王文彬教授主题报告：授人以渔

授人以渔

北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心

王文斌

2014年7月长沙

I.授人以渔

授人以鱼,不如授人以渔——《老子》英语：1.Itisbettertoteachonetheskilloffishingthantoofferhimfish.2.Giveamanafish,andyouhavefedhimfortoday.Teachamantofish,andyouhavefedhimforalifetime.主旨：（1）Toteachastudenthowtofishismuchmoreimportantthantogivehimfish.

（2）Toteach“how”ismuchmoreimportantthantoteach“what”.

1.唐代韩愈《师说》：“古人学者必有师，师者，

所以传道授业解惑也。”传道：传授道理授业：教授学业解惑：解释疑难2.传道授业解惑新解道：方法、办法、技术，如门道、医道、生财有道等。惑：心疑不定；对方法感到疑惑。如智者不惑。

惑常缘于不得要领。业：学习的功课。如学业、毕业、业精于勤等。

教师的要责：传学业之法，授学业之精，解学业

之惑。

II.为人师者，传道乎？解惑乎？

III．外语教师的学业功力

教与学的关键，就是要“教要领”、“学要领”；专业的教与学同样需要“教专业要领”、“学专业要领”，而“得专业要领”就是“得专业能力”。教外语，主要还是要教语言。在此主要谈谈教师在语言方面的功力，涉及9个方面：1.音系知识co-：col-

com-con-cor-col-:

以“l”为首字母的词或词根时，“co-”遂变成“col-”，如

“collocate”等com-:

以“m”、“b”或“p”为首字母的词或词根，这一前缀遂变为

“com-”，如“community”、“combine”和“compete”等。con-:粘附于以“n”、“c”、“d”、“f”、“g”、“j”、“q”、

“s”、“t”或“v”为首字母的词或词根，那么就变为“con-”，

如“connect”、“concours”、“condense”、“confirm”、

“congenial”、“conjoin”、“conquest”、“consolidate”、

“context”和“conversation”等；cor-:粘附于以“r”为首字母的词或词根，那就变为“cor-”，如

“correlation”等；co-:

在以其他任何字母为首字母的词或词根前，这一前缀保持“co-”这

一形式，如“cooperate”和“co-author”等。1.音系知识

“U”字母的添加:fable+ous →fabulous（极好的）

scruple+ous→scrupulous（有顾忌的）angle+ar →angular（有角的）

triangle+ar →triangular（三角的）particle+ar →particular（特定的）

spectacle+ar →spectacular（壮观的）

与语音相关的汉译英（汉语的双音化）：长江：theYangtzeRiver,theChangjiangRiver国名：泰国、英国、越南、瑞典县名：保定市：易县、雄县；邯郸市：涉县、邱县、魏县；沧

州市：沧县、青县、献县

2.词汇知识

（1）及物动词+-abletrain → trainableaccept →acceptableoperate →separate →educate →eradicate →differentiate→

2.词汇知识

单调的：monotonous：mono-tone-ous荒谬的：nonsensical：non-sense-ical自传作家：autobiographer：auto-bio-graph-er自行车：bicycle独轮车：monocycle三轮车：tricycle

3.词义知识

仰卧：脸朝上tolieonone’sback俯卧：脸朝下tolieonone’sstomach侧卧：以身体一侧躺着tolieonone’sside电话：tele+phone（远声）；彩虹：rain+bow（雨弓）Story：

（1）Thewarhasbecomethemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.（事件）

（2）Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.（内情）

（3）He’llbeveryhappyifthatstoryholdsup.（说法）

（4）AyoungmancametoScotti’sofficewithastory.

（案情）3.词义知识反义词：

赢败英国队打赢了美国队。英国队打败了美国队。4.句法知识(1)JohnthinksthatWilliampraiseshimself.(2)小李认为小张表扬了自己。(3)JohnwantsWilliamtorespecthimself.(4)小李要小张尊重自己。

wantto=wanna?(5)Theywanttogo.→Theywannago.(6)Whodoyouwanttobeat?Whodoyouwannabeat?(7)Whodoyouwanttogo?*Whodoyouwannago?

4.句法知识(8)动词FIND的句法行为：(8.1)find+NP(8.2)find+thatclause(8.3)find+NP+(tobe)+NP(8.4)find+NP+(tobe)+AP(8.5)find+NP+(tobe)+PP(8.6)find+NP+(tobe)+pastparticiple(8.7)find+NP+(tobe)+presentparticiple4.句法知识（9）praisesb.forsth.类似的动词有：blame,criticize,scold,reproach,thank,punish,reprimand,excuse,forgive,reward，等（10）begratefulthankful)tosb.forsth.

（11）besymbolicofsth.beindicativeofbesuggestiveofbeemblematicofberepresentativeof

（1a）Theyloadedhayontothetruck.（1b）Theyloadedthetruckwithhay.（1a)的同义替换：Theyputaloadofhayontothecart.Aloadofhaywasputontothecart.Thecartwasputontoaloadofhay.

（1b）的同义替换： Theyfilledthecartwithhay. Thecartwasfilledwithhay. Thecartwasloadedwithhay.5.句法语义5.句法语义（2）ItaughtEnglishtoWilliam.ItaughtWilliamEnglish.(closer,moredirect.)（3）Ifoundthatthechairwascomfortable.Ifoundthechaircomfortable.(closer,moredirect.)

(4)DRINKHedrankhimselfsleepy.5.句法语义(5)KICKThehorsekicked.Thehorsekickedtheball.Thehorsekickedtheballintothebasket.Thehorsekickedmetheball.Thehorsekickedhiswayoutoftheplayground.(6)LAUGHWelaughedheroutoftheclassroom.(7)TICKTheclocktickedthebabyawake.5.句法语义

（8）HIT,BREAK

(8a)Johnhitthebottle.

(8b)Johnbrokethebottle.

(8c)Thebottlehit.

(8d)Thebottlebroke.

(8e)Johnhitmeonthenose.

(8f)Johnbrokemeonthenose

HIT:strike,punch,pat

BREAK:crash,smash,shatter

6.文体知识（1a）Hisbelovedfatherhasjoinedtheheavenlychoir.（1b）Hisdearfatherhaspassedaway.（1c）Hisfatherhasdied.（1d）Hisoldmanhaskickedthebucket.

(2a)Thenatureofhisstatementwasnotinaccordancewiththefacts.(2b)Hisstatementwasnottrue.(2c)Thefactsdisprovedhisstatement.

6.文体知识(3a)Idesiretoexploreyourfeelingsconcerningthelecture.(3b)I’dliketohaveyourideasaboutthetalk.(3c)Whatdoyouthinkofthetalk?Howdoyoulikethetalk?

6.文体知识(4a)Expectorationisforbidden.(4b)Pleasedonotspit.

(5a)Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenthome.(5b)Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewenthome.7.句型转换

Isawacarmovingrapidly.(1)Isawtherapidmovementofacar.(2)WhatIsawwastherapidmovementofacar.(3)TherapidmovementofacarwaswhatIsaw.(4)ItwasacarthatIsawmovingrapidly.(5)Isawthemovementofacarwasrapid.(6)Isawacarmoveswithrapidity.(7)ItwastherapidityofthemovementofacarthatIsaw.(8)WhatIsawwastherapidityofthemovementofacar.(9)ItwasIwhosawtherapidmovementofacar.(10)Therapidityofthemovementofacarwasseenbyme.7.句型转换(11)Therapidmovementofacarwasseenbyme.(12)ThethingthatIsawwasacarmovingrapidly.(13)AcarthatIsawwasmovingrapidly.(14)AcarthatIsawwasinarapidmovement.(15)AcarthatIsawwasmovingwithrapidity.(16)ThemovementofacarthatIsawwasrapid.(17)Isawthewayacarmovedwasrapid.(18)Thewaythatacarmovedrapidlywasseenbyme.(19)Acarmovingrapidlywasseenbyme.(20)Acarseenbymewasmovingrapidly.(21)Acarseenbymewasinarapidmovement.8.英汉互译

8.英汉互译

8.英汉互译8.英汉互译（1）凭本券用餐，隔日作废。Withthislistmeals,thenextdaycanceled.(Thecouponisrequiredwhentakingmeal.Itexpiresifitisnotusedtoday.)（2）老弱病残孕专座。Specialforoldsickweakorpregnant.（3）请讲普通话PleaseMandarin（4）禁止下水、戏水Forbidwatertolaunch,playwith.（5）请带好自己的物品，到室外整理。Pleasetakeyourbelongingsoutsideforpackup.

8.英汉互译

汉语句子喜短不喜长。（1）我们的干部基本上是好的，或者是比较好的。*Ourgovernmentofficersarebasicallygood,orbetter.（2）你不能这样做，老师看见会说的。Youcan’tdoitthisway.Ourteacherwillblameyouifheseesit.

（3）Ifyoudon’tdoit,I’lldoit.

如果你不做，那么我做。

你不做我做。

（4）道路是屈折的，前途是光明的。

（5）你早到等我，我早到等你。(4)Herfaceburntwithshame.

她的脸因羞愧而发烧。

她羞得脸上发烧。8.英汉互译(5a)他很高兴地玩儿。(5b)Heisplayingveryhappily.(6a)他玩儿得很高兴。(6b)Heisveryhappyfromplaying.

8.英汉互译(7)Pricesaresubjecttovariationwithoutnotice.

价格若有变动，不再另行通知。(8)Shegazedruefullyinthemirrorforhergrayinghair.

她凝视着镜子中自己日渐花白的头发，不禁感慨万千。(9)他激动得两眼闪光。 Hiseyesshonewithexcitement.(10)从山顶俯瞰，城市美丽的景色尽收眼底。 Thetopofthemountainoffersabeautifulpanoramaofthecity.(11)他好逞强，所以人缘不好。Hemadehimselfunpopularbybeingpushy.9.认知语言学知识

概念隐喻（conceptualmetaphor）EMOTIONISFIRE/HEAT(1)Hewasonfirewithemotion.(2)Theywerehotwithemotion.(3)Theeventskindledseveralemotionsinhim.(4)Iamburningwithemotion.

ANARGUMENTISAJOURNEY(1)Wehavesetouttoprovethatbatsarebirds.(2)Whenwegettothenextpoint,weshallseethatphilosophyisdead.(3)Sofar,we’veseenthatnocurrenttheorieswillwork.(4)Wewillgooninastep-by-stepway.(5)Ourgoalistoshowthatcognitivelinguisticsiseffectiveinanalyzinglanguages.(6)Thisobservationpointsthewaytoanelegantsolution.(7)Wehavearrivedatadisturbingconclusion.9.认知语言学知识ANARGUMENTISACONTAINER（1）Yourargumentdoesn’thavemuchcontent.（2）Thatargumenthasholesinit.（3）Youdon’thavemuchofanargument,buthisobjectionshaveevenlesssubstance.（4）I’mtiredofyouremptyarguments.（5）Yourargumentwon’tholdwater.

9.认知语言学知识IDEASAREFOOD（1）Whathesaidleftabadtasteinmymouth.（2）Allthispaperhasinitarerawfacts,half-bakedideas,andwarmed-overtheories.（3）Therearetoomanyfactshereformetodigestthemall.（4）Ijustcan’tswallowthatclaim.（5）Thatargumentsmellsfishy.（6）Letmestewoverthatforawhile.（7）Nowthere’satheoryyoucanreallysinkyourteethinto.（8）Weneedtoletthatideapercolateforawhile.（9）That’sfoodforthought.（10）He’savoraciousreader.（11）Wedon’tneedtospoon-feedourstudents.（12）Hedevouredthebook.（13）Let’sletthatideasimmeronthebackburnerforawhile.（14）Thisisthemeatypartofthepaper.Letthatideajellforawhile.

（15）Thatideahasbeenfermentingforyears.9.认知语言学知识IDEASAREPEOPLE（1）Thetheoryofrelativitygavebirthtoanenormousnumberofideasinphysics.（2）Heisthefatherofmodernbiology.（3）Whosebrainchildwasthat?（4）Lookatwhathisideashavespawned.（5）ThoseideasdiedoffintheMiddleAges.（6）Hisideaswillliveonforever.（7）Cognitivepsychologyisstillinitsinfancy.（8）That’sanideathatoughttoberesurrected.（9）Where’dyoudigupthatidea?（10）Hebreathednewlifeintothatidea.

9.认知语言学知识IDEASAREPLANTS（1）Hisideashavefinallycometofruition.（2）Thatideadiedonthevine.（3）That’sabuddingtheory.（4）Itwilltakeyearsforthatideatocometofullflower.（5）Heviewschemistryasamereoffshootofphysics.（6）Mathematicshasmanybranches.（7）Thatseedsofhisgreatideaswereplantedinhisyouth.（8）Shehasafertileimagination.（9）Here’sanideathatI’dliketoplantinyourmind.（10）Hehasabarrenmind.9.认知语言学知识IDEASAREFASHIONS（1）Thatideawentoutofstyleyearsago.（2）Ihearsociobiologyisinthesedays.（3）MarxismiscurrentlyfashionableinwesternEurope.（4）Thatideaisoldhat!（5）That’sanoutdatedidea.（6）WhatarethenewtrendsinEnglishcriticism?（7）Old-fashionednotionshavenoplaceintoday’ssociety.（8）Hekeepsup-to-datebyre