2023年中央电大英语本科毕业论文教育方向

GuizhouＲadio&TVUｎiｖersｉtyPraｃｔｉcａｌＰｒojecｔDesignTｉtle：EmiｌyDickinson’ｓRefuｓaｌｔoPublｉshHｅrPoeｍs狄金森拒绝出版她的诗歌的因素Name:ﻩWangJｉn ﻩNumｂer: ７Sｃhｏｏl: GｕizhｏuRａdio&TVUnｉversityＭａｊor：ﻩEnｇlish(EducationＯriented)Date：ﻩＭaｒch25th,２023Ｔel:Ｅ-maｉl：ACKNＯWLＥDGEＭＥNTＳＴhecompletｉonofｔhｉsthesｉsｗｏuｌdnoｔhavebeenｐossibｌｅｗｉtｈoutｔheencourａgemeｎt,ｔheguｉdａｎce,andthesｕpportofmａnyoｔherpeｏple.Firstofaｌl，IwouldextendmｙsincereandheａrtｆeｌttｈankｓtomysuperｖiｓorPrｏfessｏｒＸiａSｈangli，whoｈasgｉvｅnmeｖａluabｌesｕgｇestionsandｉnｓighｔfulｃomｍentsiｎｔhｅｔheｓiswriting．Ｓｈeｈasａlsoｓpentmuchｔimegoiｎｇｔhrｏughbrainsｔormingwithｍe，pｕtmyworkonthｅrighttrack,ｒｅａdingrｅatdeｔailseveryｄraftｏｆevｅｒｙsectioｎofｔｈisthｅsiｓ，anｄhelpeｄimproｖｅtheaｐproｐriatenessofEngｌｉsｈuseｄ.MygratitudeｔoProfessorXiaknowsnoboｕnd.Ｓpeｃｉalthankｓalｓogotomｙfａmiｌｙfortheirｕnｆａilingｓupｐorｔａnｄloveｔhrougｈoutmｙunｉvｅｒｓiｔystｕdｙ.COＮTＥＮTSAbsｔrａｃtiｎEｎglisｈ…．..．..........．……………………....１ＡbstractinChiｎｅｓe………………..…1=1\＊ROＭANI．Intrｏdｕｃｔｉon………..…………．．.………….．……….….…………1II.EmilyDｉckinson’sｐeｒsonality……………………22．1Iｎtroverted………………………．．22．2High-ｈearted……………………．4ＩII.ＰuｒpoｓeｏfEｍilyDickinson’ｓｗriｔing…….…….5IＶ.TheｃharacterｏｆＥmｉlyＤiｃｋｉｎson’ｓｐoｅtｒｙ……………．…………6４.1Ｔheusingｏfomissioｎ……………６4.2Ｔhｅusingofdasｈ…………………7V．ThｅｐuｂlｉcatioｎhisｔoryofEｍilyDiｃkinsｏｎ’spoｅtry……………9ＶI.Coｎｃlｕsion……………….…....１0BIBIOＧＲＡＰＨY..…………….………………….…..．11DECLARＡTION…………………１2ＥmilyDiｃkinｓon’sＲefuｓaｌtｏPublishHeｒPoemsAbstrａct:DiｃkinsoniｓaｆａmousAmericanpoｅｔess.Sｈeiｓａliteraｒygenｉｕｓ.Sｈewrｏtealｏtoｆpoetrydｕrinｇherlifetｉmeｂutｐuｂlisheｄｖeryliｔｔlｅｏfherpoems．Frｏmthｅinformationavailabｌｅ,Itcａnｂｅseenthａｔsheｗasintroverｔedandalｉttlｅaｒrｏgａnt，hｉgh-heａrted;shｅwasｎotgoｏdaｔdealinｇwithｐｅoplｅ，ａndshehadnointｅrｅstonsociallife;ｈerpoeｔrydoeｓnotfoｌloｗgraｍmaｒrules，ｓｏiｔwａshardfoｒtｈｅｅditorsandrｅaderstorｅａd.Ｔheseareｔhｅrｅasｏｎｓｗhyhｅrpｏeｍｓｗerｅnotpｕblisｈeｄdｕringhｅrｌifetｉmｅ．Ｉnｔhｉspaｐｅr,thewrｉtｅrｉｓgoｉngtoｅxｐlｏrethereasｏｎswhysｈerefｕsedtoｐｕbｌiｓｈheｒpoeｍsbystｕdyingherｐersonalｉty,thｅcharaｃteｒｏfherpoeｔry，aｎdthepublicａｔiｏnhｉstｏｒｙofｈerｐoｅtry.Keywｏｒdｓ:Dｉckｉnsoｎ;ｐｅrsｏnalｉｔｙ;ｒefusedｔopuｂliｓh摘要：狄金森是美国著名的女诗人，她是个文学天才，但是她生前写了很多诗歌却很少发表她的诗歌。从现有的资料看出，她性格内向而又有些傲慢,不善于社交也无心解决世事,她的诗歌不注重语法规则是当时的读者乃是编辑很难读懂,这些是她的诗歌在她的生前一直得不到出版的因素。本文要通过对她的个性、诗歌的特点及诗歌出版的历史的研究来探讨她不出版诗歌的因素。关键词：狄金森;

个性；拒绝出版=1\＊ＲＯMANＩ.IｎtroducｔｉonEmilyDickiｎsｏｎwasbornｏｎDecｅmber10,1830,inAmｈerｓｔ,Massacｈｕsettｓ,thｅoldestdaughterｏfEｄwardDiｃkinｓｏｎ,asucｃessfullawｙｅr,meｍberｏｆCoｎgrｅss，anｄｆormanyyearstrｅasureｒofAｍhersｔCｏlleｇe,andoｆEｍilyNorcrosｓDickinsoｎ,aｔimidwomａn.Dickinsonwasfuｎ-lｏvingaｓacｈild,ｖeｒyｓmａrｔ,andenjoｙedｔheｃomｐaｎyofothers．Herbrotｈer,Austiｎ,bｅcaｍealａwｙerlｉkehisfatｈeｒaｎdwasalsotreaｓureroｆＡmhｅｒstＣoｌｌegｅ.Thｅyouｎｇesｔcｈildofthｅfamily,Lａvｉｎiａ,bｅｃａmetheｃhiｅfｈｏｕsｅkeeperａｎd,lｉkeherｓｉstｅｒEmily,reｍainedａthomeallheｒｌifｅanｄnevermaｒried.ＴhesixｔhmeｍｂeｒｏfｔhistiｇhtlｙkｎitgroupwasSｕsａｎGiｌbｅrt,Emｉly'sａmbiｔiousaｎdwitｔyscｈoolmａｔewｈomarriedShｅlｅft１775pｏems．ShehadａcｃeｓｓedtoEｍerｓｏn'ｓthouｇhtwhｅnsheｗasyoung.Emｅrsoｎｏppｏｓedtｏauｔhority,adｖocatedtheviｅwofintｕｉtiｖe．Mｏｓtｏfherpoemsｗｒiｔeabｏutarrogantlonelｉｎesｓ,dｉｓapｐointmentwithtｈepuｒsuitofreliｇｉｏn,aｎdserｅｎｅdｅaｔｈ.Thｉｓreflecｔｓherｃoｍｐlexｐsycholｏgicａlstatus．Heｒpoemsfoｃusｏncontenｔ,ratｈeｒｔhaｎfｏcusoｎthｅrulesofgrammａr.Sheusｅdaloｔoｆｖarioｕspunctuatｉoｎmaｒｋｓ,espｅｃｉallydash.EｍilｙDｉckinsｏndiｅdonMａｙ１5,1886.Ｈersiｓterandfｒiendｓseleｃtedandeｄitedherpoｅms．Thentheyｐublished３setsｉnｔhｅｌate１9thｃentｕry．Ｄuｒingheｒｒeｃlusivelifｅiｎｈeｒownhｏuｓe,ｓhewrotｅａlotｏfpoeｍsandｃｏrrespondｅncesthatcｏnｔａiｎgrｅatliteraryｖalue.Bｕｔsｈepubｌｉsheｄfewoftｈem.Whysｈewroteｍａnybuｔｐublisheｄfｅｗｈasbecｏmeacommontｏｐｉcｔotｈeｐｅｏplｅ,andｔhisｉsalsothetopｉcｐurposeofthisｔｈesiｓ．Asafamousｗriter,sheandherwoｒksｈavebeenｓtｕｄiedbｙalotofｐeｏplｅ，suchasFerlazzoPaulJ，ａsｗｅlｌasChineseｓcｈｏｌarｓJiａngfengａｎｄＬiuShoulａn.Bａsingｏnprevioｕsstuｄies，thisｔhesｉｓisgｏingtosｐｅcｉｆicallydiｓcustherｅａｓonswhyshedｉdnｏtpubｌiｓｈherpoems.II.ＥｍilｙDiｃkiｎｓon’ｓpersonaｌity2.1IntｒovertｅdEmilywaｓintroｖerted，andｓｈｅｄislikeddeａlingwｉthpeoｐle．Sｏｓhediｄn’ｔｗaｎttoｓhowhertalent.HeｒfatｈerEｄｗardwasｉｎｄeedharsｈandarbｉtｒａry.AｔｔｈｅmeｍoryoｆEｍiｌy,herｆａｔherimmerseｄiｎlegaｌmaｔteｒsaｌlｄay,simplydidn’ｔcareabouｔhermuch.Sｉｎceshewasaｌittｌecｈｉld,ｓhehａdaｓenseofaｗｅｔowardherfａｔhｅｒ.ShethoughttｈａｔｈｅｒfathｅrlookedliｋｅＣｒｏmwelｌorAｎcｉeｎtRome’ｓGｅnerａl．Beｆｏretheageoｆ２0,herfatherhadalwayｓbｅｅnthｅbacｋｂoneｏｆherlife,andtｈemａjorｉnfluｅncethaｔfoｒmeｄherｐersｏｎalｉtｙ.Withｔｈegrowthoｆage，Eｍilybｅgantofｅelｄisｓaｔisfiedtowardｈeｒfａtheｒ'sstrｉctneｓｓ.Andthesenseｏfｗｏrsｈiptｏwardhｅrfａthｅｒhadgraｄuallyｒeplaｃedbythｅｆeeliｎgsofcoｎtradiｃtion.Ontｈeｏnｅhaｎd,herｆatherhａdａnunwaverinｇloｖetoAｕsｔin,buｔdｉdｎ’tsparｅaｇｌanceｏnｈｅrｏｗｎintｅlleｃtｕalsupｅrｉoritｙ.Ｉtｍaｄehｅrsadaｎdemerｇethｅfｅeｌiｎgｓoｆｒesiｓtａncｅ;Onthｅothｅrhａnd,theiｒｒesistｉbｌｅauthorityｏffａthｅr’ssｔaｔusinｔhefａmｉlｙａndcｈaｒismaｒemaineｄfunctiｏninｇaｓanａbｓoｌuｔedｏｍiｎaｎｔｒoleｉnherliｆe,anｄｔheｙwerｅherspｉriｔuａlｓuppｏrtfｏrｓurｖivaｌ．Inoｒdertomaｉnｔａｉnharmonyatｈomeanｄrelativeiｎｄependenｃｅ,sｈehaｓbeenｓilｅｎttｏdｅａlｗiｔhthevaｒiｏｕsｃｏntrａdｉctionｓinlife.Inｏrdｅrtｏbeｈerfａtｈer’ｓoｂｅdieｎtdaｕghtｅr,EmilysｅldomｌeｆｔＡmheｒst,andsｈewasａlsoｒａretｏdrｏｐafriend'shousｅ．Tｈａtwaswhyshｅｗassointｒｏverｔed.Ｊune1６，１874，whileEdwarｄswａｓsｐｅakingatthecoｎｆｅreｎceoｆMasｓａｃhuseｔｔs’slegislativebodies,hｅfelltotheｇroundｓudｄenlybeｃａｕseｏfaｈeａｒtattａｃｋ.Ｈesupporteｄtowalktothehotｅl,anddｉｅdtｗoｈouｒsｌater．Herｆather＇sdeａtｈmaｄeherｇriefandｌoss,anditmadｅhｅrbｅcaｍeｍoｒeintrovｅｒtｅd.Shethoｕghtthaｔheｒｈoｍeｗａｓnoloｎgeｒahomesinceｈｅrfａｔher'ｓdeａth．Durｉｎgthelaｓt20yｅarsｏfｈeｒｌｉfe,EmｉlyoftenｃｏmｍｕnicaｔeｄｗｉｔhBowｌes，onｅofｈerｂeｓtfrｉeｎds,bycｏrrespondeｎcｅ.Interestinｇly,ｗｈｅnBoｗlesvｉsｉtｅdthｅDickinｓons，hecoulｄn’tseeEmily，ｂuｔreceivedhｅｒleｔｔerthｅnextdａy．ＩnＥmｉly’slａstfewｙeａrs,ＭabelｏftenｗｅntｔｏplａythepiａnoｉnEmily’ｓhome．ＷhenMabｅlwaspｌａyingthｅpiａｎｏｉnｔhｅroom,Dickｉnｓoｎaｌwaｙssetquｉｅｔｌyｏｎtheｓtaｉrs,notallowｉngｐeopｌetｏseｅ.WheｎＭａbｅlfinisｈedpｌayｉnｇ,Emilｙwoｕｌdsｅnｄsｏｍeｃａke,wineandpｏeｔｒyｔoMａｂelｔoshowｇratitude.Asintｒovertｅdasshewas,ｓoｍetimesheevendidｎ’tｗaｎｔｔosｅeherｃlosefriendｓ,ｈowcoｕldawoｍanlikｅtｈiｓｗoｕldpubliｓhheｒpoｅtｒytotheworld?

2.2High-heaｒｔedIｎ1847autumn,attｈｅaｇｅｏfsｅvenｔｅeｎＥmilyleftfｏrSoutｈHａｄley,ＭassachuｓettsｔｏaｔteｎdtheMounｔHoｌｙokeFeｍalｅSeｍinａry.Tｈiｓscｈooｌ'ｓｓchooloｂｊectiｖewastotraiｎtheｏpposｉteｓeｘcｏｍpanｉｏnsforpasｔorsｗhogoａbｒoaｄtodｏtheiｒｍissionaryｗork.Thａtｙeａr,ｉｎtheｅaｒlymoｒniｎgpraysofCｈristｍａsｄａy'sprｅcedingday，thesｃｈoｏlＰｒinciｐａｌLyonａnnouｎcｅdthatalltｈeｓtudeｎtsａndtｅachｅrsmusthaｖeａfastｉnginChrisｔmasday.Thegｉrlsweｒenoｔallｏweｄｔolｅaｖｅtｈebeｄroｏｍｓ，buttoｐｒayandthinｋｏffaultsquiｅtｌy.However,Eｍiｌyａｎdｈeｒｒooｍmａtesrefuｓedｔｏｄoｌiｋethat.ThePrinｃｉpaｌwasstartledbythisａctｉontｈatdｉsregaｒｄedａｕtｈority.Shepunisｈｅｄthｅsｔｕｄenｔs，whoｒefuｓeｄtofoｌlowhｅrａｎnouｎceJｕdｇｅOttisPhillｉpsＬordwasnｏtonｌyherfaｔhｅr＇ｓgｏｏdfｒｉenｄ,butalsohｅrcloｓefｒieｎd.Ａfterherｆather’sdｅath,ｉｎEmily’ｓ40ｓ,ｔheirfｒiｅndshｉpｅvｅndｅｖｅloｐediｎtoloｖe.Dicｋinsonwasｉntｅnｓetoenjoythｅtruelovｅ，anｄshetolditｔｏLord,hopinｇｔhatsheｃｏｕｌｄbｅcomeＥmｉｌyＬord.Hｏweｖer,wｈｅｎLｏｒduｎdeｒstｏodａnｄaｃｃeｐtedthislove，aｎdprｏｐosedtｏmａrrｙher,Emilyｒefusｅddeｃidedly.Sｈesaｉｄｔhatrｅjecｔioｎcouldbestowｈertohaｐpiness,ａndｔhｅwｏｒdｎoisｔhｅmostfranticwordinｏurlanguage.Froｍheｒwords,ｗｅｃanｓeeｈoｗarｒogａnceshewas.Aｌtｈougｈheｒdrymindneｅｄｅdloveｔｏmoｉstｅn,aｎｄaｌthougｈsｈeｗａsｗillｉnｇｔobehiｓcａptive,shewasａctｕalｌynｏｔｗｉlｌiｎgtoｅnａbleｈeｒｄesirｅｔｏbeobtaｉneｄeasiｌy.Butsheonlｙｈopeｄtoｔａｋethemaｎsｈeloｖｅｄaｓｈerｆａｔheｒ．Perｈaps,shejuｓｔｗａntedtｏｌｉvｅiｎtheｆanｔasy，toimmeｒseiｎherｓpｉriｔworlｄ.Ｆromtｈetowstｏriesabove,wecanseeｔhａｔEｍilyＤicｋinsｏnwasahigｈ-hｅaｒteｄwoman.Ｓhewaｓarroｇant.Sｈeｗａntedtｏalｏoffromworldlｙaｆfairs．IIＩ.PurｐｏseofEｍilyDickinson’swｒitiｎｇＤiffeｒeｎtｐｅｏplehaｖediｆferenｔｐurpoｓesofwｒiting.Somepeｏpｌeｗriｔeｔodisｃｌosethｅsociａlcontｒａｄiｃtion,ｓｏmepeoplewritetｏearnmoneｙ,ｂutEmｉｌyＤickiｎsonjustwantedtowｒiｔｅdｏｗnheｒthoughｔ.LuXun，afamｏuｓChinesewritｅr,stｕdiedoｎMｅdiｃｉnｅａtfiｒsｔ.ButiｎｏrdｅrtowaｋeupＣhinesepeoｐle,hegａvｅuｐhiｓsｔuｄyｉngonＭedｉcine,andbｅｇａｎtoｗｒｉｔｅ.Hewroｔemanyａrtiｃlｅstodiｓｃloseａｌlkindｓofugｌysoｃiaｌphｅnomｅna.Iｎoｒdertｏachieｖethepｕrposeofｈｉｓwriｔｉng，ｈｅmｕｓtpｕblishhisaｒｔicｌes.Dickinsoｎ’sliｖiｎgenviroｎmｅｎtdidnothavｅmucｈｓｅrｉoｕscontｒａdｉction.Altｈｏuｇhｓｈewａsdｉssatisfｉedwｉthｔheshacklesofｒｅlｉgioｎ，afｔeralｌshewasimpaｃtｅdbythｅthｏｕghtoｆPurｉｔaｎ.Shｅｗasopposeｄｔotheｍａleauｔhｏriｔy,ｂｕtsｈewasn’ｔhoｓｔiｌetomｅn.Shehadnodｅsireｔocｏnｑuｅｒmen，butｓhｅjusｔｗｏuldliｋetosｕｒmounttｈeobstａclｅsｔｈatresｔriｃｔheraction．Aｌthougｈsｈeｈadbｅeｎdｉｓsaｔisｆｉedwｉｔhhisfathｅｒ＇sｈａｒsh,shｅｒeｓpectedｈerfatherverｙｍuch.Anothｅｒwｅｌl-kｎｏｗnChineｓeｗriterＨaｎHan,hecaneａrnalotｏfｍonｅyfｒomwｒitｉngbooｋs.Itissaidtｈattｈemoneｙｈｅgeｔｆｒｏmaboｏｋhewrｏteｃouldbuyaｓpoｒtｓcａr.Heisａyｏuｔhwiｔhopenｐersonality.Ｈeenjｏysplayｉｎg,aｎdhelikｅssportsｃａr.Iｎorｄertoimproｖｅtｈeｑualityofhislifｅ，hehastｏｗritｅandpｕblｉsｈboｏkｓtoｍakemonｅy.Coｍpaｒeｄwithｈim,Diｃkinｓonwaｓｉntroverted.Sｈewasborｎinariｃｈfａmily,sosｈewasｎ’tｌackｏfｍoney.Inａｄｄｉtion，heｒintrｏvertedpｅrsonaliｔｉesmadｅherdonotwanttｏｌetｔhｅpuｂlicｋnoｗhｅrthoｕghｔ.Dickinsoｎ’swrｉｔinｇpuｒpｏseｗaｓtoventｈerpeｒsoｎalｆeｅｌings.Agｉrl’sdelicａteinnerｗorldｗｏuldnoｔbeoｐeｎed，bｅｃauseitwａsｓｅcrｅt.Hｅrfamilywaｓｒicｈ,ａｎdｓhehadayoungｅrｓiｓｔer，wｈｏｎｅvermａrrieddurｉngheｒlife,totaｋｅｇoｏfｃareofthewholｅfaｍilｙ.Underthecoｎditionofnosｔrｅｓｓ，shecoulｄexｐlorethelifeanddｅath,ａswellasｓpirituａｌsｉgnifｉcanｃe.Hｅｒwrｉtingｐurposｅｄetｅrminｅdthａttherｅwasnoｎeedｆorｈｅrｔopublishhｅrpｏemｓ．IＶ.ThechａracｔeｒoｆEmiｌyDiｃkinson’spoeｔｒｙ4.1TheusｉngofomissionＯｍｉssiｏnwａstheｒhetoricaldevicetｈaｔDｉckinsｏｎuseｄtoｕse.Ｂｅｃausｅoｆtheｏmｉttedphenoｍeｎonthatrｕnsｃouｎterｔoｔrａｄitionalnoｒmｓoｆgｒaｍmaralwaysoccｕrｒed,herpoetｒyhａsａlsｏbecomeｍoｒediｆficｕlttｏuｎdｅrstand.Ｎoｗｏnderｔhatmanｙofｈｅｒｃoｎtemｐｏrarｉｅs,boｔｈreadeｒｓandcritics，ｔhoughtthａｔherlanguagewａsｖerybaｄ.EvenｉfwhｅnhｅrｃloｓefｒieｎdHiｇginｓoｎdecｉdedtoｐublｉshheｒpoetry,hｅstillthouｇhｔfｉrｍlythateｖｅnｔhoughherideasｃouldcoｎquertherｅaｄers，butthｅdeｆectingｒammaｒstａndａrdisａcｔuaｌlyobvious．Ｐerｈａｐs,ｐｒｅciselybｅcａｕｓeｏftｈesｅwｅｉｒｄlanguagｅfeａtures,heｒpoeｔrywａscoｎfusioｎforalｏngtｉｍefortheｐublｉsｈｉngiｎｄustry.Letuｓtastethesefeaturｅｓbyrｅａdingｈerpoｅtrｙ．FｏurTreｅs--ｕponasolitaryAcｒe--

WithoutDesiｇn

OrOrder,orＡｐpaｒeｎtActiｏn--ﻫMainｔａｉn--

ﻫTheSuｎ--uｐonaＭorningmeｅtsthem-－

ＴｈeＷiｎd-－ﻫNonｅaｒerNeighbor－-hａｖethey--

BuｔＧｏd--

ＴheAcreｇivesthem--Plaｃe-－ﻫTｈｅy-－Hｉｍ－－AtteｎtｉonofPaｓｓerby－-ﻫOfShadow,orofSqｕirｒel,haｐly--

OｒBoy--ﻫ

WhatDeedｉsTheirsｕntothｅGｅnｅraｌＮａtuｒe-－

ＷhａtPlanﻫTheyｓeveｒaｌly--reｔａrd－-orｆｕrｔheｒ-－ﻫＵnknoｗｎ–(2023,Christiｎｅ）

Tｈeｐoemshowsａｆragｍｅntedscene．Onthescrｅentｈereaｒethｅtrees，laｎd，ｓｑuiｒreｌｓ,ｃｈiｌdrenａnｄtｈeｓhadow.Thisscenａrioremindｓusｓｏmethｉngdeｓcribedｉｎheｒaｎotherpoem．Sheｄescribedthe＂lｏｎgshadow"and"ThａｔDａrkness".(poemNｏ.7６4)Onthescreｅn,iｔseeｍｓthaｔalｌaｒeｄｅeplyiｎaｆlａsh,ｅvenｉfｔheｓｕnａndｗｉｎdａrejｕｓｔaｂｒｉefapｐearancｅ.Tｈｅonlｙthiｎgthatｓtaｙｓｗitｈｔhemforlｏng－termistｈｅ"cloｓer"neighｂor"Goｄ＂．Howeveｒ，eventhｅalmigｈｔyGodcannｏtundｅrstａnｄwhyｔhｅsethingsａrｅｎotlinｋｅｄ,ｏｒputthemｉntooneorganｉcentitｙ,ｂｅｃaｕsehecannotkｎowｔhｅｉr"pｌan"aｎd＂aｃtion".Froｍｔｈesyntacticleｖel,iｔｉｓｏbviｏuslytｈatthｉｓｐoeｍdｏesｎｏtｆollowthetｒadｉｔionalｒｕlesofgrammaｒ.Foriｎstancｅ，iｎthｅfirstｓｅctｉｏn,tｈｅcontacｔveｒb“rｅmaiｎ”whｉchsｈowsnｏdynaｍiｃdoesn’ｔａppearuntilthefouｒtｈｌine．Theｍａｉｎsentｅnｃe(ＷhatDeediｓThｅirsuntotheGeｎｅｒalＮatｕｒe-)ofｔhefｉｎalｓectionalsohａsonlyoneｃoｎtactvｅrb“ｉs”.“Ｒetard”，theonｌytransiｔivｅverbｏｆthｅｐoem,appearsinｔｈｅclauｓｅ"ＷhatPlan/Theysevｅｒalｌｙ-retａrd－orfｕrther-".Itｍａkesｔhｅmeaｎingverycｏnｆusing.Ｈowevｅr,sｕｃhasｃreenthａtlａcksoｆdｙnamicisfillｅdｗithaｌaｒｇｅｎumbeｒoｆnｏｕns．Ｔhe“ＦourＴrees”haveno“Dｅｓｉgn"and"order"tｏgrowiｎthesoｌitaｒy"ｌand"．Perｈaps,thisiｓatrueｐortraｙalofunconsciouｓｎaｔｕreiｎtｈeminｄｏｆthepoet．Clearly,ｔhepｏｅｔdoeｓｎoｔwantｔｏshowthｅdｉsordeｒoｆnatuｒeｄiｒeｃtly,butiｎsinuａtｅthｅｃhaoｓofnatｕreａndhumansoｃieｔythrｏuｇhtheuseofalotofiｒrｅｇularｏmission.4.2TheｕｓinｇｏfdaｓhIｎｔhｅdrａftsthatwｒotｅonｔhedraｆtｐａper,ｆrａgmentsoｆpaｐerandmａrｇinｓofｅnvelopeｓ，ｔhereａreaｖａriｅtyoflineswithdiｆfeｒentｌengthaｎdgradient,inaｄdｉtiontocommoncomma,fullstoｐ,ｑuｅsｔionmarｋandeｘclａmaｔionpoｉnｔ.Thｅｅditorshａvetreatedalltｈelｉnesasｄａshｅs.Amounttheseｓｔrangesyｍbols,daｓｈｉsｔhemostｆrequentｏnｅ.Tｈesevａｒiousshapｅｓｏfthesymbolsmakeheｒｐoemsverｙｄifｆiｃｕlｔｔobeｕndeｒstｏoｄbytherｅaderｓ.Ｔheｓymｂolsmaｋeherｐoeｍssｅｅmsｏｃｈaotｉｃtｈaｔhｅrcｏｎtemporariesｔｈoughtthatｈeｒpoetryｗasverybad．Sｏhｅrpｏｅｔrｙwereｎotaccepｔedbythepｕblic

ThｅｂrainﻫTｈeｂrain—ｉｓwiderthantheｓky—

For—putthemｓiｄebyside—ﻫTheonetｈeｏｔherwillcoｎｔaｉｎﻫＷiｔｈeａse—aｎｄyou—besidｅ—ﻫThebrainiｓdeｅpeｒtｈanｔhesｅa—ﻫFｏr—holdｔheｍ—BｌuetoBluｅ—ﻫＴheonethｅotｈerwillabsｏｒb—

Aｓｓｐonges—Ｂｕcｋets—ｄｏ—ﻫＴｈｅBｒaｉｎisjusttheｗeightofGod—

Fｏr—Hｅftｔhem—ＰounｄｆorPouｎd—

Ａndtｈeywilｌｄiｆfer—iｆｔｈeyｄo—ﻫAsＳyllａｂｌｅｆｒomSｏｕnd—ﻫ--EmilyDickｉnsｏn(1830－18８２),TheBrａin．(202３,ＨuYiｎdong，LiｕShｕsｅn）Thepoemwaswritteｎiｎａbout1862,ａnemphａsisｕｐonthelimitｌeｓｓnatureoｆspiｒiｔ,ａnduponitsｓacrednessthatiscｏmpareｄtothａtofGｏｄ.Ｉnthｅｐoeｍ，thereａreｍanydashｅｓ.Ｔhereisnoｎeｅdtopuｔanyｍaｒkｂetwｅentheｗordsbraiｎandｉs，ｂｕtsheusｅdadash.Peｏpledon’tkｎｏｗwｈatｔhｅｄashｍean.ＩtｉscｏmmoｎfｏｒEmｉlｙｔｏpｕtdａｓhｉnanｙplａcesｉnhｅrｐoems.InthesentｅnceFor—Ｈｅｆtthem—PｏundfoｒPouｎd—,ｔhｅrｅarethrｅedaｓhｅs．Thefirｓtaｎdsｅcｏndｏnesarefｏllowｅdｂyｃapitalletｔeｒs,ｓoitseemsｔhaｔtheyfunctionaｓaｆuｌlsｔoｐ，buｔwecanｎｏtｐutmｏrethanonefｕｌｌstｏｐiｎonesentenceacｃordingtogｒａmmar.Ｃｏmpaｒedtothｅpoｅmsofoｔｈerpoets,ｔhiｓpｏeｍｌｏoksvｅrysｔrａngｅ.Ｖ．ThepubliｃａtionhistoryofEmiｌyDickiｎson’ｓｐoetryAfteｒEmilｙ’sdeａth,Laviｎｉa,MabeｌLoｏｍｉsToｄｄ,ａndCol.ThｏmasWentｗorthHiggiｎsｏnｅditｅdherpｏｅｍｓａｎdpｕblishedtｈeｍ.Ｔheybroughtoutｔｗowelｌreceiｖｅｄｖoｌumes，ＰoemｓbｙEmilyDiｃｋｉnsｏn，ａndＰoemsbyEmｉlｙDｉckｉnson，SeｃondＳeｒieｓ．Latｅr,MabeｌLoｏmiｓToddbｒoughtoutathirｄvolumealoｎe,PoemsｂyEmilyDｉckinson,ThirdSerｉeｓ.Thepoemｓinthｅsethreevoｌumesweresｉgnificaｎtlyeditedtomeｅttｈepｏｐuｌａrtasteoftheｔimeforpoeｔry.Iｎｔhe19５0ｓ,ＴhomａsH.JohnsoｎｅdｉtedＴheＰｏeｍsoｆEmilyＤicｋson.Iｎｔｈiｓvolｕme,Dｉckiｎson’sidｉosynｃraｔiｃpｕｎctｕatiｏｎ,unｍetrｉcalverse,off－rｈｙｍeｓ,andｏｔｈerinnovatｉｏｎsthaｔhａdｂeenregularizedbｙｐｒeviouseditors，arｅresｔoｒedtｏtheiroｒigｉnal.Ｉn19７1,ｔheUnitｅdＳｔａｔesPｏsｔOfficｅissｕｅdacomｍｅｍoｒativestampoｆEｍiｌy;theportraitofthepoｅtonthestampwａscoｐiedfromherｓｉlveｒ－ｍaｄｅphotothatstilｌexistsｔoday.Aｔthaｔtime，oｎthｅfirsｔdaycovers,therｅｗeｒeafｅwoflineｓsuｒroｕｎdinｇａroserimmeｄbydew．

IｆIcanstoｐoneＨｅarｔｆroｍbrｅakｉngIsｈallnotlｉｖeinｖainIfIcaneaｓｅonｅLiｆｅｔheＡｃhingOrcｏoｌｏnePain

OrheｌponｅfａintｉngRoｂiｎUnｔohｉsNeｓtagaｉnIshallnotliｖeiｎＶain

（1996,JiangＦeｎｇ)Ｔhｉspｏｅmｗaswrittenin１864.Itｗaｓaverynormaloneａｍountthe1７0０pｏemｓleｆtbyＤickｉnson,thｅsuｂjectａｎdthｅEmotiｏｎａlｏftheｐoemｗｅｒejustveｒyclosetｏthepopulａｒstｙleofｐoｅtｒyatthatｔime.IｔcaｎｂesaiｄｔhaｔthispoeｍdoｅｓnotreflｅctthetypicａlｓｔylｅofEmilyDｉckｉnson’spoetry．ＩfDickinｓonfinishｅｄaｌlherｐoeｔｒyｉnthissｔｙｌｅ,ｔhenｐeｒｈaｐsｔheedｉtｏｒswｏuldｎotｈａvｅcenｓｕrｅdher,ａｎdallheｒpｏｅｔrycouldcoｍeoutduｒiｎgheｒｌifetｉmｅ,ａndheｒpoeｔrywoｕldnotbeｓodifficultfｏrthｅlatergeneraｔionsｔｏｕｎｄerstaｎｄ.Self－sａtｉsｆactｉonaｎdａltrｕiｓmｔhatrｅvｅaｌfromheｒｐoetryisstiｌlatopicfoｒalotofｐｏeｔesseventｏdaｙ.Hｏｗeveｒ,mostofDiｃkinsｏn'spｏetryisｎoｔsoeaｓｙtounｄerstandaｓthispoemanｄtheｙlｉkｅriddｌeｓthatarehａrdtoｒead.Hｅrｏｗnｄeepthiｎkingaｎｄtheｓoｐhisticatediｎtelligeｎcｅａｎdａｌternativestｙleｗereproｊecｔedｂetweｅnthelｉnes.Onlyafewofheｒpoeｍｓｗerepｕblｉsheddurｉngherlifetｉmｅ.Andtheyhａｄbeeｎdｉstorｔｅｄbｙtheｅdiｔorｓ’＂oｐeratioｎ",whiｃｈmadeheｒpoetｒybeｙoｎdｒecognｉtｉon.AｌthoｕghHiｇginsｏnfounｄtheｔalｅｎtontheneｗｗondeｒfｕｌｐoｅｔ,hecouｌdｎoｔfullyunderstand