Week Five 美国历史第五周

WeekFive美国历史第五周

美国历史第四讲（2011-03-24）

Chapter18AgeoftheCity

1860---20%urbanpeople1860-1910urbanplacesfrom392to2,200WhatbroughtmillionsofpeopletothecitiesoftheUSinthoseyears?Howdidtheyprosperintheirnewhomes?ChapterReviewDuringtheGildedAgethenumberofcitiesinAmericagrewrapidly,andsodidthepopulationofindividualcities.duetoruralAmericansmovingfromthefarmsandvillagestothecitywelcomethenewarrivals?seenasalien(老外)incustomandinlanguagenon-northernEuropeansasinferiortosuggestliteracytest(文化考试)forincomingimmigrantsChineseexcludedin1882fromimmigration----thebill“ChineseExclusionAct1882”排华法案Immigration

1600-1790

TheimmigrantsfromGerman-speakingarea,France,theNetherlandsJewsfromtheNetherlandsandfromPolandimmigrantsfromtheBritishIsles,withEnglish,Scottish,Welsh,andIrishgravitatingThefirstEnglishcolonyin1607inJamestown,VirginiaBetween250,000and400,000Scots-IrishtoAmericainthe18thcenturyportareabeforeactuallyshippingout.

millionofimmigrantsHistoriansestimatethatfewerthan1millionimmigrants–perhapsasfewas400,000–crossedtheAtlanticduringthe17thand18thcenturies.Relativelyfew18th-centuryimmigrantscamefromEngland:Inaddition,betweenthe17thand19thcenturies,anestimated645,000AfricanswerebroughttowhatisnowtheUnitedBetween1850and1930about5millionGermansimmigratedtotheUnitedStateswithapeakintheyearsbetween1881and1885settledmostlyintheMidwest3.5millionBritishand4.5millionIrishenteredAmericaNativism(P.434)IntheUnitedStates,anti-immigrationviewshavealonghistory.ForawhileBenjaminFranklinhostiletoGermansincolonialPennsylvaniaTheprecedingpresident,JohnAdamslimitedtheabilityofimmigrants,especiallyradicalsfromFranceandIreland

Nativismmeansthosedescendedfromtheinhabitantsoftheoriginal13Englishcolonies.

nativistsobjectedprimarilytoIrishRomanCatholicsbecauseoftheirloyaltytothePopeandalsobecauseoftheirsupposedrejectionofrepublicanismasanAmericanidealIrishCatholicsAfter1840,IrishCatholicsarrivinginlargenumbersaswell,largelydrivenbyTheGreatHunger,aterriblefaminesome250,000peopleleftIrelandtosettleintheNewWorldalone,overaperiodofsome50yearsunlikesimilaremigrationthroughoutworldhistory,Irishwomenemigratedjustasoften,justasearly,andinthesamenumbersasmenTheIrishimmigrantsofthe1840sand1850sFrom1847to1854,over1.25millionIrishpeoplemovedtotheUnitedStatestoescapethefamineEasternEuropeansAfter1870Italians,Greeks,Hungarians,Poles,andothersspeakingSlaviclanguagesconstitutedthebulkofthismigrationand2.5to4millionJews"FromtheOldtotheNewWorld"showsGermanemigrantsboardingasteamerinHamburg,toNewYork.Harper’sWeekly,(NewYork)November7,1874theimmigrantsfromnorthernEuropeanregionssuchasEngland,ScandinaviaandGermanyFrenchCanadiansBetween1840and1930,about900,000FrenchCanadiansleftQuebectoimmigratetotheUnitedStatesandsettle,mainlyinNewEngland.GoldRush淘金热By1849,peoplecomingtoCaliforniafromallovertheworldtolookforgoldcausedahugeincreaseinCalifornia'spopulationabout80,000gold-seekershopingtostrikeitrichthesemigrantsknownas"forty-niners"49年人NearlyeightypercentoftheseAmericansfromtheeast

Thefirstpeopletorushtothegoldfields1848theresidentsofCaliforniaEuropeanslivinginNorthernCalifornia,NativeAmericans

some

Spanish-speakingCaliforniansGoldminersexcavateariverbedChineseImmigrantsBetween1849and1853,about24,000youngChinesementoCalifornianotwelcomedplacedahighmonthlytaxonthemthetargetsofviolentattacksintheminingcampsThelegalsystemfavoredAmericansoverChineseandotherimmigrantsTruthVersusFiction

"TheChineseQuestion"TheFirstTranscontinentalRailroadChineselaborwasintegraltotheconstructionoftheTranscontinentalrailroadlinkedtherailwaynetworkoftheEasternUnitedStateswithCaliforniaonthePacificcoastthetwosectionsbeingmergedandceremoniallycompletedonMay10,1869atthefamous"goldenspike"eventatPromontorySummit,Utah.ItcreatedanationwidemechanizedtransportationnetworkthatrevolutionizedthepopulationandeconomyoftheAmericanWest

美国太平洋铁路是美国近代工业化的标志性产物，这一壮举宣告了美国大陆在经济运行上开始连成一片，标志着美国经济进入狂飙发展时期，并推动美国迅速崛起为联结太平洋和大西洋的世界经济大国，同时也表明中国的最初移民潮，对美国经济的发展尤其是加利福尼亚等西部地区的崛起，做出了杰出贡献。TheFirstTranscontinentalRailroadarailroadlinebuiltintheUnitedStatesofAmericabetween1863and1869bytheCentralPacificRailroadofCaliforniaandtheUnionPacificRailroad

ChineseRailroadWorkers'Memorial,Toronto

Thememorialwascompletedin1989.Itcommemorates17,000Chineseworkersimportedbetween1880and1885tohelpbuildtheCanadianPacificRailway,4,000ofwhomdiedonthejob.华工纪念碑1964年美国内华达州纪念建州100周年，建立了华工纪念碑，碑文写道：“华人先驱，功彰绩伟。开矿筑路，青史名垂”。州长还宣布今后每年的10月24日为“向华人先驱者致敬日”。1969年太平洋铁路通车100周年时，美国犹他州立碑纪念，上面写着“丰功伟绩，横贯美国。铁路完成百周年，立此纪念。一九六九年五月十日。”

The"GoldenSpike"theceremonialfinalspikedriventojointherailsoftheFirstTranscontinentalRailroadacrosstheUnitedStatesconnectingtheCentralPacificandUnionPacificrailroadsonMay10,1869atPromontorySummit,UtahTerritory

《通往金道钉的铁轨》

ByWilliamF.Chew,authorof“NamelessBuildersoftheTranscontinentalRailroad”原作者：赵耀贵（《美西大陆铁路的无名建筑者》作者）ThePacificRailroad1867RacialtensionsincreasedasmoreandmoreChineseemigrated,occupiedjobs,andcreatedcompetitiononthejobmarketBy1882theChinese---hatedenoughtobebannedfromimmigratingtheChineseExclusionAct,initiallyonlyatenyearpolicy,extendedindefinitely,andmadepermanentin1902remainedquiet?TheChineseresentedtheideathattheywerebeingdiscriminatedagainstbutforthemostpart….ThecruelstereotypesPopularculturereadilyadoptedthecruelstereotypesandridiculedChineseAmericansinpictures,verbalexpressionsandmyths.ChineseAmericansweresooncategorizedwithNativeAmericansandAfricanAmericans,asinferiorpeoples.Whydiscriminated?为何排华？

DuringtheGoldRush,thousandsofAmericansfromtheEast,wheretheyhadopposedEuropeanimmigration,frequentlycamewithnativistattitudes.Andnon-Americanwhites(Irish,Russian),whohadsufferedfromEasternnativism,sawthatinattackingtheChinese,theyelevatedtheirown(shaky)status.以强凌弱Thus,Chineseimmigrantsfaceddiscriminationfrommanydifferentgroups,includingAmericanminers,whofeltthatthehard-workingandlow-paidChinesewerereducingtheirwages.DiscriminatedChineseWhentheWestexperiencedeconomicdifficulties,ChineseAmericanswereamongthefirsttobeattacked,verballyandphysically.Inaddition,territoriesandstatespasseddiscriminatorylaws.Thus,duringthefinanciallyunstable1870's,theChinesebecameanidealscapegoat:theywerestrangers,worequeues(pig-tails),kepttotheirownkind,andveryproductive.GovernorBigler—排斥华人的州长

(1805

–1871

）chargedChineseworkerswithbeingcontract“coolie”苦力laborers,avaricious,贪婪ignorantofmoralobligationsincapableofbeingassimilateddangeroustothepublicwelfareChinatown---synonymofbeingfilthy,dirty,crime,theft,poverty,violencesexualimmorality---engagedinthebusinessofimportingwomenwhomtheywouldprostitutetoothersforgainChinatown---synonymofbeingfilthy,dirty,crime,theft,poverty,violenceTheChineseExclusionAct1882signedbyChesterA.ArthuronMay8,1882,toimplementthesuspensionofChineseimmigrationabanthatwasintendedtolast10yearsrepealedbytheMagnusonActonDecember17,1943GeneralWinfieldScott

alsosupervisedremovaloftheCherokeestothetrans-Mississippiregionin1838.WinfieldScott(1786–1866)aUnitedStatesArmygeneralservedonactivedutyasagenerallongerthananyothermaninAmericanhistory

ChesterA.Arthur1829

–1886servedasthe21st

PresidentoftheUnitedStates(1881-1885)ThePendletonCivilServiceReformActafederallawestablishedin1883thatstipulatedthatgovernmentjobsshouldbeawardedonthebasisofmerit"TheFatherofCivilService"andafavorablereputationamonghistorians.TheArthurAdministrationenactedthefirstgeneralFederalimmigrationlawin1882Inresponsetoanti-ChinesesentimentintheWest,CongresspassedaChineseExclusionAct.vetoedthissteeprestrictiononthegroundsthatitviolatedtheBurlingameTreatyimmediatelydenouncedbynewspapersinCaliforniaacompromiserestrictionoftenyearswasproposed,Arthuragreedandsignedtherevisedbillnotfullyrepealeduntilsixty-oneyearslaterin1943,bywhichtimetheUSwasanallyofNationalistChinainthefightagainstJapanduringWorldWarII.Undersuchcircumstances,theActhadbecomeanembarrassmenttotheUS,necessitatingitsrepealAnti-Jewishriots反犹太浪潮(p.433)------Jews犹太人(p.433)TheHistoryofAmericanJewshasbeenpartofthenationalfabricsincecolonialtimes.Untilthe1830stheJewishcommunityofCharleston,SouthCarolinawasthemostnumerousinNorthAmerica.WiththelargescaleimmigrationofJewsfromGermanyinthe19thcentury,theyestablishedthemselvesinmanysmalltownsandcities.AmuchlargerimmigrationofEasternEuropeanJews,1880-1914,broughtalarge,poor,traditionalelementtoNewYorkCity.RefugeesarrivedfromEuropeafterWorldWarII,andmanyarrivedfromtheSovietUnionafter1970.TheportrayaloftheJewasaChristkiller.谋杀耶稣基督的刽子手thedevil,themurder,andtheCrucifixionwasengravedinthe17th-centuryfromFrankfurt.awell-dressed,verycontemporary-lookingJewhasmountedthepigbackwardandholdshertail,whileasecondJewsucksathermilkandathirdeatsherpoops粪便.Thehorneddevil,himselfwearingaJewishbadge,looksonandthemartyrdomofSimonofTrent,splayed四仰八叉asifonacross,appearsonapanelabove."SimonofTrent

SimonofTrent(1472–,1475)aboyfromthecityofTrento,Italywhosedisappearancewasblamedontheleadersofthecity'sJewishcommunitybasedontheirconfessionsundertorture,causingamajorbloodlibel

诽谤inEurope.Simon--thefocusofveneration崇敬膜拜forthelocalCatholicChurchThe'saint'eventuallyconsideredamartyrThecultsurviveduntil1965,when,inthewakeoftheHolocaust对犹太人的大屠杀,itwasabolishedbythePopediscriminatedagainstinemployment,membershipinclubsandorganizations,andintightenedquotasonJewishenrollmentandteachingpositionsincollegesanduniversitiesThefirstJewishtotheUnitedStateswereSephardicJewsthatwerefleeingpersecutionbyPortugueserulersinBrazil,around1654JewstomovetothesuburbswithmajorpopulationshiftsfromNewYorkandtheNortheasttoFloridaandCaliforniaremainedstronglyliberalheavilyDemocraticpatterncontinuedintothe21stcenturyAntisemitisminAmericaAntisemitismintheUnitedStatesrarelyturnedintophysicalviolenceagainstJewsmorenotablecasesofsuchviolence--theattackofIrishworkersandpoliceonthefuneralprocessionofRabbiJacobJosephinNewYorkCityin1902thelynchingofLeoFrankin1915themurderofAlanBergin1984theCrownHeightsriotsof1991CastleGarden(p.433)

ItwasafacilityestablishedatthetipofManhattanIslandbyNewYorkStateofficials.EllisIsland(p.433)OpenedonJanuary1,1892,EllisIslandbecamethenation's

premierfederalimmigrationstation.Inoperationuntil1954,thestationprocessedover12millionimmigrantsteamshippassengersopenedasamuseumonSeptember10,1990ItissituatedinJerseyCity,NewJerseyandNewYorkCity.Today,over40percentofAmerica'spopulationcantracetheirancestrythroughEllisIsland.StatueofLibertypresentedtotheUnitedStatesbythepeopleofFrancein1886StandingonLibertyIslandinNewYorkHarborcommemoratingthecentennialofthesigningoftheUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence

agestureoffriendshipfromFrancetotheUnitedStatesTheUrbanEnvironmentNewYorkStateTenementHouseActof1901tobantheconstructionofdark,poorlyventilatedtenementbuildingsinthestateofNewYork.CityLifeHarsh,dirty,congestedplacesOpensewerShoddilyconstructednewbuildingsDumbbelltenementsTheImmigrantAdjustment(p.438)HadtoabandonthefamiliarcustomsLearntosurviveinthevastimpersonalmetropolisAssimilatedtoAmericansocietyThe

PledgeofAllegianceTheOctober12,1892FrancisBellamyandJamesUpham

TheImmigrantAdjustment(p.438)

harshanddisruptivesocialenvironmentusedtobepoorruralpeasants,founditalienplacestoliveinunskilledorsemiskilledworkersTheIrishlaggedbehindThecrucialfactoraffectingtheimmigrants’economicprogresswasEDUCATION!!!TheJews----graduatedintotheranksofbusinessclass,theprofessionalclassPressureontheFamilygenerationgapencouragedbycitylifeSecondgeneration---differentworldvaluesAdolescencerevoltagainstparentalcontrolChildrenforcedtoworkatoddjobsWithfathersooftenabsent,theprocessofadjustingtoworkandadulthoodmoredifficultthaninearlierdaysWhendidChildLaborbegin?

IntheearlydaysoftheIndustrialRevolution,childlaborbecameamajorissueinthe19thcenturyandeventuallylegislationwaspassedthatbroughtittoanend.

TheKeating-OwenAct

In1916Congressmadeitsfirstefforttocontrolchildlabour

forbadefactories,shopsemployingchildrenunder14MargaretSanger(1879

–1966)anAmerican

sexeducator,birthcontrolactivistandthefounderoftheAmericanBirthControlLeague

forwomentohaveamore“equalfooting”insocietyandtohavephysicallyandmentallyhealthylivesneededtobeabletodecidewhenapregnancywouldbemostconvenientforthemselveswithoutbeingburdenedbythefearofpregnancybegantospeakoutfortheneedofwomentobecomeknowledgeableaboutbirthcontrolLegacyofSanger

acontroversialfigurewidelycreditedasaleaderofthemodernbirthcontrolmovementaniconicfigurefortheAmericanreproductiverightsmovements

pro-lifegroupscondemnSanger'sviews,attributinghereffortstopromotebirthcontroltoadesireto"purify"thehumanracethrougheugenicseventoeliminateminorityracesbyplacingbirthcontrolclinicsinminorityneighborhoodsTheSalvationArmyTheSalvationArmyisanevangelical

Christianchurchknownforcharitableworkinoverahundredcountries.CityGovernmentTomilkthecitytreasureGovernedbyaconfusedjumbleofoverlappingagenciesKickbacksfromprivatecontractors吃回扣WilliamMarcyTweedThechaotic,aimlesspoliticalsystemofNewYorkWilliamTweed(p443)(1823–1878)widelyknownas"Boss"Tweed

anAmericanpoliticianmostnotableforbeingthe"boss"ofTammanyHall,theDemocraticParty

politicalmachine

playedamajorroleinthepoliticsof19thcenturyNewYorkCityandState

Goo-Goos(P444)Thegoo-goos,---goodgovernmentguys,inthe1890spoliticalgroupsfoundedinanerawhenurbanmunicipalgovernmentsintheUnitedStatesweredominatedbymachinepolitics.Goo-goossupportedcandidateswhowouldfightforpoliticalreform.Thetermwasfirstusedbytheirdetractors.政治改良派TammanyHall

坦慕尼协会（P444）knownastheSociety