英汉语言对比-习题·+答案

英语对Syntheticvs.AnalyticAnswerQuestionsDirections:theQuestionswithifnecessary.1.syntheticlanguages(合语)?Howtheycharacterized?AccordingtoWebsterNinthNewCollegiateDictionary,Asyntheticlanguageis“Characterizedfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”2.analytical（分析语）?HowaretheyAccordingtoTheRandomHouseCollegeDictionaryAnanalyticlanguageis“Characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbsandchangesinwordsordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthaninflectedforms”.3.Englishlanguageflexibleorder语序WhyisitnotsoinBecausewordorderismoreconnectedwiththeformalchanges.Iftheformchangeismoreflexible,thewordorderismoreflexible.Chineselanguageisananalyticlanguage,thewordordercannotbechangeatrandom,inwhichtherelationshipbetweenthewordsarecloselyrelatedwithwordorderandfunctionwords.4.istheusualwordorderEnglishWhatnineofinsentences?TheusualorderinEnglishsentenceSubject-Object.TheninetypesofinversioninEnglishsentencesinclude:interrogativeinversion,imperativeinversion,exclamatoryinversion,hypotheticalinversion,balanceinversion,linkinversion,signpostinversion,negativemetricalinversion.1.are—Cinformalwords（形式词?Englishlanguageisfeaturedinitsabundantfunctionwords,ofwhichisarticle.Articlesarefrequentemployed.useanarticleornot,anduseadefiniteoneoranindefiniteone,makesdifferenceexpressionofmeaning.AuxiliaryaremorefrequentlyusedinChinese.Chineselanguagecontainsauxiliaryfortense,structuralandmood.Thislastcategoryisespeciallyuniqueinthelanguagefortherichnessdelineationofemotions,liketheletters呀、啦、哦、嘛、呢，others.6.manyofformalwords（形式词）arethereEnglishlanguage?2.Therefivetypesofformalwords,is:article,includinga,an,andpreposition,likeon,in,to,for,as,at,of,from,across,etc.;auxiliaryverb,likewill,do,have;coordinator,includingand,but,or;subordinator,likeunless,after,for,dueto,etc.7.（声调语言）Chinesetonecanbeusedindicatingchangeofmeaningandnotsuitableforexpressingthecertainty,completeness,independenceorfinality.Ⅱ.FillinDirections:Fillintheblankswithbestyoufoundinthetextbook.1.综合语的特征是经常性系统性的运用曲折形式来表现语法关系为特征的语言，分析语的特征是分析语的特征是相对频繁地使用功能词，助词和改变词序来表达句法关系，而不用曲折形式来表达。12.

英语有形态变化，词序比汉语灵活，但相对固定。13.

英语属于综合分析语言

语言。

形态变化、词序和虚词是表达语法意义的三大手段。形态变化就是词的形式变化括构词形态和构形形态。现代英语的变化主要包括性数格时语态语气、比较级、人称、词性等变化。汉语的数量助词有们，动态助词有着、了和过等。汉语结构助词的、地、得类似于应用英语形态变化，但缺乏普遍性。英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是主-动表）顺序。汉语的定语一般放在名词的后面，英语的定语一般放在名词的前面。汉语没有形态变化用或不用关联词词有定语从句，名词之前定语的长度不宜太长。汉语的实践顺序和逻辑顺序是按照由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论的顺序。英语的虚词包括冠词、介词、助动词、并列连接词、和从属连接词。汉语的虚词包括介词、助词和连词。英语的语音系统由元音、辅音、重读和语调组成。汉语的语音系统由声母、韵母和声调组成Ⅲ.TranslatebetweenE/CLanguagesDirections:sentencesintotargetPayattentionofomissionstrategy.yourtranslation27.中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。isrightisright,andwhatiswrongiswrong,nomatteraChineseorforeigner,deadoraliveheis.她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成为一个大明星。ambitionisbiggerthanhersister.Shewantstobeasuperstar.在当今中国，人人都在练功夫，功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学的必修课。InpresentChina,allthepeoplearepracticingChinesekongfu,whichhasbecomeacompulsorycourseinsomemiddleschoolsinthecentralpartofChina.上学的，上学了；下海的，下海了。wenttocollege,andsomegotintobusiness.这是一部美国的热门影片。isahotAmericanfilm.周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。Enlaiiselegantandconsiderate.33.如蒙早日寄来样品和报价，我方将不胜感激。ityoucansendusthesampleandquotationearly.我们大家都看出他能说会道。ofusfoundhimeloquent.这笔资金注入给这个城市带来活力capitalwillinvigoratethecity.骄傲使人落后。keepsonefromprogress.一把大火把整个村子烧成了白地firehasturnedthewholevillageintoaruin.我们必须阻止陌生人靠近。mustkeepthestrangersaway.这种结果真让我郁闷。resultreallydepressedme.该型汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活。newcarsarefast,andhandy.新疆产地毯图案新颖，色调雅致备受青睐ThecarpetsmadeinXinjiangarebeautifulandmagnificenttheirandelegantcolors.AccordingtoJohn,mycousin,Londonwasmostbeautifulthen.InthreehourswereachedWashingtonmonument,ourdestinationChineseunderstandablyspokewithproudoftheirachievementsinthelastdecade.IaskedhimtoteachmeFrench.Iinvitedhimforadinneratmyhome.Theearthquakereducedallthehousesintopieces.根据我表哥约翰的说法，这个时候伦敦最漂亮。三小时后，我们达到了目的地华盛顿纪念馆。中国人对过去十年取得的成就感到自豪，这是可以理解的。我要他教我法语。我邀请他到我家吃饭。地震把所有房屋变成了废墟。Chapter2AnswerQuestionsDirections:theQuestionswithifnecessary.1.Englishiscalledcompact（聚集）whileChinesediffuse流散）one?ThisisbecauseEnglishlanguagehasrigidrulesonsentencestructurecenteredsubject-predicate；sentencesaredeveloped-predicatestructures.2.isthestructureinsentence?ThesimplestEnglishsentenceconsistsofonlyasubjectandapredicate,basedonwhichmanycomponentsareattachedorderived.Andtheverbiscore,thenumberofnounsattachabletotheverbiscalledtheverb’svalence.AsChineselanguageoninternalthemeinsteadexternalrepresentation,ChinesesentencescanhardlybeclassifiedaccordingverbvariationlikeEnglishsentencesare.3.manythereinSVP,SVO,SVOO,SVOC4.InwhichEnglishcanDeclarative,interrogative,imperativeexclamative.5.InwhichcanthecompactnessofbeA)toaddmodifiers;toextendelementsinthebasicsentencea)grammaticalconcord;b)notionalconcord;c）principleproximity6.Whichthepredicates?Itcanverbs,nouns,oradjectives;canoneverbmorethanoneverbsornorverbs;canonewordorwordphrases.Nounsand（包括代词7.theregularofThemesentences;transitivesentence;relativesentences;exclamativesentence;existentialsentence;ownershipsentence;descriptivesentence;andexplicativesentence8.WhytheremanyinChinese?GivesomeInsummary,sentencesarecharacterizedthreeuncertainties—Uncertaintyofsubject;uncertaintyofpredicate;uncertaintyintherelationbetweensubjectandpredicate.9.Chineseembodied?Chinesesentencevariationisembodiedbylargenumberofambiguoussentencesandfullsentenceminorsentences.example:他欠你的钱；是前天发的电报；房间干干净净。9.HowdoyouunderstandquotationtheofJespersenpointsout,analysismeanssuppleness,andsynthesismeansregidity;inanalyticlanguageyouhavethepowerofkaleidoscopicallyarrangingandrearrangingelementsthatinsyntheticformsareinrigidconnexion.Ⅱ.FillinDirections:Fillintheblankswithbestyoufoundinthetextbook.11.英语的主谓结构由名词性短语和动词性短语组成。1.英语的主谓结构可以归结为五种基本句型即主语+谓语主语+动词+表语主语+动词宾语、主语动词+直接宾语间接宾语和主语+动词宾语宾语补足语。13.英语基本句型的变式有陈述句变疑问句定句变否定句和主动句变被动句。2.英语基本句型的扩展可以通过增加修饰语和扩展基本句型的成分进行。15.英语句子不流散的原则是一致原则，包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。ⅢbetweenE/CLanguagesDirections:sentencesintotargetPayattentionsubjectyourTrytoyourbrief.16.Theofhisgavebigsurprise.妻子突然回家，使他感到很吃惊。17.Ithatyouclosedoorwhen离开时请顺手关门。18.Hewhopollutes谁污染谁负责。19.Thetownwasbya暴风雨袭击了这个村庄。20.shouldbegiventoviolatorsoflaws.违法者应受到惩罚。21.这种自行车价廉物美，在中东很畅销。ThisbicycleischeapfineandsellswellinMiddleEast.22.中国地大物博人口众多，中国人过去也常常以此自豪。Chinesepeoplewereproudoftheircountrywithvastterritoryandabundantresourcesandgreatpopulationthepast.23.教高年级的翻译课，我不是很有经验。Iamagreenhandteachingtranslationfortheseniorstudents.24.婚姻的事，年轻人自己做主了。Theyoungmenwilldecideforthemselvesfortheirmarriage25.女儿的心事，做娘的清楚得很。Motherarefullyconsciousworriesinherdaughter26.这件事我还被蒙在鼓里呢。Iamstillinthedarkforthismatter.27.钱，我来想办法。Asformoney,Iwilltryborrow.28.改革的目的是为了发展生产力。Theaimofreformistodevelopproductiveforce.29.她很喜欢中国画。ShelikesChinesepainting.30.他点点头，意思是他听见了，但没表示同意或不同意。Henodded,indicatingheheardwhatyousaid,butshownosignofagreementnot.31.我们深信，我方的产品会受到欧洲市场的欢迎。WefirmlybelievethatourproductwillbewelcomedinEuropeanmarket.32.

我很荣幸今天有机会参加这个派对。Itisagreathonorformetoparticipateinsuchapartytoday.33.一个外表和谈吐都很美国化的中年人，坐到了车里。AyoungmanwhotalksandlikeAmericanenteredthecar.34.吃苦在前，享受在后。Tobearhardshipyouenjoycomforts.6

Chapter3ⅠAnswerQuestions1.isthedefinitionhypotaxis（形合）Hypotacticisdefinedthedependentsubordinateconstructionrelationshiporrelationshipclauseswithconnectives,forexample,Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome2.isthedefinitionparataxis（意合）?Paratacticisdefinedasthearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.Example:rainfell;theriverflooded;thehousewashedaway.3.isrelative?Whatconjunction?theirRelativeincludesrelativepronoun,relativeadverb,conjunctivepronounandconjunctivesuchaswho,that,which,when,howetc.Itisusedtoconnectmainclausewiththeattributiveclause,theobjectclause,thesubjectclauseandthepredicativeclause.Conjunctionincludescoordinatingconjunctionandsubordinatingconjunction,suchasand,but,so,however,untilso…thatandetc.Itisusedconnectwords,phrases,clausesoradverbialclauses.4.thefunctionsPrepositionisusedtoshowtherelationofanounsubstituteforanountosomeotherwordinasentence.PrepositionsappearconstantlyinEnglishspeechandwriting5.theadvantagesofhypotaxisinopinion?HypotaxisfrequentlyoccursinEnglishsentence-making.Hypotaxisstressestheovertcohesionandthesentenceformwhichisstructuralcompletenessandmeaning-overt.6.doesusecovertcoherence?ItisbecauseinChinesearefewhypotacticmeans.Chinese,asalanguagedifferentfromEnglish,dosecontainthosefrequently-usedrelativepronouns,relativeadverbs,conjunctivepronounsandconjunctiveadverbsinEnglish.Moreover,Chineseprepositionsinasmallnumbertoabout30,andhasnoformchangeslikeEnglish.7.theinorganization?Chineselanguagestresstheparatacticmeansthanthehypotacticmeans.Thegrammaticalmeaningandlogicconnectionbetweenlanguagepartsarealwayssensedinthewords8.ofparataxisareinChineselanguage?MeansofparataxisusedinChineseinclude(i)sentenceorder,(ii)repetition,parallelism,antithesis,andcontrastandon,(iii)contractedsentence,(iv)fourcharacterstructure.9.toturnEnglishintoinofandstructure?AstothetranslationofEnglishintoChinese,onlyaftertheanalysisoftheformandstructureofthesentencescanthemeaningandfunctionbeclearlyjudged.10.Whatareinhypotacticstructure?Therearefourcharacteristicsinhypotacticstructure:(i)emphasisovertcohesion,(ii)emphasisonsentenceform,(iii)emphasisonstructuralcompleteness,(iv)emphasisonrevealingmeaningthroughform.Ⅱ.Fillin11.

汉语意法采取的手包括

语序、

反复排比、对偶

和照等。

英译汉，往往要先析句子结构、形式，才能确定子的功能、义。英语的合手段包括关系词和连接词、介词和其它连接手段。关系词括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词。英语常综合应用关系词、连接词、介词和其它连接手段把各种分连接起来构筑成短句子，表一定的法