The Digestive System全文完整翻译

全文翻译全文翻译IntroductionThedigestiveorgastrointestinaltract(GItract)beginswiththemouth,wherefoodentersthebody,andendswiththeanus,wheresolidwastematerialleavesthebody.IItcontainstheorgansinvolvedintheingestionandothercomponentsinvolvedinthedigestionoffood.Theorgansknownastheaccessorydigestiveglandsaretheliver,gallbladderandpancreas,whichaidintheprocessingoffoodandnutrients.Othercomponentsincludethemouth.salivaryglands,tongue,teethandepiglottis.Theprimaryfunctionsofthedigestivesystemare:ingestion,digestion,absorptionandelimination.(GI从食物进入身体的口腔开始，到固体废物离开身体的肛门结束。它:摄取、消化、吸收和消除。AnatomyandPhysiologyofDigestiveSystemTheTeethTheteetharehardorgansfoundalongtheanteriorandlateraledgesofthemouth.Eachtoothismadeofabone-likesubstancecalleddentinandcoveredinalayerofenamel-thehardestsubstanceinthebody.Theteetharedesignedforcuttingandgrindingfoodintosmallerpiecesandarenamedaftertheirparticularrolesintheprocessofmasticationincisorsforcuttingorbitingoffpiecesoffood;caninesfortearing;premolarsandmolarsforchewingandgrinding.消化系统的解剖学和生理学牙齿是位于口腔前部和外侧边缘的硬器官。每颗牙齿都是由一种叫做牙本质的类骨物质组的碎片，并根据它们在咀嚼过程中的特殊作用而命名：用于撕裂的犬齿;前臼齿和用于咀嚼和研磨的臼齿。TheTongueThetongueislocatedontheinferiorportionofthemouthjustposteriorandmedialtotheteethItiscoveredbymanyroughpapillaeforgrippingfoodasitismovedbythetongue'smuscles.Italsohelpstopushfoodtowardtheposteriorpartofthemouthforswallowing.肌肉移动时用来抓取食物。它也有助于把食物推向口腔后部吞咽。ThePalateThepalateishardatthefrontofthemouthsincetheoverlyingmucosaliscoveringaplateofbone;beingmadeofmuscleandconnectivetissue,itissofterandmorepliableattheback,anditcanmovetoswallowfoodandliquids.Thesoftpalateendsattheuvula.Posteriorlyitisconnectedwiththemucousmembranecoveringthefloorofthenasalcavity.在鼻腔底部的粘膜相连。TheSalivaryGlandsThesalivaryglandsplayanimportantroleinthemaintenanceofdentalhealthandgeneralmouthlubrication.Therearethreepairsofmainsalivaryglandsandbetween800and1,000minorsalivaryglands,allofwhichmainlyservethedigestiveprocess,withoutwhichspeechwouldbeimpossible.1000个次要唾液腺，它们主要用于消化过程，没有它们就不可能说话TheEsophagusTheesophagus,amusculartubeconnectingthepharynxtothestomach,carriesswallowedmassesofchewedfoodalongitslength,whichispartoftheupperGItract.Attheinferiorendoftheesophagusisamuscularringcalledtheloweresophagealsphincterorcardiacsphincter,thefunctionofwhichistocloseofftheendoftheesophagusandsqueezefoodinthestomach.食道末端，挤压胃中的食物。ThestomachThestomachisaJ-shapedorganjoinedtotheesophagusatitsupperendandtotheduodenumatitslowerend.Inanaverageperson,thestomachisaboutthesizeoftheirtwofistsplacednexttoeachother.Itisdividedintofoursections:cardiacregion,fundus,bodyorcorpusandpyloricregion.Gastricacidplaysavitalroleinthedigestiveprocess.Asthesechemicalswoulddamagethestomachwall,mucusissecretedbyinnumerablegastricglandsinthestomach,toprovideaslimyprotectivelayeragainstthedamagingeffectsofthechemicals.Meanwhiletheproteinisbeingdigested,mechanicalchurningoccursthroughperistalsis,wavesofmuscularcontractionsthatmovealongthestomachwall.Thisallowsthemassoffoodtofurthermixwiththedigestiveenzymes.Thepylorusorpyloricregioncontainscountlessglandswhichsecretedigestiveenzymesincludinggastrin.Afteranhourortwoofdigestion,athicksemi-liquidcalledchymeisproduced.Whenthepyloricsphincter,orvalveopens,chymeenterstheduodenumwhereitmixesfurtherwithdigestiveenzymesfromthepancreas,andthenpassesthroughthesmallintestine,wheredigestioncontinues.胃是一个j形的器官，其上端与食道相连，下端与十二指肠相连。一般人的胃大约是两个紧TheSmallIntestineThesmallintestineismainlyresponsibleforabsorptionofthenutrients.ThelowerGItract,includingthesmallintestineandthelargeintestine,startsatthepyloricsphincterofthestomachandfinishesattheanus.Itisalong,thintubeabout3cmindiameterandabout5to7mlong.Itislocatedjustinferiortothestomachandtakesupmostofthespaceintheabdominalcavity.Theentiresmallintestineiscoiledlikeahoseandtheinsidesurfaceisfullofmanyridgesandfoldswhichareusedtomaximizethedigestionoffoodandabsorptionofnutrients.Whenfoodleavesthesmallintestine,around90%ofallnutrientshavebeenextracted.Thesmallintestineissubdividedintotheduodenum,thejejunumandtheileum.Theduodenum,ahollow,jointedC-shapedtubeconnectingthestomachtothejejunum,isthefirstandshortestsectionofthesmallintestine.Thejejunumcontainscircularfolds,flapsofdoubledmucosalmembranewhichpartiallyandsometimescompletelyencirclethelumenoftheintestine.Thesefoldsandvilliservetoincreasethesurfaceareaofthejejunum,enablinganincreasedabsorptionofdigestedsugars,aminoacidsandfattyacidsintothebloodstream.Thecircularfoldsalsoslowthepassageoffood,givingmoretimefornutrientstobeabsorbed.Thefinal,longest,andnarrowestsectionofthesmallintestineistheileum.Itsfunctionistoabsorbnutrientsfromfoodthathasbeendigestedinthestomachandtheduodenumandthejejunum.35790%c形中空管，是小肠的第一段，也是最短的一能是从食物中吸收已经在胃、十二指肠和空肠消化的食物中吸收营养物质。TheLargeIntestineThelargeintestine,along,thicktubeabout6cmindiameterandabout1.5mlong,islocatedjustinferiortothestomachandwrapsaroundthesuperiorandlateralborderofthesmallintestine.Itabsorbswaterandcontainsmanysymbioticbacteriathataidinthebreakingdownofwastestoextractsomesmallamountsofnutrients.Itisdividedintofiveparts:cecum,appendix,colon,rectumandanalcanal.Thececumisashort,pouch-likeregionofthelargeintestinethatdescendsfromtheunionoftheileumandthelargeintestine.Itassistsintheformationoffeces:receivingchymefromthelastpartofthesmallintestineandconnectingtotheascendingcolonofthelargeintestine.Itisalsothesiteoftheappendixattachment.Thecolonhasfourdivisions.Intheascendingcolon,bacteriadigestthetransitoryfecalmatterinordertoreleasevitamins.Theintestinalwallabsorbswater,nutrients,andvitaminsfromthefecesanddepositsthesematerialsintoourbloodstream.Thetransversecolonisthelongestregionofthecolonandislocatedbetweentheascendingcolonanddescendingcolon.Itisnamedforthefactthatitcrossestheabdominalcavitytransverselyfromtherightsidetoleftsidejustbelowthestomach.Muchoftheabsorptionandfecesformationtakesplaceinthetransversecolon,makingitaveryimportantregionofthedigestivesystem.Thedescendingcolonisthethirdandpenultimatesegmentofthecolon.Ittransportsfecesfromthetransversecoloninferiorlyalongtheleftsideoftheabdominalcavitytothesigmoidcolon.Thewallsofitabsorbwateraswellasremainingnutrientsandvitaminsfromthefeces,depositingthesevaluablesubstancesintoourbloodstream.Thesigmoidcolonisacurved,S-shapedregionandisthefinalsegmentofthecolon.Ittransportsfecalmatterfromthedescendingcolontotherectumandanus.Fecesarestoredinthesigmoidcolonuntiltheyarereadytobeeliminatedfromthebodythroughtheanalcanal.Theintestinalwallofthesigmoidcolonalsoplaysasmallroleintheabsorptionofwater,nutrientsandvitaminsfromfeces.Rectumisashort,musculartubethatformsthelowestpartofthelargeintestineandconnectsittotheanus.Theanalcanalisbetweenrectumandanus.Itisopenonlyduringdefecation;atothertimesitiskeptclosedbythemusclesoftheanalsphincter.大肠是一根长而粗的管，直径约6厘米，长约1.5米，位于胃的正下方，环绕着小肠的上缘和外侧缘。它吸收水分，并含有许多共生细菌，帮助分解废物，提取少量营养物质。:从值的物质储存到我们的血液中。乙状结肠是一个弯曲的sTheLiverTheliverisaroughlytriangularaccessoryorganlocatedtotherightofthestomach,justinferiortothediaphragmandsuperiortothesmallintestine.Itweighsabout3poundsandisthesecondlargestorganinthebody.Theliverhasmanydifferentfunctionsinthebody,butthemajorfunctionoftheliverindigestionistheproductionofbileanditssecretionintothesmallintestine.重约3TheGallbladderThegallbladder,asmall,pear-shapedorganlocatedjustposteriortotheliver,whichisusedtostoreandrecycleexcessbilefromthesmallintestinesothatitcanbereusedforthedigestionofsubsequentmeals.后续食物的消化。ThePancreasThepancreasisalargeglandlocatedjustinferiorandposteriortothestomach.Itisabout6incheslongandshapedlikeshort,lumpysnakewithits"head"connectedtotheduodenumandits"tail"pointingtotheleftwalloftheabdominalcavity.Thepancreassecretesdigestiveenzymesintothesmallintestinetocompletethechemicaldigestionoffoods.重点句式6重点句式ShapeThestomachisaJ-shapedorganjoinedtotheesophagusatitsupperendandtotheduodenumatitslowerend.胃是一个j形的器官，其上端与食管相连，下端与十二指肠相连。Theduodenum,ahollow,jointedC-shapedtubeconnectingthestomachtothejejunum,isthefirstandshortestsectionofthesmallintestine.十二指肠是连接胃和空肠的C形中空管，是小肠的第一段，也是最短的一段。Thececumisashort,pouch-likeregionofthelargeintestinethatdescendsfromtheunionoftheileumandthelargeintestine.盲肠是大肠的一个小的袋状区域，从回肠和大肠的连接处向下延伸。ThesigmoidcolonisacurvedS-shapedregionandisthefinalsegmentofthecolon.乙状结肠是一个弯曲的sTheliverisaroughlytriangularaccessoryorganlocatedtotherightofthestomach,justinferiortothediaphragmandsuperiortothesmallintestine.肝脏是一个大致呈三角形的附属器官，位于胃的右侧，仅次于横膈膜和小肠以上。Thegallbladder,asmall,pear-shapedorganlocatedjustposteriortotheliver,whichisusedtostoreandrecycleexcessbilefromthesmallintestinesothatitcanbereusedforthedigestionofsubsequentmeals.再用于消化随后的食物。FormItisdividedintofoursectionscardiacregionfundusbodyorcorpusandpyloricregion.胃分为四个部分：幽门区，胃底，胃体和胃窦。ThelowerGItract,includingthesmallintestineandthelargeintestine,startsatthepyloricsphincterofthestomachandfinishesattheanus.下消化道，包括小肠和大肠，起于胃的幽门括约肌，止于肛门。Thesmallintestineissubdividedintotheduodenumthejejunumandtheileum.小肠又细分为十二指肠、空肠和回肠。Thejejunumcontainscircularfolds,flapsofdoubledmucosalmembranewhichpartiallyandsometimescompletelyencirclethelumenoftheintestine.空肠有环状襞,双层粘膜瓣部分,部分或有时完全包围肠腔。Itisdividedintofivepartscecum,appendixcolonrectumandanalcanal.大肠分为盲肠、阑尾、结肠、直肠、肛管五个部分。Rectumisashort,musculartubethatformsthelowestpartofthelargeintestineandconnectsittotheanus.直肠是一个短的肌肉管，形成大肠的最低部，并连接肛门。Othercomponentsincludethemouthsalivaryglandstongueteethandepiglottis.其他组成成分包括嘴，唾液腺，舌头，牙齿和会厌。Thesalivaryglandsplayanimportantroleinthemaintenanceofdentalhealthandgeneralmouthlubrication.它是由肌肉和结缔组织组成的，背部更柔软、更柔韧，可以移动来吞咽食物和液体Theesophagus,amusculartubeconnectingthepharynxtothestomach,carriesswallowedmassesofchewedfoodalongitslength,whichispartoftheupperGItract.大量咀嚼过的食物。FunctionAsthesechemicalswoulddamagethestomachwall,mucusissecretedbyinnumerablegastricglandsinthestomach,toprovideaslimyprotectivelayeragainstthedamagingeffectsofthechemicals.化学物质的破坏作用。Thepylorusorpyloricregioncontainscountlessglandswhichsecretedigestiveenzymesincludinggastrin.幽门或幽门区含有无数腺体，它们分泌包括促胃液素在内的消化酶。Theentiresmallintestineiscoiledlikeahoseandtheinsidesurfaceisfullofmanyridgesandfoldswhichareusedtomaximizethedigestionoffoodandabsorptionofnutrients.养物质。Thesmallintestineismainlyresponsibleforabsorptionofthenutrients.小肠主要负责吸收营养物质。Thesefoldsandvilliservetoincreasethesurfaceareaofthejejunum,enablinganincreasedabsorptionofdigestedsugars,aminoacidsandfattyacidsintothebloodstream.这些褶皱和绒毛的作用是增加空肠的表面积，从而促进血液中糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸的吸收。Itsfunctionistoabsorbnutrientsfromfoodthathasbeendigestedinthestomachandtheduodenumandthejejunum.回肠的功能是从食物中吸收已经在胃、十二指肠和空肠消化的食物中吸收营养物质。Itabsorbswaterandcontainsmanysymbioticbacteriathataidinthebreakingdownofwastestoextractsomesmallamountsofnutrients.大肠吸收水分，并含有许多共生细菌，帮助分解废物，提取少量营养物质。Itassistsintheformationoffeces.回肠可以帮助促进粪便的形成。Theintestinalwallabsorbswater,nutrients,andvitaminsfromthefecesanddepositsthesematerialsintoourbloodstream.肠壁从粪便中吸收水分、营养物质和维生素，并将这些物质运送到我们的血液中。Theorgansknownastheaccessorydigestiveglandsaretheliver,gallbladderandpancreas,whichaidintheprocessingoffoodandnutrients.被称为附属消化腺的器官是肝脏、胆囊和胰腺，它们帮助消化食物和营养物质。Theprimaryfunctionsofthedigestivesystemare:ingestion,digestion,absorptionandelimination.消化系统的主要功能有:摄取、消化、吸收和消除。Itiscoveredbymanyroughpapillaeforgrippingfoodasitismovedbythetongue'smuscles.Italsohelpstopushfoodtowardtheposteriorpartofthemouthforswallowing.它被许多粗糙的乳头覆盖，当它被舌头的肌肉移动时用来抓取食物。它也有助于把食物推向口腔后部吞咽。Thesalivaryglandsplayanimportantroleinthemaintenanceofdentalhealthandgeneralmouthlubrication.它是由肌肉和结缔组织组成的，背部更柔软、更柔韧，可以移动来吞咽食物和液体。allofwhichmainlyservethedigestiveprocesswithoutwhichspeechwouldbeimpossible.它们主要用于消化过程，没有它们就不可能说话。thefunctionofwhichistocloseofftheendoftheesophagusandsqueezefoodinthestomach.食管括约肌其作用是关闭食道末端，挤压胃中的食物。PositionItislocatedjustinferiortothestomachandtakesupmostofthespaceintheabdominalcavity.它位于胃的下方，占据