英汉语言对比与翻译(总结)

翻译欢迎光临Chapter4LinguisticDifferencebetweenEnglish-ChineseSummaryWhatIsLanguageTransfer?

Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviouslyacquired.Odlin(1989:27)

迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。

TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer (负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.

类推会产生错误。PositiveTransfer

（正迁移）

Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.

分析能减少错误。

KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.

对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。NegativeTransfer(负迁移):Interference(干扰)

Causes:analogicaluseofone’spriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母语先知结构的类推运用scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

1.Thewriterlikeswritingatlight(night).

Phonologicaltransfer(语音迁移)

Thesound/n/doesnotexistinsomeChinesedialectsand/l/servesasasubstitute. 在有些中国方言（如南京方言）中没有/n/这个辅音，而用/l/来替代。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

2.Heonlyeattwomealaday.

Morphologicaltransfer（词形迁移）

NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese.

在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

3.Shanghaiissaidtohavethirteenmillion

population.

Collocationtransfer

(搭配迁移)Thenounrenkou,

the

Chineseequivalentof‘population’,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.

Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

4.Hesuggestedmetoacceptthisoffer.

Syntacticaltransfer(句型迁移)Theverbjianyi,theChineseequivalentof‘suggest’,canbeusedinVOCpatterninChinese. Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

5.--YourEnglishiswonderful.--No,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.

Pragmatictransfer(语用迁移)

ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous. 对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer

(负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.

类推会产生错误。PositiveTransfer

（正迁移）

Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.

分析能减少错误。Wecouldturnnegativetransfer(interference)intopositive(facilitation)bymakinganalysisondifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandarousethelearner’sawarenessofavoidingorreducingerrorsfromanalogy.我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。

PartTwoAContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChinese英汉语对比研究Lackinginflectioninthestrictsense 缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们我的爸爸、你的妈妈认真的态度、 认真地学习Retainingsomeinflections保留一些形态变化v.（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）:number,case,genderpron.（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）:degreead.（副词）

:degreeChineseEnglish病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,butgoeslikereelingsilk.Thepositionwillnotbegivenupsolongaswearestillliving.人在阵地在。人无远虑，必有近忧。他人老心不老。Althoughhehasagedphysically,heremainsyoungatheart.Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.我来他已去。HehadleftwhenIarrived.(Condition条件)(Contrast,Opposition对照、转折)(TimeOrder时间先后)(Concession让步)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)Chinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion

树一棵树一棵大树一棵枝繁叶茂的大树校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树临港新城海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树

……English:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacockThisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatwasbuiltbyJack.…ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion狮子型语言EnglishEnglish:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型语言我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!”英语（视点固定)--汉语(视点游移）cancancancancan’tcan’tcan’tcan’t揍敢试瞧怕逃ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（视点流动）Englishfixedpointofsight（视点固定）Chinese:bamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式结构）从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。Thechunksofasentenceseemtobeconnectedandyetseparated,likesectionsofabamboolinkedbythejointsandyetrelativelyindependentandself-contained.English:tree-likesentencestructure

（树式结构）

Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,

Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead. --JimmyCarter

Branchesandsub-branches:AdverbialsandattributesTrunkline:S+V+(O)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式结构）

withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure

（树式结构）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunklineContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）

（语序相对固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（积木）（语序相对灵活）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion狮子型语言EnglishEnglish:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型语言ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（视点流动）Englishfixedpointofsight（视点固定）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式结构）

withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure

（树式结构）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunklineContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）

（语序相对固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（积木）（语序相对灵活）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseAstonishmentandevenhorroroppressedhim.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.Thesightofthebigtreealwaysremindsmeofmychildhood.他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。我一看到那棵大树就想起了童年的情景。Difference1English:Impersonal(物称)Chinese:Personal(人称)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheyarepaidforthis.Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,andtheproblemsolved.TabletennisisplayedalloverChina.Whyshouldalltheseunpleasantjobsbepushedontome?他们拿钱就是干这事的。困难克服了，问题也解决了。打乒乓球风靡中国。为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我？Difference2English:Passive(被动)Chinese:Active(主动)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseSheisthebesthaterI’veeverknown.Thereisacryingneedforanewremedy.Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal.我所认识的人中数她最会记仇。现在急需想出新法子来补救。要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。Difference3English:Static(静态)Chinese:Dynamic(动态)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese2.Theimageoftherollingwatercarryingthemanandhiscarawayinaninstantisstillimprintedonmymind.顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水连人带车一古脑儿都给冲走了。这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。Difference4English:Complex(繁复)Chinese:Simple(简明)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHewasimpressedbyDengXiaoping’sflexibility.Theireccentricityoftenmakesyoufrown.Westeppedontothemysteriouslandwithcautionanduneasiness.他对邓小平的灵活态度印象深刻。他们的古怪行为常常令人皱眉。我们怀着谨慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的国土。Difference5English:Abstract(抽象）Chinese:Concrete（具体）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseIfyoudon’tcompare,you’reinthedark,butthemomentyoudo,yougetashock.2.AsTomhasfailedtocomeduetohissuddenillness,wehavetoaskyoutotakehisplace.不比不知道，一比吓一跳。（比较：如果不比，你就不知道，一旦比了，你会吓一跳。）汤姆突然病了，没能来，我们只好请你顶他。（比较：因为汤姆突然病了，所以他没能来，因而我们只好请你顶他。）Difference6English:Hypotactic(形合)Chinese:Paratactic(意合)Explicitcohesion

（显性联接）Implicitcoherence

（隐性连贯）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHeisasmart,eloquent,uprightandwell-informedlawyer.2.Shewasanintelligent,attractiveandsomewhattemperamentaldaughterofawell-to-dodoctor.他是一位律师，脑子灵，口才好，为人正直，见多识广。他是一位律师，聪明、善辩、正直，而且有见识。她聪明、漂亮、爱耍点小脾气，是一个家道小康的医生的女儿。Difference7English:plainandChinese:rhythmicandfactualsymmetrical

（讲平实）（重韵律）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheonlookerseesmostofthegame.

旁观者看比赛更清楚。（当局者迷，旁观者清。）2.Incalamity,oneseesthe