，andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.TheyarenotinfluencedwithouttheeffectoftheBible.

中世纪文化,文艺复兴与宗教改革chapter3-4第三章1,theMiddleages名词说明InEuropeanhistory，thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.2,Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific(详细说来)，fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.3,Thetransitional(过渡时期)periodiscalledthemiddleages，betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.4,Thetransitional(过渡时期)periodiscalledthe17thcentury，betweenthemiddleagesandmoderntimes.5,In476A.D.aGermanic(日耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭6,Feudalism名词说明FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding(土地全部)—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice(军事力气)。Theword“feudalism”wasderived(来源)fromtheLatin“feudum”，agrant(许可的)ofland.7,fiefs(次划分)名词说明InFeudalism，therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(奖赏)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.8,vassals(占有fiefs的人)名词说明InFeudalism，therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(奖赏)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.Theownersofthefiefswascallvassals.9,codeofchivalry(骑士制度)名词说明Asaknight，hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak，tofightforthechurch，tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry，fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.10,dubbing(骑士头衔加冕仪式)名词说明Afteraknightwassuccessfulinhistrainedandtournaments，therewasalwaysaspecialceremony(选择)toawardhimwithatitle，knight.Thisspecialceremonyiscalleddubbing.11,knighttrainedforwarbyfightingeachotherinmockbattlescalledtournaments.(模拟战场)12,ThecrusadesendedupwiththevictoryofMoslems.(穆斯林)13,TheManor(领地全部制)名词说明Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.Manorswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords(农场主)。Bythetwelfthcenturymanorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.14,After1054，thechurchwasdividedintotheRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.15,TheCatholicChurchmadeLatintheofficiallanguageandhelpedtopreserve(保留)andpassontheheritage(传统)oftheRomanEmpire.16,Theword“catholic”，meant“universal”。(广泛的，无处不在的)17,St.Jerome，whotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebrewandGreekoriginals.Vulgate(拉丁语圣经)18,EarlyMonasticism(早期修道院制)名词说明Between300and500A.D.，manymenwithdrewfrom(放弃了)worldlycontactstodesertsandlonelyplaces.Thismovementdevelopedintotheestablishmentofmonasteries(男)andconvents(女)formonksandnuns.Someofthehermits(隐士)weregreatscholarsknownas“FatheroftheChurch”，whoseworkisgenerallyconsideredorthodox.(东正教)19,Augustine—→“Confession”(坦白)and“TheCityofGod”(上帝之都)20,St.Benedict—→foundedBenedictineRuleabout529A.D.(特地给清修的人制定的法律)21,TheInquisition(问讯厅)tostampoutso-calledheresy.异教22,ThemostimportantofallcourseswasJerusalem.(耶路撒冷)23,Crusadeswentonabout200years.24,TherewerealtogethereightchiefCrusades.25,(结束)By1291theMoslems(穆斯林)hadtakenoverthelastChristianstronghold.TheywonthecrusadesandruledalltheterritoryinPalestinethattheCrusadershadfoughttocontrol.26,CarolingianRenaissance名词说明CarolingianRenaissanceisderivedfromCharlemagne‘snameinLatin，Carolus.Themostinterestingfacet(一面)ofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacle(有见解)ofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilate(汲取)therichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.27,RogerBacon‘sworkwastheOpusmaius.28,NationalEpics(民族史诗运动)名词说明TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis，thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族国家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.29,Chaucer(乔叟)的诗歌特点：①powerofobservation(视察)②piercingirony(敏锐的讽刺)③senseofhumour④warmhumanity(暖和的人性)与狄更斯相像30,Gothic名词说明①TheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthrougha