心理学专业外语

心理学专业英语EnglishforPsychologyChaptertwo

ThepsychoanalyticapproachtopsychologyThepsychoanalyticapproachtopsychology

OriginsandhistoryAssumptionsMethodsofinvestigationAreasofexplanationPracticalapplicationsStrengthsWeaknesses（起源与历史）（理论假设）（调查方法）（阐释内容）（实际应用）（缺点）（优点）心理学的精神分析的研究方法Originsandhistory‘…Isetmyselfthetaskofbringingtolightwhathumanbeingskeephiddenwithinthem…thetaskofmakingconsciousthemosthiddenrecessesofthemindisonewhichitisquitepossibletoaccomplish.’SigmundFreud，1856-1939‘…Isetmyselfthetaskofbringingtolightwhathumanbeingskeephiddenwithinthem…thetaskofmakingconsciousthemosthiddenrecessesofthemindisonewhichitisquitepossibletoaccomplish.’揭露，发现，公开accomplish：完成，实现，达到recesses：深处，幽深处，隐秘处“……我致力于让人们认识被人们一直隐藏的东西……这个让人们意识到思想最深处（潜意识意识化）的任务是完全有可能实现的。”OriginsandhistoryThepsychoanalyticapproachwasstartedanddevelopedmainlybySigmundFreud,aViennesedoctorwhospecialisedinneurology.Freudbecameinterestedinhysteria-themanifestationofphysicalsymptomswithoutphysicalcauses-andbecameconvincedthatunconsciousmentalcauseswereresponsiblenotjustforthisdisorderbutforalldisordersandeven‘normal’personality.Freuddevelopedtechniquesfortreatingtheunconsciouscausesofmentaldisordersandbuiltupanunderlyingexplanatorytheoryofhowhumanpersonalityandabnormalitydevelopfromchildhood.

ThepsychoanalyticapproachwasstartedanddevelopedmainlybySigmundFreud,aViennesedoctorwhospecialisedinneurology.Viennese：维也纳的；维也纳人的；维也纳式的specialise：使专门化；限定……的范围；深入neurology：神经病学；神经学精神分析的研究方法主要是由在神经病学方面颇有造诣的维也纳医生西格蒙德·弗洛伊德创建并发展起来的。

Freudbecameinterestedinhysteria-themanifestationofphysicalsymptomswithoutphysicalcauses-andbecameconvincedthatunconsciousmentalcauseswereresponsiblenotjustforthisdisorderbutforalldisordersandeven‘normal’personality.hysteria：癔病，歇斯底里，癔症；不正常的兴奋manifestation：表现；显示；示威运动弗洛伊德对癔症很感兴趣，认为它是非生理原因造成的身体疾病的表现形式，并且他相信不仅是癔症还有其他的紊乱症状甚至是“常态”人格也是由无意识心理原因造成的。physical：物理的；身体的；物质的disorder：混乱；骚乱；失调Freuddevelopedtechniquesfortreatingtheunconsciouscausesofmentaldisordersandbuiltupanunderlyingexplanatorytheoryofhowhumanpersonalityandabnormalitydevelopfromchildhood.弗洛伊德发展出一种治疗技术，用于治疗由无意识引起的心理障碍。并且建立起一种深层的理论，用于解释人类的人格以及变态人格是如何从童年期发展而来的。underlying：潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的treat：治疗；对待；探讨mentaldisorder：神经错乱；精神病；心理障碍OriginsandhistoryFreud’stheoryandapproachwereinfluencedbythetechnologyofthetime（suchasthesteamengine）,andhisearlyworkwithCharcot,theParisianhypnotist,andBreuerthepioneerofthecatharticmethod.Freud’spsychoanalyticapproachhadagreatimpactonpsychologyandpsychiatry,andwasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyotherpsychoanalystssuchasJung,Adler,Klein，AnnaFreud（hisdaughter）,andErickson.Freud’stheoryandapproachwereinfluencedbythetechnologyofthetime（suchasthesteamengine）,andhisearlyworkwith

Charcot,theParisianhypnotist,andBreuerthepioneerofthecatharticmethod.steam：蒸汽的弗洛伊德的理论和方法受时代技术（如蒸汽机）和他与欧洲催眠师沙可、宣泄疗法先驱布洛伊尔的早期合作的影响。engine：引擎，发动机；机车，火车头；工具Parisian：巴黎的；巴黎人的hypnotist：施催眠术的人cathartic：导泻的；通便的；宣泄的Freud’spsychoanalyticapproachhadagreatimpactonpsychologyandpsychiatry,andwasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyotherpsychoanalystssuchasJung,Adler,Klein，AnnaFreud（hisdaughter）,andErickson.psychiatry：精神病学；精神病疗法psychoanalyst：精神分析学家；心理分析学家弗洛伊德的精神分析理论对心理学和精神病学产生了很大影响。并且由其他的一些精神分析学家，如：荣格、阿德勒、克莱因、安娜·弗洛伊德（他的女儿）以及埃里克森等，采用不同的方式对其进行了发展。AssumptionsPsychoanalysisproposes:Unconsciousprocesses-themajorcausesofbehaviourcomefromthatpartofthemindwhichwehavenodirectawarenessof.Psychicdeterminisim-allwesayanddohasacause（usuallyunconscious）,evenslipsofthetongueor‘Freudianslip’.Hydraulicdrives-behaviourismotivatedbythetwobasicinstinctualdrives,thesexdrivefromErosthelifeinstinct,andtheaggressiondrivefromThanatosthedeathinstinct.Thedrivescreatepsychicenergywhichwillbuildup（likesteaminasteamengine）andcreatetensionandanxietyifitcannotbereleasedinsomeform.Unconsciousprocesses-themajorcausesofbehaviourcomefromthatpartofthemindwhichwehavenodirectawarenessof.awareness：意识，认识；明白，知道无意识过程-行为的主要原因来自我们不能直接感知的那一部分意识。

Psychicdeterminism-allwesayanddohasacause（usuallyunconscious）,evenslipsofthetongueor‘Freudianslip’.psychic：精神的；心灵的；灵魂的；超自然的determinism：决定论slip：滑，滑倒；片，纸片；错误；下跌；事故tongue：舌头；语言Freudian：弗洛伊德的；弗洛伊德学说的心理决定论-我们的所有言行都是有原因的（通常是无意识的），甚至包括口误或者失言。

Hydraulicdrives-behaviourismotivatedbythetwobasicinstinctualdrives,thesexdrivefromErosthelifeinstinct,andtheaggressiondrivefromThanatosthedeathinstinct.hydraulic：液压的；水利的；水力学的drive：内驱力，推进力motivate：刺激；使有动力；激发……的积极性instinctual：本能的Eros：厄洛斯（爱神）instinct：本能，直觉；天性aggression：侵略；进攻；侵犯；侵害Thanatos：死的愿望；自我毁灭的本能；桑纳托斯（死神）流体动力驱力—行为主要由两种基本的本能驱力所激发的。性驱力来自厄洛斯（希腊爱神）的生的本能，侵略驱力来自桑纳托斯（希腊死神）的死的本能。Thedrivescreatepsychicenergywhichwillbuildup（likesteaminasteamengine）andcreatetensionandanxietyifitcannotbereleasedinsomeform.tension：张力，拉力；紧张，不安anxiety：焦虑；渴望；挂念release：释放；发射；让与这些驱力产生的心理能量将会不断累积（就像蒸汽机里的蒸汽一样），并且如果不以某种方式将这些积聚的心理能量释放出来，那么它将会导致紧张和焦虑。AssumptionsPsychoanalysisproposes:Psychodynamicconflict-differentpartsoftheunconsciousmindareinconstantstruggleastherationalegoandmoralisticsuperegoseektocontroltheidexpressingitssexualandaggressiveurges.Stagesofdevelopment-personalityisshapedasthedrivesaremodifiedbydifferentconflictsatdifferenttimesinchildhood.

Psychodynamicconflict-differentpartsoftheunconsciousmindareinconstantstruggleastherationalegoandmoralisticsuperegoseektocontroltheidexpressingitssexualandaggressiveurges.psychodynamic：心理动力的；精神动力的心理动力冲突—无意识的不同组成部分处于持续地斗争之中，正如理性自我和道德超我试图控制本我对于性欲和攻击欲望的表达。struggle：努力，奋斗；竞争urge：强烈的欲望，迫切要求；推动力Stagesofdevelopment-personalityisshapedasthedrivesaremodifiedbydifferentconflictsatdifferenttimesinchildhood.发展阶段—人格是由于驱力在童年期不同阶段的不同冲突被修改所形成的。shape：形成；塑造，使成形；使符合modify：修改，修饰；更改MethodsofinvestigationFreudusedthecasestudymethodwhentreatinghisclients（seeingthemindividuallyseveraltimesaweekformanymonths）,anddeeplyanalysedandinterpretedalltheysaidanddid.TwotechniquesFreudusedforinvestigatingtheunconsciouswere:Freeassociation-involvingtheuninhibitedexpressionofthoughtassociations,nomatterhowbizarreorembarrassing,fromtheclienttotheanalyst.Dreamanalysis-the’royalroadtotheunconscious’.Theanalystattemptstodecodethesymbolsandunravelthehiddenmeaning（thelatentcontent）ofadreamfromthedreamer’sreport（themanifestcontent）.Freudusedthecasestudymethodwhentreatinghisclients（seeingthemindividuallyseveraltimesaweekformanymonths）,anddeeplyanalysedandinterpretedalltheysaidanddid.TwotechniquesFreudusedforinvestigatingtheunconsciouswere:casestudy：个案研究client：客户；顾客；委托人弗洛伊德在治疗他的患者时（每个星期数次单独治疗患者并持续数月）使用个案研究法，同时深入分析解释患者的所有言行。弗洛伊德研究无意识所采用的两种技术是:

Freeassociation-involvingtheuninhibitedexpressionofthoughtassociations,nomatterhowbizarreorembarrassing,arre：奇异的embarrassing：使人尴尬的；令人为难的freeassociation：自由联想uninhibited：无拘束的；不受禁止的自由联想-让患者向心理分析者无拘束的表达联想到的内容，不管内容是如何奇异或多么令人窘迫。

Dreamanalysis-the’royalroadtotheunconscious’.Theanalystattemptstodecodethesymbolsandunravelthehiddenmeaning（thelatentcontent）ofadreamfromthedreamer’sreport（themanifestcontent）.dreamanalysis：梦的解析royal：皇家的；盛大的；女王的；高贵的；第一流的decode：译码，解码unravel：解开；阐明；解决；拆散梦的解析—“通向无意识的正统道路”。精神分析者旨在从梦者的报告（显梦或显意）中解释表征的现象，从而揭示梦中所隐藏的含义（隐梦或隐意）。latent：潜在的；潜伏的；隐藏的manifest：显然的；明显的；明白的AreasofexplanationFreudusedhistheorytoexplainavastnumberoftopics,suchas:Personalitydevelopment-duetofixation/defencemechanisms.Moral/genderdevelopment-theresultoftheOedipuscomplex.Aggression-causedbyhydraulicdrivesanddisplacement.Abnormality-theconsequenceofearlytraumaandrepression.Memory-Forgettingcausedbyrepression.+Slipsofthetongue,theshapingofcivilisationandcustoms,etc.Freudusedhistheorytoexplainavastnumberoftopics,suchas:Personalitydevelopment-duetofixation/defencemechanisms.Moral/genderdevelopment-theresultoftheOedipuscomplex.Fixation/defencemechanisms：固着/防御机制Oedipuscomplex：俄狄浦斯情结弗洛伊德运用他的理论解释了大量的论题，比如：人格发展-因固着/防御机制而形成。道德/性别发展-由俄狄浦斯情结导致的结果。Aggression-causedbyhydraulicdrivesanddisplacement.Abnormality-theconsequenceofearlytraumaandrepression.Memory-Forgettingcausedbyrepression.+Slipsofthetongue,theshapingofcivilisationandcustoms,etc.trauma：创伤repression：压抑攻击-由流体动力驱力和替代所致。变态-早期创伤和压抑的结果。记忆-由压抑导致的遗忘。口误，受文化和习俗的影响等。civilisation：文明；文化displacement：替代PracticalapplicationsThepurposeofpsychoanalysiswasasatherapytotreatmentaldisorder.Oncetheunconsciouscauseofdisorderwasidentifiedthroughdreaminterpretation,etc.,thenacurecouldbeeffectedthroughcatharsis-dischargingtherepressedemotionsassociatedwithproblemsbygettingthem‘outintheopen’tobediscussed/resolved.Thepurposeofpsychoanalysiswasasatherapytotreatmentaldisorder.Oncetheunconsciouscauseofdisorderwasidentifiedthroughdreaminterpretation,etc.,thenacurecouldbeeffectedthroughcatharsis-dischargingtherepressedemotionsassociatedwithproblemsbygettingthem‘outintheopen’tobediscussed/resolved.精神分析的目的是作为一种能治疗心理障碍的疗法。一旦心理障碍的无意识原因通过梦的解析等方法被鉴别出以后，伴随着问题的暴露，被压抑的情绪宣泄—释放出来，问题便得到了解决，那么治疗也就起到作用了。discharging:排出；卸货StrengthsFreud’sideasmadealargeimpactonpsychologyandpsychiatryandarestilldiscussedandusedtoday,arounda100yearsafterhestarteddevelopingthem.Freudregardedcasestudieslike‘LittleHans’and‘AnnaO’asfirmempiricalsupportforhistheory,andthoughthisbeliefindeteminismanddetailedcollectionofdatawerescientific.Freud’stheoryhashadsomeexperimentalsupportincertainareas,suchasrepressionandfixation.Psychoanalysishasenormousexplanatorypowerandhassomethingtosayonahugevarietyoftopics.Freud’sideasmadealargeimpactonpsychologyandpsychiatryandarestilldiscussedandusedtoday,arounda100yearsafterhestarteddevelopingthem.弗洛伊德的思想对心理学和精神病学产生了巨大影响，从弗洛伊德创立了该研究方法开始，到后来的大约100年里，直到今天，它一直被争论着并被使用着。Freudregardedcasestudieslike‘LittleHans’and‘AnnaO’asfirmempiricalsupportforhistheory,andthoughthisbeliefindeterminismanddetailedcollectionofdatawerescientific.弗洛伊德将像‘小汉斯’和‘安娜·欧’的个案研究看作是他理论的坚实的实证支持，并认为他所信仰的决定论和数据的详细收集是科学的。Freud’stheoryhashadsomeexperimentalsupportincertainareas,suchasrepressionandfixation.弗洛伊德的理论在某些领域已获得了一些实验支持，比如压抑和固着。Psychoanalysishasenormousexplanatorypowerandhassomethingtosayonahugevarietyoftopics.精神分析有巨大的解释能力，并且，对许多论题都有自己的见解。Weaknesses

Manypsychologiststodayrejectpsychoanalysisbecause:Ithasbeenaccusedofbeingunrefutable（incapableofbeingprovedwrong）andsotheoreticallyunscientific-itseemstoexplaineverythingbutpredictsverylittle.Freud’s