2023年大学英语四级信息匹配

大学英语四、六级考试信息匹配题阅读训练Ｄｉrｅctｉoｎs:Inthｉssection，yoｕaｒegoingｔoreadapassagewithtenstateｍeｎtｓattａcheｄｔoiｔ．Eaｃｈstaｔemｅntconｔainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparａgrapｈ.Idｅntifｙtｈepaｒaｇｒａｐhｆromwhicｈｔheinformａｔionisｄerivｅd．Youmａychｏｏseapａｒagｒaphｍｏreｔｈanonce.Eachparagrapｈismａrkedwithａleｔｔer.AｎｓwerｔhequeｓtｉonsbymａrｋiｎgtｈecorｒｅspoｎdiｎgletteronＡnｓwｅrSheｅt２．Passagｅ1ＳｕｒｖivingtｈeＲecｅssionAmｅrica’srｅcｅssionｂｅｇanquｉetｌyａtｔhｅｅndof20２3.Sｉncetheｎｉthaｓｅvｏlｖedｉｎｔoaglobalcrisｉs.Rｅasonaｂlepeoplemaydｉsagｒｅｅaboutｗhomtoｂlame．Fiｎanｃiｅrsｗhowerenoｔａsclevｅrastheytｈoughttheyweｒe?Rｅgulａtorsfallingasleeｐatwｏrk?Cｏnsuｍerswhｏborｒowedtoomuｃh?Polｉticｉanｓｗhｏthoｕｇhtｌeｓslyproｍoteｄｈｏmｅ-ownershipfｏｒthoseｗhｏcouｌdnotａｆｆorｄit?Ａllaｒeｇuilt;aｎdwhａtａmｅssｔhｅyｈavecreated．Sｉnｃｅ２０２3Amｅricaｈasshed5millionjｏbs.Ｍｏretｈａn１５%ｏｆtheworkforceａreｊoblesｓoｒunderemplｏｙed—roｕghｌｙ25ｍｉｌlionwｏrｋers.Ｔheonlyinｄustriessweｌｌiｎgthｅirｐａｙrollsarehealｔhcａre,utｉlitiｅsａｎdｔhefeｄeｒaｌgoｖｅrｎmenｔ．ThevａｌueofｌistedsharｅsinAmeriｃａnfirmsｃolｌａpｓedby５7%fｒｏmitspeakｉnOctobｅr20２3ｔｏaｌowｉnMarｃhtｈisｙear,ｔhouｇｈｉthassincebounｄｅdbacksｏｍｅwhａt.Induｓｔrｉalｐｒｏduｃtionfeｌlby１2.8%inthｅyeaｒｔoＭarｃh,tｈeworstｓｌidesiｎｃetheＳecondWorｌｄＷａr．MarkZａnｄi,aneｃｏｎomisｔａtMｏｏdy’ｓEcｏｎｏmｙ.ｃoｍ，pｒediｃｔsｔhaｔｔheｒeｃｅssionｗiｌlsｈrinｋAmｅrｉca’sｅconomyｂｙ３.5%intotal.“Ｆormosｔexecuｔives,thisiｓtheworsｔｂｕsｉnessenviｒonmenｔｔhey’veｅｖｅrseeｎ.”Tiｍｅsａrｅsoｔｏuｇhthａteｖenbｏｓseｓａrｅｔａkiｎgpａyｃｕts．Ｍedｉａn（中位数的）pａyforcｈiｅfｅxecutiｖesofS&Ｐ500comｐaｎiｅsfeｌl6.8％ｉn２023.ＴｈｅｏverthrowｎbuｓinessgiantsoｆWallＳtrｅettooｋthebigｇｅstknｏｃｋ,wｉthaveｒａｇepaycutｓof３8%aｎdmｅｄiａｎｂonusｅsofzｅro.Buttｈerewassomeｐainfｏrevｅrｙonｅ:mediaｎｐayforcｈiefeｘeｃutiｖesｏfｎon－finａｎcialfirmsiｎtｈeS&P500felｌby2.7%.Neaｒlyeverｙbｕsiｎｅｓshasasadtaletotell.Forexａmpｌe,ArneSｏｒensｏｎ,theｐresideｎtoｆMaｒrioｔthotｅｌ,lｉkenstｈｅcrisisｔotｈedownturnthatｈithisbｕsinesｓaｆterＳepteｍbｅr11th,２０2３．Whenthｅｔwintｏwｅrsfelｌ,Amｅｒicａnsstopｐedtrａｖelliｎg．Maｒrioｔtｈadｉtｓwｏrstqｕａrtｅｒever,ｗitｈｒevenuespeｒroomfallingby25%.Ｔhiｓyeaｒ,wiｔhoutatｅrroristaｔtack，thｅhoteｌindustｒyis“ｐｕtｔｉｎgthesaｍｅnumbersoｎtｈebｏａｒd”,ｓaｙｓMｒ．Sorｅnsoｎ.Oｔherｉndｕｓｔrieshavesufferｅdevenmore.Larｇenuｍbersoｆbuiｌdeｒs,pｒopeｒtｙfiｒmsandｒetailｅrｓhavegonebａnkruｐt．AnｄadisａsｔｅrhashｉｔDｅtroit．LastｙｅarｔheAmerｉcanｃarinｄusｔrｙhadthecａpacitｙtoｍaｋe１7millioｎveｈicles.Salｅｓin202３coulｄbｅbａｒelｙhaｌfoｆtｈaｔ.TｈｅBiｇＴhreeＡmｅricancarmakeｒs—ＧｅneｒaｌＭotｏrs,FordａnｄChryｓleｒ—ａccｕｍuｌatedrｕinｏuｓcosｔsoｖeｒtｈeｐｏst-waｒｙｅars,suchasgold-plaｔedhealthplansａｎｄpensionsforwoｒｋｅｒｓwhoretireｄaｓｙoungas48．Allthreeaｒedespeｒatelｙｒｅstrucｔuｒｉng．OnｌyFoｒdmaysurvｉvｅinｉｔｓｃurｒenｔfｏrｍ.Ｈａrｄtｉｍesbreedｈａrdfeｅlｉnｇ．FewAmericansunderstaｎdwhatｃausedtherecessｉoｎ.Someａrｅseｅkingscａpegoatｓ(替罪羊）.Politicｉanｓaｒehａppｙtｏｔakeadvａntagｅ．BosｓeshaｖebeenｓｕmｍonedtｏＷａshinｇtontobｅsｃolｄedｏnlｉveｔelevｉsion．Thepｒｅsｉdentcｏndemnｓthｅirgreed.Busｉnｅssfolksarｅbendingoｖerbａckｗardstoavoｉdsｅemｉnｇextｒavａgant.Mｅetｉngsatresｏrｔsａｒesｕｄdeｎlyunacｃeｐtable．GｏｌdmanSacｈs,aｎinvｅstmｅntｂank，cancelleｄaconｆerenｃｅinLasＶegasattｈelasｔminutｅaｎｄreboｏkｅditinSanFrａnciｓco,whicｈcostｍoreｂutsoundedlesｓｆｕn．Anyway,theｐaｉnwillevｅntｕａllyeｎd．Ａｍericanbusiｎeｓswｉｌlregaｉｎitssｈiｎe.Ｍaｎｙｆiｒｍsｗilｌdie，butｔｈeｓurvivorswillemｅrgeleanｅrandstrongeｒtｈanbefore.Thefiｎａncialsecｔor’ｓｓhareoｆtｈeeｃoｎomywillｓhrinｋ,anｄstaｙｓhrｕnkforｙeａrstocome.Ｔｈeiｍportanceofnon-ｆｉnanｃiaｌｆｉrmsｗillaｃｃordinglｙｒisｅ,ａloｎｇｗｉｔhthｅiraｂｉlitytｏatｔraｃtthebeｓtｔaleｎt.Ａmericawｉllｒemａiｎｔｈebeｓtplａceonｅaｒｔｈtodobusineｓs,solongasBaraｃｋObaｍaanｄtheDeｍocｒaｔsinＣongｒessresisttheteｍｐtａtｉontoiｎteｒｆeretｏomuch,anｄsolongaｓorganｉzeｄlaboｒｓdoesnｏtoverplayｉtｓhaｎd.Mr.Oｂａmａ’ｓplａnｔｏcurｂｃarbonｄiｏxideemissｉｏnｓ（排放）,thoughｎeｃessary,willbeｆarｆromｃｏｓt-free,whatｅｖｅrｈissunｎyspeecheｓontｈｅsｕbｊecｔmighｔsuｇｇest．Thesｈｉfttoaｌow-ｃarbonｅconｏｍywillhｅlpsoｍefirms,ｈurtothersandrｅquｉreevｅryoｒｇanizatiｏnthatuseｓmuｃhｅｎｅrｇytｏrethiｎkｈowitoperａtｅs.IｔｉsｈａrdertopredicthｏwMr.Obａma’ｓpropｏseｄｒeformstothefａiliｎghｅａｌth-caｒesyｓｔemｗｉｌlｔurnout.Ifhesucceedｓincurｂiｎgcoｓts—aｂiｇｉｆ—itｗoｕｌdbeahugegaｉnforＡmeｒica.Somebusiｎesswillｂｅnefitbｕtｔhevastｂulｋoｆtheｓavｉngswｉllbecaptｕｒedbyworkers，notｔhｅirｅmployers.Ｉnthｅｎexｔｃoｕｐleofyｅarstheｂusｉnessesthatthｒivewillbeｔhosetｈataｒetightwithcoｓts,caｒefulｏfｄｅｂt,cａｕtｉouｓｗｉthｃaｓhflowaｎdeｘtrｅｍｅｌyａttentivetowhａtcuｓｔｏｍeｒｓｗant．Thｅywｉllincludeplentyofnamｅsｎｏonehaｓyetheａrdof.Timeｓcｈａngｅ,aｎdcoｒpｏrａtioｎschanｇewiththem.In１955Ｔimｅ’ｓMａnoftｈeYeaｒwａsHarlowCurｔice,thebosｓofGM．HiｓfirmｗａslｅadｉngAmericaｔowardｓ“anewｅconｏmｉcoｒｄer”,tｈemaｇａzｉｎewｒｏte.TｈａnkｓtoｍｅnｌｉｋｅＣｕrtiｃｅ,“thebonｄsｏｆｓcarcitｙ”hadbeenｂrokenandＡｍeｒｉcawasｒolling“ｔoaｎalｌ-ｔimehiｇhofprｏspeｒitｙ”．Soon,Aｍerｉcａnswouｌdneedtospend“cｏmｐarａｔiｖelylittｌeｔｉｍeeaｒｎiｎgａｌiｖｉｎg”.HａlfａcentuｒylaterＧMｉsatypｉcalexampleforpｏormanaｇemenｔ.InMarchｉtscｈiefexecuｔivｅwasfｉrｅdbyTime’sｃurｒｅｎtMａｎofｔheＹeaｒ,Mr.Obａma.Ｔhegｏｖernｍｅｎtｎowbacksupｔhedoｍesｔiccariｎdustry,ｌendiｎgｉtmoneyandovｅｒseeingｉｔsturnarouｎｄplａｎs．Wiｔhluｃk,tｈｉswillbｅshoｒt-lived.ＢutthｅｒeiｓadangeｒthatWashｉnｇtoｎｗillｅndｕｐｍicｒomanagingnotoｎlｙDeｔroitbutalsootheｒpａｒｔsoｆtheeｃｏｎｏmｙ.ＡｎdｃｌeveｒasMｒ．Obaｍa’sadｖisersare,ｈｉstｏrｙsuggesｔstheywiｌlbeｂaｄatｔｈis.TheAmｅrica’sreｃessionaffecｔｅｄthｅhｏtelinduｓtryａsbａdlyａｓthe9/11tｅrroriｓｔatｔack．Ｂusinessmeｎａretryｉｎgtoａｖoｉdseｅｍingwasｔeｆuｌinresponsｅtｏｔhｅreｃeｓｓiｏn．Ｉnthｅnｅarfｕturｅ，aｔhrivｉngbusｉneｓswillgoｗithｃauｔiｏusmａｎaｇeｍｅnｔtａctics．MuchdｏｕｂtrｅmainsｗheｔheｒthｅOｂamaadｍiniｓtｒaｔiｏnwiｌldoｗellｉｎmicromanagiｎgtheAｍｅricａ’seconｏmｙ．AcombinationofｃaｕsesisresponsiblｅｆorthecｕrrｅntAmericaｎrecesｓion，whicｈbeganiｎ20２3.ThｅgovernmｅｎtｉsｎotsuｐｐｏsedtoinｔｅrｆeｒetoomuchiｎAmericａnbusiｎesseｓ.ThebigTｈｒeeAmeｒｉcaｎcarｍakersnｅeｄrestrucｔuriｎgｔosｕｒviｖeduetoｔheｉraccumulatioｎoｆthｅruiｎｏuscostsoverthepost-waryｅars.IｎMaｒch，GＭ”schｉeｆexecutiｖewａsfiｒedbyObamaｆoｒｐoｏrｍanagement.Aｃcorｄiｎｇtｏtｈeａutｈｏr,Ｏbａma’splaｎtoｌimｉtcarｂoｎdｉｏxideemiｓsｉonswilｌｂynomeanｓbｅinｅｘpeｎｓive.Attｈeworstｔｉme,thｅtotalｖａｌｕeoflisｔedｓhａresinAmｅricanfiｒｍsshranｋｂyfiｆtｙ-sevenperｃenｔ．（ＤGJＬAＨELIB)ＰasｓagｅtwｏSmａｌlsｃhooｌsRisinｇThisyear’slisｔoftｈetop100hｉghsｃhｏoｌssｈowsthａttｏｄay,ｔhosewithfｅwｅｒｓtｕｄentsａreｆlouriｓhinｇ.Fiｆｔｙyeａrsaｇo,ｔheyｗeretheｌａｔestｔｈinginｅducaｔionalreform：big,ｍodern,sｕburbanhighschoolswiｔhstuｄeｎｔｓcoｕntｅdinthethousands.Asｂabyboｏmｅrs（二战后婴儿潮时期出生的人）camｅofhigｈ-sｃhooｌaｇｅ,ｂigschｏolspromiｓｅdecｏnomｉcefficｉｅnｃy．Ａgｒeatｅrchoｉceofcourses,aｎd，ｏｆcourse，betterfｏｏtbaｌｌｔeａms．Onｌyyearsｌaｔerｄｉdweｕnｄerstanｄthｅtrade-ｏｆfsｔhｉｓiｎvolved:thecｒｅａtioｎofexcｅssｉｖebuｒeａucｒａciｅs(官僚机构),thedｉｆficultｙｏfforginｇｐersoｎａlconneｃｔiｏnsbeｔweｅｎteａcherｓａｎdstｕｄenｔs.SAＴsｃoreｓbegaｎｄrｏｐpingiｎ19６３；ｔoｄａy,ｏｎａｖeraｇe,3０%ofｓｔｕdｅntsdｏnoｔｃｏmpletehighscｈoolｉnfouryeａｒs,ａfiguretｈatriｓｅsto50%ｉnｐoｏrurbａnneiｇhborhoｏds.Ｗhiletheｅｍphａｓｉｓｏnteachingtoｈｉgｈer,tesｔ-dｒiveｎｓｔandarｄｓaｓｓｅtinNoＣhｉlｄLefｔBeｈindrｅsｕlteｄinsｉgnificantlybｅtｔerperｆoｒmanceinelｅmeｎtarｙ(andsｏmｅｍidｄle）schｏols，highｓcｈｏoｌsfoｒavaｒietｙofreasonsｅemeｄtｏhａｖｅmadeｌittleｐroｇｒeｓs.Ｓizeisn’ｔevｅrytｈｉng,butｉtｄoesmatter,ａndthepastｄecadehａｓsｅeｎanoｔiｃｅaｂleｃoｕnterｔｒeｎdtowardsmａｌlerｓｃhooｌｓ.Thｉｓhａsbeeｎduｅ,inpａrt,ｔotheBｉllａnｄＭelindaGatesＦｏundａｔion，whicｈｈａsinvｅｓｔed$1.８bｉllioninAmeｒｉcanｈighschｏoｌs，heｌpingｔoｏpｅnabｏut10０0smaｌｌscｈoｏlｓ—mostｏｆtheｍｗiｔhabｏｕt400kiｄseａch，wiｔhａｎａverａgeeｎrollmentｏｆｏnlｙ１50perｇrａde．About5０0ｍｏreａreｏｎthedrawingboaｒd．Distrｉctsalｌｏｖeｒｔheｃounｔyareｔakingnotiｃe,alｏngｗithmayｏｒsiｎcitiesｌikeNeｗYoｒｋ,ＣhicａgoandSanDiego．Thｅｍovemｅnｔiｎcｌudesindeｐｅnｄentpubｌｉcchartersｃhools,ｓuchasNo．1ＢＡＳＩSiｎＴucｓon,wｉtｈonly120hiｇh-ｓchoｏlsand1８gｒａduatｅsthisｙear.Ｉtembracesdiｓtrict-sａnctｉonedｍａgｎetschoolｓ,suchasthｅＴａlｅntｅdandGifteｄSchoｏl,ｗitｈ1９８studeｎts,ａnｄｔｈeScienｃeaｎdEｎｇiｎeeringMａgnｅt,with３８３，whichｓhaｒeabuｉｌdｉｎginDalｌas，ａswｅllａｓtｈeCiｔyHonorsSchoｏｌinBuffalo,N.Ｙ.,ｗhichgｒewoｕｔofvoｌｕｎteereveningseminａrsfｏrｓtudｅnts．Aｎdｉtiｎclｕｄｅsalteｒｎaｔiveschoｏｌｓwitｈstudｅntｓselectedｂylotteｒy（抽签）,suchasH．BＷｏodｌａwninArｌington,Va.Anｄｍoｓtnoｔiceablｅofａll,therｅｉｓtｈephenomeｎoｎoflａｒgeurbaｎandsuburbanhｉghsｃｈｏolsthathavesｐlitｕｐintosmaｌlerｕnｉtｓofafｅwhｕndreｄ,ｇｅｎｅrａllyhｏｕsｅdinｔhｅｓａｍegroundstｈatoｎｃeboaｓtedthｏｕsandsｏfstｕdeｎtsalｌｍarchｉｎgtotheｓａmeｂanｄ.HilｌsdaleHigｈSchｏolinSaｎＭatｅo,Ｃalif.，isｏnｅofthｏse,rankingNo.４２３—amｏngthetop2%intheｃｏuｎtｒy—oｎNeｗsweｅｋ’sannualrａnkingofAｍeriｃa’ｓtoｐｈiｇhｓcｈｏols.Thｅsucｃessoｆsmallschoolsiｓapparenｔｉｎthｅlistｉnｇs．Tenｙeａrsago,ｗｈenｔhefirsｔNewsweeｋｌistbasedonｃｏｌlege-leveltｅsｔparticiｐａtｉonwａsｐublｉshed,onlythreｅoｆｔhetoｐ１00schｏolshadgraduatingclaｓsessmallerthａｎ１00stuｄents.Thiｓyｅaｒtherｅaｒｅ22．Nearly250schoolsoｎthｅfullNewswｅekliｓtｏｆthetｏｐ5%ｏfschoolsnaｔｉoｎallyhadfewｅrｔhａｎ２00gｒaduaｔeｓin2０23.ＡｌthoughmａnyoｆHｉｌｌsdale’ｓsｔuｄentscａmeｆromwealtｈｙｈouseｈoldｓ,ｂｙthelaｔｅ１９90averagetestsｃoｒesweｒesliｄingandithａdｅａrnｅdtheuｎaffeｃtｉonａtｅｎｉckname“Hｉllｓjail”．JeffＧiｂert,aHillsｄaleｔeａcｈｅrwｈoｂecamepriｎcipallastｙear，remeｍbeｒｓｓｉttinｇwithothertｅacheｒswatchingsｔudｅntsfileｏutoｆagraduatiｏncerｅmonｙaｎｄaskｉngｏneaｎotherinａsｔｏnｉsｈmｅnt,“Ｈoｗdidtｈatsｔｕdentｇrａduated?”Sｏｉn2023Hillsdalerｅmａdｅiｔｓｅlfintothrｅe“ｈｏusｅs”,roｍanｔｉcallynａｍｅｄFloｒeｎｃｅ,MａrｒａｋechandKｙoto.Eａchofｔhe3０0ａｒrivingninthgradｅrsａrerandoｍlyassiｇnedtoonｅofｔheｈｏuｓｅs,ｗheretｈeywiｌlkeepthesameｆourcoresubjectteachersfortｗｏｙeａｒs,bｅforemoｖingontoａｎｏｔherfｏr１1ｔhand１2tｈｇradｅｓ.Theｃlosenessthｉssysteｍcuｌｔivatesisreinforｃeｄbｙtheinstiｔｕｔionof“adviｓory”clａsses.Tｅaｃhersｍｅetｗｉthｓtｕdenｔｓinｇroｕpsoｆ25，ｆivemorningsawｅek,foroｐen－ｅndeddiscusｓioｎsofｅveｒｙtｈｉngfroｍhomeworkｐｒoblｅmstｏｂadSａturday-nightdａtes.Tｈeadvisersａlsoｍｅeｔwithｓtudentsprivatｅlyandstayintouchwithpaｒｅｎts，sotｈeyａredeeplyinｖｅstedintheｓtudentｓ’ｓuccess．“We’reｃonstantlyｔalｋｉngａｂoutoｎｅaｎoｔher’sａdｖiseｒｓ,”saysEｎgliｓhteacｈeｒＣhrｉｓCroｃkeｔt.“Ifｙｏuｈeａrｔhatyoursiｓn’tdoiｎgwellinｍａｔh,ｏrｓeeｔhｅmsittｉｎｇoutsidetｈedean’sofｆice,it’sliｋeapersonａｌfaiｌuｒe.”Alｏｎgwiththenewstｒucturｅcameaｍoｒedemａndingacadｅmicprｏgram,tｈeｐeｒcentaｇeｏffreshmenｔakiｎgｂioｌｏgyjumpedfrｏｍ17tｏ95.“Ｉｔwasｒoughfｏrsoｍe．Butｂyｓenｉoryeaｒ,two-thirｄshavemoｖeduptoｐhysicｓ,”saysＧilberｔ.“Ouｒkｉdsａｒecoｍiｎgｔoschooｌｉnpartbｅcausetheｙknｏwthereａrｅaｄulｔsｈｅrewhoknowｔhemaｎdcａreｆorthｅｍ.”Buｔｎｏtallschｏolsshｏwadｖancesafterdownsiｚing,aｎｄitremaｉnstｏbeseenwhethｅrsmalｌｅrｓchoolswilｌbeaｃurｅ-allsoｌutiｏn.ＴheNewｓweeklistoｆtopU.S.ｈighｓchoolswａsmaｄeｔhisyear，asinyeaｒｓpast,accｏｒdｉｎgｔoasinglｅmetｒiｃ,thepｒopoｒtｉoｎofstudentｓtakiｎgcoｌlｅge-levｅlｅｘams.Overthｅyearsthｅｓysｔemｈaｓcomeiｎfoｒitsｓhareofcｒiticismfoｒitsｓｉmpliｃｉtｙ.Ｂｕttｈaｔiｓalsｏiｔsstｒｅnｇth:ｉt’seａsyｆｏrreaｄerstoundersｔaｎd，aｎdｔoｄｏtｈeａritｈmeticfoｒtheｉrｏwnschoolsiftｈey’dlｉke.Rankingschooｌsisalwａyscontrｏversiaｌ,andthｉsｙearagroupof3８sｕperintendenｔs(地区教育主管）fromｆｉvestａteｓwroｔｅtoaskｔhatthｅirscｈoｏｌｓbeexｃludeｄfｒｏmthecalculatｉoｎ.“Itisiｍpｏssibｌetoknoｗwhiｃhhｉghschoolsare‘thｅbeｓｔ’intｈｅｎatiｏn，”theirｌetterread,inpａｒt.“Deｔeｒminingwhｅtherdｉｆfｅｒｅntｓcｈoolsdoordｏn’tｏfｆeraｈigｈｑuａlｉtyoｆeｄucationrequiｒｅｓａlｏokａtmaｎydiｆferentmeasｕｒes,iｎcｌudingｓｔｕdents’ｏvｅraｌlacademicacｃompliｓhｍentsaｎｄｔheiｒｓubsｅquentperfｏrｍａnｃeincoｌlege.Andｔaｋinｇiｎtｏｃｏnsideratiｏnthｅｕniqueｎeｅdsoftheｉrcommuｎｉtieｓ.”Intheeｎdthesuperintenｄeｎtｓagreｅｄtｏpｒｏｖidｅtｈeｄaｔaｗｅsought，ｗhichiｓ,aftｅrall,ｐｕblicｉｎｆｏrmation.Thｅreis,inourview,norｅalｄｉsｐutｅhere;weａreaｌlsｅeｋinｇtｈｅsamethｉng,ｗhichisschoolstｈatbｅttｅｒserveourchｉldrenａndoｕrnationbｙｅncouraｇingstudeｎtstｏｍakeｔougｈsｕｂｊｅｃtsundｅrtheguｉｄancｅofgifteｄtｅaｃhers.Aｎdifwekeepｗorkingtowarｄthaｔgｏal,ｓｏｍeｄａy,perｈaｐｓａlistwon’tｂeｎecｅssary.Iｎｐractｉｃalｕse,ｓiｍplicｉtyissｔilｌconsiｄeredａstrｅｎｇtｈofＮewswｅｅｋ’ｓschooｌrankｉngsystｅｍiｎｓｐiteoｆthｅｃritiｃismitreceivｅs．Aｓaresultsettｉｎgupｂｉｇschooｌs,studｅnｔｓ’ｐeｒfｏrmancedeｃｌined.Ｎｅwsweｅｋrankeｄhighsｃhｏｏｌsaccordingtotheircolleｇｅ-leveltestｐaｒｔiｃｉｐatioｎ.Halfacentuｒｙago,biｇ,ｍodern,ｓuburbanｈighschooｌswｅｒｅestaｂlishedtoensuｒeefficｉenteｄuｃatioｎforbabyboomers.Iｔisａgrｅedｔhaｔquａｌifｉｅdteacｈｅrs,betterserｖｉcｅsandencourａgemeｎtarekeystｏreachiｎgtheultimategoaｌofschooleｄuｃation.Themｏstｎｏｔｉcｅablｅtrendiｎhighｓcｈoｏledｕｃａtionisthespｌｉtｔｉｎgofｌaｒgeschoolsintosmalleronｅs.Itｉsｓtilｌunｋnownｗheｔheｒsｍallerｓchoolsｗｉｌlbeasolｕtioｎtoaｌｌｅduｃationａlprｏblems.ＨｉghschoolsfuｎdeｄbytheBillanｄMeｌｉndaＧatesＦoundatｉoｎaresｍａllinsizｅ.Dｉｆferenｔmeasｕreｓｓhｏuldbｅｕsedｉnassｅssingｔhequaｌiｔyofschooleducａtion.The“ａdviｓory”claｓseｓａtHilｌｓdａｌewereseｔupsotｈatstudenｔscoｕｌｄmａintainｃlｏserreｌａtionsｈipwｉtｈtheirteachｅｒｓ.(GBDBICFCHF）Ｐａｓｓａｇe3．HigｈwaysＥarｌyｉｎｔhe2０thcenｔurｙ,moｓtofthestｒｅetsandroａdsｉnｔheU.S.wereｍaｄeofdiｒt,brick,andceｄａｒwoodblｏｃks.Bｕiltforｈoｒse,cａrriagｅ,andｆoｏttrafｆiｃ,ｔｈeywｅrｅusuａｌlypｏoｒlｙｃaredｆorａndｔooｎarrｏｗtｏaｃｃommodａte（容纳)autｏmobileｓ.Withtｈｅinｃｒeaｓeiｎａutoproduction，privateturnpiｋe（收费公路)cｏmpaniesuｎdｅrlocalauthorｉtｉｅsbegantosｐｒingｕp,ａndby1９21tｈｅrewere３８7００0mileｓofpａｖedroａds．Manｙwerebuｉｌtuｓingspｅcificaｔionsoｆ１9thｃenturyＳcottiｓheｎginｅersTｈomａsＴelfoｒdandJohnMａcＡｄam(foｒｗhomｔｈemaｃａdaｍsurfａceiｓｎamed),wｈｏsespeｃificationｓstｒｅsseｄｔｈeiｍpｏrtａnｃeofadeｑuａtedraiｎage.Beｙｏndthat,theｒewerenonationalsｔandarｄsforsize,wｅigｈtｒesｔrｉcｔｉons，orcomｍｅｒcialｓiｇｎs.ＤurinｇＷorｌdWａrＩ.roａｄｓtｈroughｏｕtthecoｕntrywereｎearlｙdestroｙedbytｈeweightoｆtrｕcks.WhenＧｅｎerａlＥisenhowerreｔurnedfrｏｍGermａｎyｉn1９19,afｔerｓｅrｖiｎgintheU.S.ａrmy’ｓfiｒstｔｒaｎsｃoｎtineｎtalmotｏrcoｎvoy（车队),ｈｅｎoted:“Ｔhｅoldconvｏyhaｄstａｒteｄｍｅthiｎkｉngaboutgood,ｔwo－lanｅｈｉｇｈwaｙs，ｂｕtGeｒmanｙ’sAuｔoｂahnｏrmotorｗayhadｍadｅmesｅethｅｗisdｏmofbroadｅｒrｉbbonsaｃrｏsstheｌand.”Itwouldtａkeaｎotｈerｗarbeforｅthefederａlｇｏveｒnmentwｏｕｌdactoｎanａｔｉoｎaｌｈigｈwaｙsysｔem.DurｉｎgWorｌdWａrＩI,atremendousｉncreaｓeiｎtrucksａndｎewroaｄsweｒerequired.Thｅwardｅmonsｔrａｔeｄhowcrｉｔiｃalhighwａyswerｅｔoｔhedｅfeｎsｅeffort.Thirｔeenpercentofｄeｆeｎseplａntsｒecｅiｖedallthｅｉrsuppliesｂytruｃk，ａndａlmoｓｔａllotｈerｐlaｎtｓshｉppｅdｍｏｒｅｔhanｈａlfoftheiｒprodｕcｔｓbyvehicle.Tｈewarａlsｏｒevealedｔhaｔlocalcｏntroｌoｆhｉghwayｓhadlｅｄｔoacoｎfｕsinｇvariｅｔｙｏfdｅｓignstａndards.Evenfederalandstａtehiｇhwaysdidｎotfoｌlowｂａｓiｃstanｄarｄs.Ｓomestatesaｌloweｄtｒucksｕptｏ3６０00ｐｏuｎdｓ,ｗｈileotheｒsｒｅstrｉctedａnｙtｈiｎgover700０pｏuｎds.Agoverｎｍentｓtｕdyｒecｏmmeｎdedaｎaｔiｏnalhighwaysystemof３3９20milｅs,andcｏngrｅｓｓｓooｎpａsｓedtｈeFｅderal-AｉdHighwaｙActｏf1944，whicｈcalledfｏrsｔrict,ceｎｔｒaｌｌｙｃｏｎtrollｅddeｓigｎcrｉｔｅriａ.Theinteｒstａｔｅｈｉghwaysｙstemwasfinaｌlｙlauncｈeｄiｎ1956aｎdｈasbeeｎhａiledasｏneoｆthｅｇreatestpublicwoｒｋsprojectsofｔhecentury.Tｏbuildｉts440０0-mileweboｆhighwａｙs,bｒｉdges,andｔｕｎnels,hｕndｒｅdsofｕniqueenginｅｅｒingdeｓignsandsolｕtｉonshaｄtoｂeｗｏrkedout.Cｏnsiｄeｒthemａnygeoｇrａｐｈicｆeatｕresofthecountrｙ:mountａinｓ，steｅｐgrades,wｅｔlands,ｒivｅｒｓ,desｅｒtsanｄplａｉｎs．Vａrｉａblｅｓincｌuｄedthesｌopeoftｈelａnd,theａbｉlityｏｆtｈepavementtoｓｕｐpｏrttheload,ｔｈensityoｆroaｄｕse,anｄtheｎａtureoftheｕnderlｙingｓｏil.Uｒbanarｅaswｅreaｎoｔheｒproblem.Innovatiｖｅdｅsｉgnsofrｏadｗays,ｔｕnneｌs，bridges,ｏvｅrｐasses,andintｅｒchanｇｅｓthａtcｏuｌdｒuｎthrｏuｇhｏrｂｙpaｓsｕrbａnａｒeassoonbｅganｔoweａvetheｉrwａyａcｒｏssthecouｎtry,foｒeｖeｒalterｉngｔheｆaceｏｆAｍeｒｉca.Ｌong-spａｎ,segmentｅｄ-ｃoncrｅte，caｂle－stayedbrｉｄgeｓsuchasHaｌeBｏgｇsiｎＬouｉsiａnaandtheSunｓhineＳkyｗayiｎＦlorｉda,ａndｒemarkabletｕnnｅlｓlikeForｔMcＨeｎｙinＭａｒｙｌanｄaｎdＭｔ.ＢakeｒinWasｈｉngｔon,metmanyofthenａｔｉon’sｐhｙsicalcｈalleｎges．Trａfficcontrolsystemsandmｅｔhodsofｃonstruｃtioｎdeveｌopeｄundertheinｔｅrstａteｐrograｍsｏｏninｆｌueｎｃedｈｉghwａｙcｏnstructionarounｄthewｏrｌd，aｎdｗerｅiｎvａlｕａbleinimprovｉｎｇtｈecｏｎdiｔiｏnｏfｕrbanstreetsaｎｄtrafficpatterns．Toｄay,theintｅrｓtａtesｙstemlinｋseｖeｒｙmajoｒcityintheU．S.witｈCａnadaaｎdMexicｏ.Builtwitｈsaｆｅｔyｉnmiｎd,tｈehighwaｙshavewiｄｅlaｎｅｓaｎｄshouldeｒs,dｉｖidingmeｄians,orbaｒｒiｅrs,lonｇeｎtryａndeｘｉtlaｎes,curｖｅｓengineerｅdfoｒsafｅtuｒns,anｄlimｉtedaccess．ThedeathraｔeonhigｈwaysishaｌfofalloｔherU．Ｓ．rｏaｄs(.86deaｔｈspeｒ100millｉonpａssengermｉlｅｓcoｍpareｄto1.99per１00milｌiononallotherｒｏads).ByｏpenｉngｔhｅNorｔhＡｍeｒicａｎcｏntinent,highwayshaveeｎａｂledｃｏnsumergoodsandsｅrvicesｔoreachpeoｐleｉnremoteaｎｄｒuralareａsoｆthecoｕntrｙ，spuｒrｅdthegrｏｗthｏｆsｕbｕrbｓ,andｐroｖiｄｅdpｅｏplewiｔhgrｅaｔｅroptｉoｎsiｎｔermoｆｊobs,ａccesｓtocｕlturalpｒogｒａmｓ,ｈｅalthcaｒe，anｄotherｂenefits.Aboｖeａｌｌ,ｔhｅiｎterstatesysｔemprovidesindivｉｄualｓｗiｔhwhattheycｈｅrｉshｍost:perｓonａlfreedomoｆmobility．Theinterstaｔｅsysteｍｈａsbｅｅnａneｓｓentiaｌelｅmeｎｔofthenation’ｓeconｏmicgrowthintｅｒｍsｏfsｈipｐingaｎdｊobcreaｔｉon:mｏretｈａn７5peｒcｅｎtthenaｔｉon’sfreigｈｔdｅｌiｖｅriesａrrivebyｔruck；aｎdｍostproducｔstｈａtａrrｉvebyrａilorairuｓeinｔerｓtateｓｆorｔｈelａｓtlegｏfthejoｕrnｅybyｖehiclｅ.NotonlyhasｔｈehighwaysｙstｅｍaffｅctedtheAｍericaecoｎomｙbyprｏｖiｄｉngshｉｐｐingｒoutｅs,ｉtｈasledtotheｇrowthofspｉn-ｏffindｕstrｉｅslikeseｒvicestatｉons,motelｓ,resｔauraｎts,andｓhoppｉngcｅnteｒｓ．Ithａsalｌoｗedthｅrelocaｔｉoｎofmａｎuｆactｕｒingｐｌantｓandothｅｒinｄｕstriｅsfromｕrbａnareaｓtorural．Ｂｙｔhｅｅｎdofthｅceｎturytherewasanimmenseｎetworkofpavedrｏads,resideｎｔｉalstｒeets,ｅｘｐressｗayｓ,andfreewaysbuilttosupｐortmiｌlioｎsofvehｉcles.ＴｈehighwaysyｓtemwａsoffiｃｉallyrenaｍｅdfoｒＥiｓenhoweｒtoｈonorhｉsviｓioｎａndleadeｒship.Ｔheｙeａｒconｓｔructionbeganhesａid:“Togethｅr，theunitｅdｆorｃｅsｏfｏurcoｍmuｎicatioｎandtｒansｐｏrtａtｉonｓystemｓareｄynamｉcelementsintheveｒｙnａｍeweｂear—UnitｅdＳtaｔｅs.Ｗithｏuttheｍ，wｅｗouldbeamereａlｌianceｏｆmａnysepａrateｐarts.”Mａnyofthepｒoblemsｐrｅsenｔedbｙｔhecｏuntrｙ’sgeogｒapｈｉcalfｅatｕrｅsfoundsoluｔiｏnsininnovaｔiveenｇineeringｐrojｅｃts.Aｃentｕryａgo,thereｗerealmｏstnｏnationalstandａrdsｆｏrpａvedｒoａdｓiｎthｅU.S.TheinｔerｓtatesysｔemwasreｎaｍｅdafteｒEisenhoｗｅｒinrecogniｔiｏnoｆhiｓｖisiｏｎanｄleaderｓｈip.GenerａlEisenhowerfｅltthattｈebroaｄmotorwaｙsmaｄemoｒｅseｎsethanｔhetwo-lanｅhighwayｓofAmeｒicａ.Itwａsinｔhe19５0sthaｔthｅAmeriｃangｏｖerｎmentfiｎａlｌytooｋactｉｏntobuｉldanatioｎalhighwaysyｓtem.Undersaｆetycoｎｓideｒaｔionｓ,tｈedeaｔhｒatｅｏｎinｔｅrｓtaｔeｈighwaysisｍuｃhlowertｈａnｔｈatoｆotｈerAmeｒicanroads．Trｕｃksusingtｈeinｔerstatehighｗaysｄeliｖermorｅthａnｓｅｖenty-fｉveｐeｒｃentofthｅfreightinU.S.Thanｋstotｈehiｇhways,Ａmeｒicaｎpｅopleｃangoanyｗheretｈeyｌikeaｒｏundthecｏuｎtry.Ｔoacｅｒｔaineｘtent,thｅdｅｖelopmeｎtofinterstatehｉgｈwaysystｅminＡmericahaｓpromotｅdtheｎaｔiｏn’ｓeconｏmiｃgrｏwｔh．Iｎｔeｒmsofhｉｇｈwaycｏnsｔrｕctiｏn，tｈewhｏleｗｏrlｄwaｓinflｕenｃedｂｙtheU.S．(DBＩBDＦＨGHE）Ｐaｓｓage4ＴｈeMagｉcianTherｅvｏｌｕtｉｏnthatＳtｅvｅJoｂslｅdiｓoｎlyjuｓtｂeｇinniｎｇWｈenitcaｍetoｐuttinｇonashｏw，nobｏdyｅlseｉntｈecｏmｐuｔerinｄusｔry,oｒanyoｔherindｕstｒyfoｒthａtｍatteｒ,cｏuldmatchSteveJｏbs.Hisｐroｄucｔｌauｎｃheｓ，ａtwhiｃhｈewouldsｔaｎｄalｏneoｎaｂlacｋstａｇeａnｄpｒoｄｕcｅasiｆbymagican“inｃredible”ｎｅweｌeｃtrｏnicgaｄgeｔ(小器具）infrontofanaｍazedcｒowｄ,weretheｐerｆoｒmanｃｅsofamasｔｅrsｈowman.Alｌcｏmpuｔeｒsdoisｆetchaｎdｗorkwithnumbｅrs，heｏnｃeexplａinｅd,butdoitfａstenｏughand“ｔheｒｅsｕｌｔsappeartobemａgic”．Mr.Jobs,wｈodｉedrｅcentlｙaｇed５６,spenthislifepackaｇinｇｔhemagｉcintoeｌeｇantlyｄesiｇnｅｄ，ｅａsｙ-tｏ-useｐｒoductｓ.Ｔheｒeａctiontohiｓｄeatｈ，withpeoｐleleavｉngcａndlｅsandｆlｏｗｅrsouｔsideAｐplestｏreｓandpoliticｉａnsｓiｎginｇｐrａisesoｎtheinteｒneｔ，isproｏfthａtMr．Ｊobshａdbecomesomeｔhingｍuchmorｅsiｇnificaｎtｔhanjｕｓｔａclｅｖermoney-maker．Hestｏoｄoutｉｎtｈreewayｓ—aｓａtechｎologist,asacｏrｐｏrateleａｄerandasｓomebodywhoｗasaｂｌetomakｅpeoplelovewhathadｐｒeviｏuslｙbeeｎiｍpｅrsoｎal，fuｎｃtionａlgadgets.Strａngeｌy,itisｔｈislastquａlitytｈaｔmaｙｈaｖethedｅepeｓtefｆectｏｎtｈewａypeｏplelive.Theeraofｐersｏnaltechnｏlogｙiｓiｎｍanywayｓjustbｅginning．Asaｔechnoloｇiｓt,Mｒ.Ｊｏbswasｄiffｅｒeｎｔbeｃausｅheｗaｓｎoｔａnengｉneｅr—andthatwashisgreａtstｒeｎｇtｈ.Insｔeadhewaskeenlｙｉnｔerｅｓtediｎｐrｏｄuctdesigｎandａesｔhｅtics(美学）,aｎdinmａkingaｄvaｎｃedteｃｈnｏlogｙsiｍpletouse.Herepeａｔedlytoｏkanexistinｇｂuthalf-forｍedidea—theｍｏuｓe-ｄrivencompｕteｒ,thedｉgｉtalmusiｃplayer,tｈesｍａrtphｏｎe,thｅtableｔｃｏｍpuｔer（平板电脑)—andｓhｏｗedthｅrestｏftheｉndusｔryhowtoｄoitpropeｒlｙ.Rivaｌfirmｓcomｐeｔｅdwithｅachｏｔheｒtofｏｌｌowwhereｈｅｌed.Ｉceｓｓhebrｏｕghtaｂｏｕｔgｒｅaｔchangｅsiｎcomputiｎg,mｕsic,teleｃｏｍｓandtheｎewｓbuｓinessｔhatwｅreｐaiｎfulｆorexistiｎgfｉrmｓbｕtwelcomedbymiｌlｉonｓｏｆconsｕｍers．Witｈinthewiｄerｂｕsineｓsworld，amａnwhoｌikeｄｔoseehimｓelｆaｓahipｐy,ｐerｍａnｅntｌｙｉnrevolｔaｇaｉnstbigcompanｉeｓ,endedupbeinｇhａiledｂｙmanyofthoｓecｏｒpｏrａtｅgｉａntｓａsoｎeoftｈegrｅａtｅstcｈiefｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖesoｆhｉｓtiｍe．Tｈaｔwasｐartlyｄueｔoｈｉsｔaleｎts:ｓhowmanshiｐ,sｔrategicvisｉon，aｎaｓｔonｉshingattｅｎtiｏntoｄetaｉｌａｎdａdictaｔoｒialmaｎagemｅntstｙｌｅwhiｃhmanｙbｏssesｍustｈａvｅenvieｄ.Buｔｍosｔｏfallitｗaｓtｈeextraｏrdinaｒytｒａjectｏry（轨迹）ofhiｓlife.Hisfaｌlfｒomgraceｉnthe１9８0s,foｌloｗedbyhiｓrｅturnｔｏApplein1996afｔeraperiｏdｉnｔheｗilderness,isaninｓpｉrａtiontoａnybｕsｉnesspｅrsoｎwhosecａreｅrhａsｔａｋenaｔurnｆｏｒtheworse．ThewaｙinwｈichＭｒ.Jｏbsｒeviｖｅｄtｈｅfailingcoｍpanｙheｈａdco-ｆoundｅｄandtuｒｎedｏtheｗｏrｌd’sbｉggesｔtechfirｍ(biggereveｎthanBｉllＧate’ｓMiｃｒosｏfｔ，tｈｅｃompanytｈａtｈａdouｔsｍaｒtｅｄAｐpｌesodramaｔｉcalｌyｉnthｅ1980s）,souｎdｓｌｉｋesometｈingfromａHollｙwｏｏdmoｖie.ButwhaｔwａsperhａｐsmｏstaｓtonishinｇaboｕtMｒ.Jobswaｓtｈeabｓoluｔeｌｏyａltyｈｅｍanagｅｄtoｉnsｐirｅｉncustomｅｒｓ.ManyAｐplｅｕsersｆeｅlｔhemsｅｌｖestoｂepartｏfａcomｍunｉtｙ,ｗitｈＭr.Jｏbsasｉｔｓlｅadeｒ．Andｔherewａsｉndeeｄapersonａllink.Aｐplｅ’spｒodｕctswereｄｅｓigneｄtoａcｃordwiththeboss’ｓtasｔeandtｏmeetｈisextｒeｍeｌｙhigｈsｔａndａｒｄs.EveｒyiＰhonｅorＭacBookhasｈisfingerｐriｎtｓａｌlｏｖerit.Ｈisgrｅaｔachievｅｍenｔｗａstoｃｏｍbineaｎemotionalspaｒｋwｉtｈcomｐｕtertｅchnology,ａｎdmaketheresｕltiｎgproductfeelpｅrsｏnal．ＡｎdthａｔiswhaｔpｕtMr．Jobsoｎｔherｉｇhtsｉdｅｏfhistory,astechｎologiｃalｉnnovａtionhasｍｏvedintoｃｏｎsumereｌectronｉcsｏveｒthepaｓtdｅcade．Ａsoursｐecialreporｔｉntｈisiｓsue(ｐrintedbｅfoｒｅＭr.Ｊoｂｓ’sdeatｈ)explainｓ,ｉnnovationusedtｏspiｌloverfroｍｍiｌitarｙaｎdcoｒporａteｌaｂoｒatoriestｏｔheｃｏｎsumermarket,ｂuｔｌatｅlyｔhｉsproceｓshasｏｒeverse.Ｍａｎyｐeｏplｅ’ｓhoｍｅｓnowhaveｍorepoweｒｆul,andｍoｒeflexiblｅ,deｖicｅsthａｎtheirofｆｉｃｅｓdo；coｎsuｍergａdgeｔｓaｎdonｌiｎｅｓervicｅsaｒesmartｅrａnｄeaｓiｅrｔoｕsｅthanmｏstcｏmｐanｉｅs’ｓｙsｔｅｍs.Faｍiliaｒcｏｎｓｕmeｒpｒoｄuctsarebeingaｄopｔｅｄbyｂusinessｅs,ｇoｖernmenｔanｄthｅarmeｄforｃeｓ.Ｃompaniｅsareeｍpｌoyingiｎ-hｏuseｖｅｒsionsoｆFacebookaｎdｃreａtingtｈeirown“appstoｒeｓ”todelｉversoftwaｒetｏemｐloyeｅs．Doctoｒｓusetaｂｌetcｏｍｐｕtｅrsfortheirｗｏrkｉnhosｐitａls.Meanwｈiｌｅ,thenuｍberofconsumersｈungryfoｒsuchgadgｅｔsconｔiｎuｅstosｗelｌ.Apple’ｓproｄuctｓａrｅｎｏｗbeingsｎａｐpeduｐiｎＤeｌhiａndDalｉａｎjusｔａsinDubｌinaｎdDａllas.Ｍr．Jobshadaｒeputａtioｎasacontrolfreak(怪人）,aｎdhｉscｒiticscｏｍplainedtｈａｔtheprｏductsａndｓystemsｈｅdesiｇnedwerｅclosedanｄiｎｆｌexｉble,inthｅｎameofgreａｔerｅａseofuse.Yeｔｈealｓoempowereｄmｉllionｓｏfｐｅopleｂygiviｎgthemacｃesｓｔocutting-ｅdgｅtechnology.Ｈｉsinsiｓｔｅnｃeonpuｔtiｎgusersfirst,andfoｃusingoｎeleganceａndsimpｌiｃiｔy，hasbecomｅdeｅp－ｒｏoteｄiｎhisｏwnｃompａny，andisｓpｒｅaｄｉngtorivalfirｍstoｏ．ＩtisnoloｎgerjustatＡppｌethatｄesｉgｎerｓask：“WhａtwｏｕldStｅvｅJobsdo?”ＴheｇapbetweeｎApｐｌｅaｎdｏthertechfirｍsisoｎｌylikelytonaｒrow.Tｈｉsweek’sannoｕｎｃeｍeｎtofaｎewiＰhonebyamanagｅmeｎtteａmledbyTiｍＣook,whoｒｅplacedMr．ＪｏbsaｓchiｅfexecｕｔivｅｉnＡugusｔ,wasｇｅｎeraｌlyreｇardeｄaｓｃomｐetｅntbutuninｓpiring.WiｔhoｕtMr.Joｂstｏshoｗerhiｓstardustｏntｈｅｅvenｔ,ｉｔfeltliｋｅjuｓtaｎothｅrｐrodｕctlａunchfromjｕｓtaｎotｈeｒtｅchnoｌogｙｆｉrｍ.AtｔherecｅntunvｅｉlinｇofatablｅputeｒbｙJeｆｆBezosｏｆＡmａzoｎ,ｗhoｓｅcompanyisdoinｇthｅbｅstｊｏbｏｆｆollowｉngAppｌe’sleaｄinｃｏmbiｎｉngｈａrｄwａre,ｓoftwａrｅ,conｔentandｓervicｅsｉnaneａｓy-ｔo-usebundle,ｔhereｗereｓeveralａｔｔａcｋsatApｐｌe.ButbｙdoｉｎghiｓbesttｏimｉｔａtｅMr.Jobs,Mr.Ｂｅｚoｓalｓoflａtｔeredhｉm.WithMｒ.Ｊｏｂsｇone,Appleisｊｕstonｅｏfmａnｙtｅchnｏlｏgyｆirmｓtｒyingtoａrｏｕsehiｓunｃontrolｌａｂｌeｓpiritｉnnewprｏｄucts.Ｍr．JｏbswassaidbyａnenｇｉneeｒｉntheｅａrlyyeaｒｓoｆAppｌｅtｏeｍitａ“rｅａｌｉtyｄisｔoｒtioｎ（扭曲)fｉeld”,suｃhwerｅhｉspowersofpersｕaｓioｎ.Butｉntheendhecreatedareａlｉtyofｈiｓｏwｎ,chaｎｎelingｔhemagicofｃoｍｐutinｇduｃtsthatrｅｓｈapedenｔireindusｔrieｓ.Tｈeｍaｎwhosaiｄinhｉsyｏuthｔhathewanｔedto“putadiｎginｔheuniversｅ”didjusｔtｈaｔ.StｅｖeJｏbswaｓobsｅssedwithelegantandｕsｅr-ｆｒieｎdlyｇaｄgｅｔs,wｈichwashiｓgreａtｓtrengｔｈ.Inspitｅoftheuser-ｆｒiendｌｉｎessoｆApｐleｐｒoducｔs，cｒｉticscomplaiｎedtｈattheywｅreclosｅdaｎdiｎflexible.SｔevｅJobsｆulfilｌedhisｐrｏmiseandｈaｄｓuccｅedediｎreｄefininｇtheｐrｏdｕcｔsincｏmpｕterinｄuｓtries．SteveJobsstａrtedtheerａofpersoｎalteｃhnｏlogｙ,whichhasaｐｒofｏundimｐactoｎpeｏple’ｓｗayofliｆe．StevｅＪｏbsｗaｓthoughthighｌyofbyｌｅadｅrｓｏfmａnylargeｃompａｎｉeｓforhisachieｖementsanｄperｓoｎａlcｈaｒm．Iｎtｅgｒatinｇtｈｅeasy-to－ｕseelｅmenｔsｔoｔhｅｕtmost,AmazonhasbecomethｅbｅｓtAppｌeｆollowｅｒmａnytｅchnｏloｇｙｆirmｓ.Apｐle’sprodｕctｓareveｒypopularinmanｙiｎdustｒｉeｓaｎｄplaｃｅs,brinｇｉｎｇｍuchcomfｏrtaｎdconｖenｉｅncetｏpｅople’sliｆeａnｄwｏrk.Nooｎｅcａn