欧洲文化入门课件

AnIntroductiontoEuropeanCulturePurposesofthecourseImproveEnglishlearningUpgradepersonalqualityPrepareforgraduateprogramPromoteinterculturalcompetenceBroadenyourvisionforfutureandlife.CharacteristicsoftheCourseWideCoverageofmanyfields: astronomy,geography,literature,history,religion,philosophy,politicalthoughts,art(paining,music,architecture,sculpture),science,etc.Knowingsomethingofeverything,noteverythingofsomething–OnlyatasteFocusofStudyHistoricalbackgroundofeveryperiodMajorevents(wars,invasions,reforms,revolutions,socialchanges,etc.)Ideologies(mainassumptions)Prominenthistoricalfigures(political,literary,religious,scientific,artistic)Literaryandartisticstyles(maincharacteristics)Contents:Division1---10AttendanceEvaluation(paperandwrittenexam)AbilitiesneededandtobedevelopedMemorization(names,times,etc.)Comprehension(ideasandideologies)Compareandcontrast(eastandwest)Criticalthinking(whyEuropeleadstheworldinmanyways)PersonalanalysisandsynthesisHowcanyoulearnthecoursewell?Toestablishtwolineswhichleadthejourneyofhumanhistory:

God-centeredthoughts------Judeo-ChristianthoughtsHuman-centeredthoughts----Creco-RomanthoughtsEstablishachronologicalframeworkofworldhistory:1200–146B.C.:AncientGreece700B.C.–27B.C.–395A.D.-476–1054-1453:AncientRomanEmpire476A.D.–14thcentury:MedievalAge14thC(Dante)–mid-17thC(Shakespeare,EnglishRevolution)17thC:prodigiousdevelopmentofsci&Tech18thC:enlightenment19thC:Marxism,Darwinism,realism20thC:modernism,postmodernismSince1970s:informationage,globalization,economicintegration,multiculturalismAncientGreekCultureHistoricalcontext:1200BC.TrojanWar(700BC:Homer)800-500BC:formativeperiod(citystates)500-336BC:classicalperiod:heyday winningGreco-PersianWay;democracyinAthens;flourishofsciandart; civilwar:Athensvs.Sparta伯罗奔尼撒战争(432-404BC),declined.336-146BC:Hellenizationperiod希腊化时期 AlexanderIII(356-336-323BC); center:AlexandriainEgypt;Romanconquestin146BCPhilosophyWhatisphilosophy?ContendingSchoolsofthoughts诡辩学派Sophists500B.C.代表人物：ProtagorasManismeasureofallthings.ForerunnerofSocraticdialecticEmphasisonabilitytoargueforanycaseregardlessofitstruthCynics：犬儒学派300B.C.

Diogenes

主张：

simplicity

brotherhood

rejectingconventionsSceptics不可知派

Pyrrhon

Notallknowledgeisattainable.

Wisemenshouldnotjudge,butshould

aimatbalancedimperturbability.Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁学派

Epicurus

Pleasureisthehighestgoodoflife,

achievedthroughpracticedvirtue.

Differentfromhedonism(享乐主义）－throughsensualindulgence.

Stoics斯多葛派，禁欲主义学派

Zeno

antithesisofEpicureans

virtue,notpleasure,isthehighestgood.

Duty

Hardship

FamousphilosophersandscientistsPythagorasHeracleitueDemocritusEucidArchimedesSocratesPlatoAristotleLiterature

LyricpoetryHomerIliadOdysseyWhyisHomerimportantinthehistoryofEuropeanliterature?SapphoPindarDramareligiousfestivals.5thcenturyB.CDramatists:HistoryArt,architecture,sculptureandpotteryFurtherstudies《西方文化史鉴》叶胜年著上海外语教育出版社《前车可鉴—西方思想文化的兴衰》（美）华夏出版社AncientRomePeriodofKings:753-510B.C. CityofRomesetupPeriodofRepublic:510-27B.C. 1)OccupationofwholeItaly 2)expansion:PunicWars（264－133B.C.）,defeatingCarthage(迦太基) 3)Slaveuprisings(133-27BC.):斯巴达克斯PeriodofEmpire:27B.C.–476A.D.–1453 27BC.－193AD.PaxRomana

前三头：克拉苏，庞培，凯撒

（JuliusCaeser）

后三头：雷必达，安东尼，屋大维（AugustusOctavius）

after193:weakened,barbarianinvasions(Huns,Goths,Visigoths,Vandals)

475:split–WREandByzantium

1453:conqueredbyOttomanEmpire

(ModernItaly:1871)Romans&GreeksSimilarities:Democracy:citizenassembly,hostiletomonarchyReligionandmythology:Languages(GreekandLatin):Indo-Europeanfamily Differences:

Romansbuiltanempire,Greeksnot.

Greeks:

artandintellect

Romans:

Military:Romanlegions

Law:RomanLaw

Constructions:aqueducts,roads

Governmentsystem:effective bureaucracyTheBibleItisnotasinglebook,butacollectionof66books,differentinstyle,content,subjectofmatter,andpointofview.Notwrittenbyoneperson,butbymanyanonymously,somesectionshadexistedorallybefore.Notwrittenwithinasingleperiodoftime: OldTestament:1,000-15B.C. N.T.:50–150A.D.Notwritteninonelanguage: O.T:inHebrew;N.T:inGreek(partlyinAramaic阿拉米语)

*Booksinitarenotsystematicallyclassified orchronologicallyarranged.

*ItcontainswordsofGod,

aninspiredandinspiringbook

anencyclopedia(poem,history,tale, moralteachings,etc.),

*Itisabookthatwasorderedtobeburned, butsurvivedeverytime.

*Itisabooktranslatedintoover1,000Ls anddialects.

*NumberOneintermsofpublicationvolume;greatlyinfluencingEuculture.

Classificationof66booksOldTestament:(HebrewHistory)1.Lawandhistory2.Prophecies3.Poetry,drama,tales,moralteachingsNewTestament:(LifeofJesusChrist)1.Gospels2.Letters3.RevelationsThecentralthemebindingallbooks: Hebrewtraditionwrittenby,meantforandaboutHebrews.Genealogy

Adam&Eve–Noah诺亚(Ark)–Abraham(toCanaan迦南)–Moses摩西(Exodus)–Joshua（约书亚）(backtoCanaan)–split（犹太国&以色列国）–Saul扫罗(unification)–David大卫(builtJerusalem)–Solomon所罗门

LifeofGesusBornonDec.25th,4B.C.InBethlehem伯利恒Fromacarpenter’sfamilyJoseph&VirginMaryDisappearedasachildLifebefore30:unknownAt30:baptizedbyJohnFrom30-33:preachingAt33:cruxifixationonGoodFriday2dayslater(Sunday):resurrectiontoheaven(Easter)SpreadofChristianityInearlytime:suppressedbyRomangov.Later:developedquickly305A.D.:stoppedpersecution313:EmperorConstantinegrantedreligiousfreedom(EdictofMilan米兰敕令),becamelegal.Constantinebaptizedatdeathbed392:EmperorTheodosius塞奥多西乌斯madeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheEmpireandoutlawallotherreligions.6thcentury:Nestorianism景教reachedChina.TranslationofBibleOriginal:Hebrew(旧)&Greek（新）Septuagint:七十子希腊文旧约全书（3rd.centuryB.C.inAlexandria）(lost)Vulgateedition:LatinwholeBiblebyJerome日罗姆（405A.D.）;modelforversionsinotherLs.After16thCentury:intomanynationallanguages.EnglishVersions1382:JohnWycliff威克里夫16thCentury:WilliamTyndale,literaryquality1611:KingJames’Bible（詹姆斯一世钦定本）,plainlanguageandmostinfluential1885:revisededition1901:AmericaneditionChineseVersions*7thC:景教本（敦煌）*17thC:明清本，by missionaries*1919:和合本,financedby churches*1979：联合本（inH.K.）FamoussayingfromtheBiblethelaststrawthatfallsgentlyonthecamel’sback引起巨大后果的最后因素Cantheleopardchangeitsspots?本性难移.Tosowthewindandreapthewhirlwind自食其果.Alivingdogisbetterthanadeadlion.Itismoredifficultfortherichtogivethanforthecameltogothroughtheeyeofaneedle.TheMiddleAges（theMedievalTimes）Time:476A.D.–14thC.(人文主义出现)FeudalizationinEU.Nopoliticalunity,nocentralgov.Warsandinvasions(1066,Crusades)Onlyorganization:CatholicchurchChurchgainedpowerandinfluenceSuppressscientists(“heretic”):Inquization(theDarkAge)Everyonewasabeliever:AgeofFaithBirthofmanynations:England,France,SpainCrusadersCause:JerusalemfelltopaganskillingChristianpilgrimsTimes:12crusades,200yearsEffect: East-Westcontact riseofmonarchy materialism internationaltradedevelopment learningrevivedRenaissanceTime:14thC–mid-17thC.(Eng.Revo.)Origin:Italy,spreadtoallEu.Means:revivalofinterestinR.&G.cultureIdeology:humanismBourgeoisinnatureProdigiousdevelopmentinsci.andtech.NationallanguagesAbsoluteauthorityofCatholic:shakenGiantsappearedDifferentemphasisItaly:artFrance:literatureEngland:philosophy,dramaGermany:religionCharacteristicsSpreadofHumanismReturntoclassicalvaluesBeginningofobjectivesci.inquiryFlourishofliteratureandartGeographicdiscoveriesHumanismAphilosophytoassertgreatnessofman: physicalbeauty+powerofreasonAmovementtorestorehumanvalueofancientclassicsasopposedtoscholasticism经院哲学oftheM.Ages.Bourgeoisinnature,againstfeudalism,pavingthewayfortherisingcapitalismReligiousRevolutionA16thC.religious,social,politicalmovementAim:toopposeabsoluteauthorityofRomanCatholicchurchandreplaceitwiththeauthorityoftheBibleDisputes:(1)whoisthesupremeauthority,theChurchorBible?(2)CanindividualscommunicatedirectlywithGod?(indulgences)Beginning:M.Luther’s95theses(Wittengerg威登堡church)Result:splitofchurchReformers’practiceTranslateBibleintovernacularsSimplifychurchritualsAbolishingindulgences赎罪券ReformchurchOpposechurchinterferencewithnaitonaleco.AndpoliticsPeasantwarMartinLutherFounderofProtestantChurch95thesesAgainstindulgencesStartedreligiousreformwhichextendedtoecoandpoli.liberationfromchurchcontrolTranslateBibleintoGermanvernacularFighterfordemocracyandnationalismIdealofequalitySplitofChristianity395A.D.:RomanEmpire-WestandEast476:W.REended1054:CatholicR.Catholic&Orthodox1453:endofE.RE(Byzantium)1520s:R.CatholicCatholic&Protestant(Calvinism瑞,Huguenot法,Presbyterianism苏,Anglican英,etc.)After1620:Quacker,Methodism美,etc.)ReformationinEnglandFocus:Popevs.King(Germany:churchvs.Bible)J.KnoxestablishedPresbyterianchurchWycliffetranslatedEnglishBibleHerryVIIIbrokewithPope(onmarriage)Actofsupremacyof1534ClosingmonasteriesandseizinglandCounterReformationSpainbecamethebaseofchurchreform,establishmentofInquizationCouncilofTrent:stressingCatholicorthodoxyJesuits:conservativeCatholicadvocateswhohelpedtowinmuchofGermany,Poland,Hungary,etc.(stillalivetoday)ProtestantismandCapitalismRomanCatholicchurchweakenedDenominationsflourished–ProtestantismLiberationofideas:imagination,creationFormationofmanynation-statesNationallanguages:popularSci,trade,commerceInventionsanddiscoveriesObediencegavewaytoquest,challengeandfreedomGeographicDiscoveriesBy1600,surfaceoftheknownearthdoubledColumbus(热那亚人，西班牙):N.World(Oct.12,1492)(比较：郑和，1405－1433年7次下西洋)Diaz（葡萄牙）：CapeofGoodHope(1487)DaGama(葡萄牙)：RoutetoIndiaviaGoodHope(1497)Amerigo(意大利，亚美利哥·维斯普契)：亚美利加洲Magellan,Firdinand（麦哲伦，葡萄牙）：sailingaroundtheglobe(1522)Sciencein17thC.Ptolemy托勒密（2ndC.AD.）：地心说Copernicus:heliocentrichypothesis日心说Kepler:3Kepler’slaws-lendsupporttoCopernicusHypothesisGalileo:inventedastronomicaltelescope,provedheliocentrictheorybyobservation,thelawofinertia,theprincipleoflever,thelawoffallingbodies.SirIsaacNewton:thelawofuniversalgravitation(Natureisgovernedbylaws)AlexanderPope(蒲伯)wrote:

“NatureandNature’slawshidinnight,

Godsaid,‘LetNewtonbe,’andallwaslight.”

宇宙法则，冥冥之中，

主曰：“顿来”，万物皆明。社会契约论（民约论）Hobbes：Naturalstateofwar:狼多肉少LawsofNature:theruleofreason passionwarandanarchy reasoncooperationandpeace3.Socialcontract:Everypersongivesuphisorherrightstooneman(sovereign)by“anagreement”;Powersofsovereignisabsolute;Rebellioniswrong;Peaceisachieved.实质：supportofmonarchy意义：against“divinerightofkings.”君权神授

J.LockeAgainstdivinerightofkingsAllmenarenaturallyfreeandequalinthestateofnature(naturalrights:survival,self-defense,privateproperties).Naturallawmeansuniversallyobligatorymorallaw,governedbyreason.Socialcontract:Willofthemojority;Therulerofgovernmentisonepartneroftheagreement;Rebellionisjustified;Supportofdemocracy;意义：theoryforAm.RevolutionEnglishRevolutioncauses:growthofcapitalism;Breakdownofserfdom;PuritanmovementTime:1642-1649(CharlesIbeheaded;Stuartended)Leader:OliverCromwell克伦威尔CharlesII.Restoration:16581688:GloriousRevolution(William&Mary)GloriousRevolutionof16881689：BillofRights:establishedsupremacyofParliament(constitutionalmonarchy)legislature:parliamentTaxation:parliamentMilitary:nostandingarmyforkingReligion:noRomanCatholiccanbeaking.EnlightenmentAnintellectualmovementoriginatinginFranceinthe2ndhalfofthe18thC.特点：usingcriticalreasontofreemindfromprejudice,unexaminedauthority,andoppressionofchurchorstate–AgeofReason先驱： 1.J.Locke:materialisttheory（知识来源于经验，人脑可以认识世界） 2.I.Newton:lawofuniversalgravitation(自然是由法则支配的，法则可以被人认识)Beliefin:naturallaw,universalorder,humanreasonProminentfigures:伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，狄德罗，卢梭FrenchEncyclopedia:popularizednewkn.andideasInfluencesinVariousAspectsPolitics:rationalizationofgov.andlaw (separationofpowers) Socialcontactvs.divinerightofkingsIdeology:freedom,equalityandfraternity vs.feudalprivileges;kn.&sci.vs prejudice&ignorance Philosophy:materialismvs.scholasticismReligion:Deismvs.ChristianityArt&L.:decorum(规范)Economy:laissezfairevs.state interference(feudalbondage)HistoricalContext1700-1750:peacefulAfter1750:fullofideological,political,socialandeconomicrevolutions1776:AmericanRev.–DeclarationofIndependence1789:FrenchRev.–DeclarationofRightsofMan1760-1840:EnglishIndustrialRev.Result:growthofmoderncapitalismRomanticism(18-19thC)Individualfreedomandaspirations;Shiftfromconformisttocreativeandadventurous;Givingimpetustonationalmovement;DirectcontactwithNatureforinspiration;Puresentiment,idealbeautyInsearchforsubjective,spontaneous,supernatural;Eulogizingidylliclife;Escapefromcorrupt,pollutedurbancivilization;Returntonatureandchildlikeinnocence;Youthandlove.Beginning:Rousseau;StormandStress(德国狂飚突进运动)CorruptionofcapitalistsocietyPollutionofnature