2018考研英语二模拟试题1

2018考研英语二模拟试题及答案（一）Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,__1__thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan__2__alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto__3__themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungman’sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.__4__,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.__5__aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying__6__agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,__7__bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand__8__prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting,__9__cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebride’sandgroom’swrists,and__10__acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe__11__.Newlysedstraditionallymoveinwiththewife’sparentsandmay__12__withthemuptoayear,__13__theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto__14__,butnotcommon.Divorecedpersonsare__15__withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains__16__propertyheorshe__17__intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis__18__equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice__19__up:Thedivorcedmaledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry__20__thewomanmustwaittenmonths.1.[A]bywayof[B]onbehalfof[C]aswellas[D]withregardto[标准答案][C]aswellas[考点解析]逻辑关系[选项解析]因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位解析：空格处身处大环境notonlybutalso之中，这是一个显然的并列关系，表示“不单而且”，该空后边的those指代前文出现的“parentsandfriends”，显然“theyoungman”与“theyoungwoman”为并列关系，表示“与他自己以及伴侣的父亲母亲朋友相关”，所以答案只好是[C]项aswellas也，又。[A]项bywayof经过，[D]项withregardto关于，[B]项onbehalfof代表。2.[A]adaptto[B]providefor[C]competewith[D]decideon[标准答案][D]decideon[考点解析]上下文语义[选项解析]依据该句的主语ayoungman与宾语alikelyspouse的关系，答案只好是[D]项decideon“决定”，表示自己决定自己的配偶。[B]项providefor为供给准备，优选provide为及物动词，直接跟宾语，不需要加介词；[C]项competewith“与竞争”，[A]项adaptto“适用”。3.[A]close[B]remew[C]arrange[D]postpone[标准答案][C]arrange[考点解析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项解析]该句意思为：他能够自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父亲母亲_____婚姻谈判。四个选项中，[A]项close关闭；[B]项renew更新，恢复；[D]项postpone推延；这三项语义不正确，只有[C]项arrange“安排”吻合语境。4.[A]Aboveall[B]Intheory[C]Intime[D]Forexample[标准答案][B]Intheory[考点解析]上下文语义[选项解析]逻辑判断题主若是看前后两句的含义，前面说“他能够自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父亲母亲安排婚姻谈判，或许完整由父亲母亲选择对象，不给孩子选择的时机。”空格后面说“女方能够反对她父亲母亲所选择的对象。”这两句之间显然是相反的关系，且有一个may，更证明[B]项Intheory“理论上说”的正确性，而其余选项[A]项Aboveall最重要的是，[C]项Intime准时，[D]项Forexample举例，均不吻合题意。5.[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless[标准答案][C]After[考点解析]上下文语义[选项解析]依据下文“______aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheother”可知，只有对象选择好后，父亲母亲才会去检查对方，显然表达的是时间先后序次，所以只有after才对。其余选项[A]项Although只管，[B]项Lest省得，惟恐，[D]Unless除非，不然都不吻合题意。6.[A]into[B]within[C]from[D]through[标准答案][A]into[考点解析]上下文语义及介词辨析[选项解析]这里主若是看marry与相关介词的固定搭配及句意理解。这里marryinto就是指“经过婚姻获取[成为]的一员”，而其余选项均没有这层含义。7.[A]since[B]or[C]but[D]so[标准答案][C]but[考点解析]逻辑关系[选项解析]依据上文“以前婚礼会连续三天”，出处句子意为“到了20世纪80年代，婚礼只连续一天半”，显然与前文发生转变，为比较关系，所以选择[C]项but但是。优选8.[A]copy[B]test[C]recite[D]create[标准答案][C]recite[考点解析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项解析]空格处需要填一个动词，和后边的prayersofblessing所搭配，[C]项recite有“吟诵、朗诵”的意思，与所给短语搭配最为合理，译为“吟诵祝愿的祈祷文”。9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying[标准答案][D]tying[考点解析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项解析]本题需要依据上下文语义解析，空格处需要搭配后文“棉线”，纵观四个选项[A]项折叠，[B]项聚积，[C]项包裹，[D]项系上，依据后文的“aroundthebride’sandgroom’swrists在新郎和新娘的腰间”，只有[D]项“将在圣水中浸过的棉线系在新郎和新娘的腰间”吻合句意。10.[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving[标准答案][A]passing[考点解析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项解析]原文空格需要填写一个动词与后文“aroundacircle”来搭配，译为“将蜡烛传一圈”，故[A]项“传达”为正确选项。[B]项点亮，[C]项隐蔽，[D]项服务。11.[A]meeting[B]collection[C]association[D]union[标准答案][D]union[考点解析]名词辨析[选项解析]本句语义为“将蜡烛绕着幸福成婚和受人敬爱的夫妇传达一圈来祝福”，[D]项结合，引申为“婚姻”之意；依据语境，[D]项正确。12.[A]grow[B]part[C]deal[D]live[标准答案][D]live[考点解析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项解析]本题比较简单。依据语义“依据传统，新婚夫妇要搬到老婆父亲母亲家，与父母____一年”，[D]项“生活”为最正确答案。[C]项交易，[B]项分开，[A]项成长。13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]if[D]for[标准答案][B]until[考点解析]时间逻辑关系[选项解析]本句意为“_____他们在周边建筑一栋新房子”，[A]项但是，[B]项直到，项因为，[C]项若是，结合前文“新婚夫妇依据传统要和女方家人生活一年”，前后存在必然的时间关系，[B]项“直到”最吻合原文语境，搭配最为合理。优选[B]whatever[C]项最吻合句意。14.[A]avoid[B]follow[C]challenge[D]obtain[标准答案][D]obtain[考点解析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项解析]Divorceislegalandrelativelyeasyto__14__,butnotcommon.该句句意为“离婚是合法的，且相对简单____。”[A]项avoid防备，[B]项follow随从，[C]项challenge挑战，思疑，[D]项obtain获取，实现。依据要点词“legal”可知这里表达的是正面的意思，再依据句意选择[D]项。15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed[标准答案][C]viewed[考点解析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项解析]Divorcedpersonsare__15__withsomedisapproval.离婚的人一些不认同。本段第一句提到“离婚是合法的且相对简单获取赞成，但是不常有。”这句实际上是在说明离婚其实不常有的原由，[A]项isolated孤立，[B]项persuaded劝告，[C]项viewed对待，[D]项exposed接触，碰到的影响，16.[A]whereever[C]whenever[D]however[标准答案][B]whatever[考点解析]关系代词辨析[选项解析]Eachspouseretains___16___propertyheorshe__17__intothemarriage.17小题四个选项都是动词，所以该句意思为：夫妇两方保有财富，这个财富是他或她进婚姻的。结合[A]项whereever“无论何地；任何（地方）=anyplacewhere(定从)”；[B]项whatever“无论什么；任何（东西）=anythingthat/any+Nthat”；[C]项whenever无论何时；任何时间=anytimewhen；[D]项however无论怎样；无论多么。依据语义，这里应该不是退步的关系，并且填的这个词还要能修饰property。所以，选择[B]项，等于retainsanypropertythatheorshe。17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed[标准答案][B]brought[考点解析]上下文语义及动词义辨析[选项解析]Eachspouseretains___16___propertyheorshe__17__intothemarriage，结合[A]项changed“改变”，[B]项brought“带来”，[C]项shaped“形成”，[D]项pushed“推，强迫”。结合语境只有[B]项吻合句意，意为“把财富带入婚姻”。18.[A]invested[B]divided[C]donated[D]withdrawn[标准答案][B]divided[考点解析]上下文语义及动词义辨析[选项解析]...andjointly-acquiredpropertyis__18__equally.结合[A]项invested投资；[B]优选项divided分配；分开；[C]项donated捐赠；[D]项withdrawn撤出，提取。依据语义应该是共同财富被（夫妇两方）均分，所以选择[B]项。19.[A]warms[B]clears[C]shows[D]breaks[标准答案][C]shows[考点解析]动词固定搭配[选项解析]Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice__19__up.该句语义为离过婚的人或许会再婚，但是性别成见。[A]项warmup加热，热身；[B]项clearup（天气）变晴，整理，除掉；[C]项showup展现；[D]项breakup分裂，分开；依据句意，选择[C]项。20.[A]while[B]sothat[C]once[D]inthat[标准答案][A]while[选项解析]上下文语义[考点解析]本句句意为：离婚的男性再婚不需要等待期，女性一定等十个月。显然前后两句存在转折关系，只有[A]项while“但是”能够表达这个意思。SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep—andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.优选Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:“Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.’Thecharter’smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek,whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?[A]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.【答案】[A]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined【解析】推断题。依据France定位到文章前两段，第一段讲法国决准时装业失掉了定义（define）形体美（physicalbeauty）的绝对权利。法国的立法者经过了一项法律，聘任超瘦的模特属于犯罪，议会也严禁网站经过尊崇极端节食“煽动过分瘦小”。第二段第二句提到“Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.他们建议漂亮不应该以损害身体健康为代价的表面来界定。”由此可知，法国经过立法手段来改变法国时装业模特超瘦的现状，即[A]项的“形体美将会被重新定义”，是对原文内容的合理推断。[B]项“将会建筑新的舞台”，[C]项“相关节食的网站将会流行”，[D]项“时装业将会衰落”，均不能够从文中推断出来，属于“招惹是非”。Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para2)isclosestinmeaningto____[A]heighteningthevalueof.[B]indicatingthestateof.losingfaithin.doingharmto.【答案】[D]doingharmto【解析】猜词题。定位到第二段第二句“Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.他们建议漂亮不应该以身体健康为代价的表面来界定。”impingingon后边的宾语为“health”，即对健康的某种影响。依据第二段第三句“对超瘦模特的禁令忧如不只是是在防备模特受饿致死——正如曾有人这么做过的”，可见法国目前的对漂亮的定义致使了有人为了保持身材，受饿致死，所以推断出这一短语在这里的意思为“入侵，损害”，[D]项“对有害”正确。[A]项“加强了的价值”，[B]项“反响优选了的状态”，[C]项“对失掉信心”均不吻合句意。Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?[A]TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.[B]NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.[C]Modelarenolongerunderpeerpressure.[D]Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.【答案】[B]NewStandardsarebeingsetinDenmark【解析】细节题。依据第五段第二句话“InDenmark,...itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashion...在丹麦，它正试一试为模特设定自发的标准”，可知[B]项“在丹麦新的标准正在被设定”是对原文的同义替代。[A]项“法国的举措失败了”；[C]项“不再有来自同行执法的压力”，文章第五段第二句后半句提到“imagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement”，属于“正反混淆”；[D]项“它固有的问题变得更严重了”，文中第五段只提实时装业有固有的问题，并未说起“变得更严重”，属于“招惹是非”。AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor____[A]settingahighagethresholdformodels.[B]caringtoomuchaboutmodels’character.[C]showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.[D]pursuingperfectphysicalconditions.【答案】[C]showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors【解析】推断题。题设为“一个设计师很可能因为何原由被CFW拒绝”，依据要点词CFW可回到文中定位至倒数第二段，该段提到丹麦的时髦界就相关模特的年龄、健康及其他特点的内容达成一致建议，且一项新法案也明确规定，他们已经意识到时髦界关于人们尤其是年轻人的身体健康所带来的影响，并且应该对此肩负责任，这一法规的执行方式就是拒绝一些设计师和模特经纪机构参加哥本哈根时装周（CFW）。所以[C]项的“不关怀健康要素”吻合题意，为正确答案。[D]项“追求圆满的身体状况”，[B]项的“过多关注模特的性格”，项“设定了一个模特高龄门槛”，均不吻合题意。Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?[A]TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustry[B]JustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeauty[C]ADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFrance[D]AChallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyIdeals【答案】[D]AchallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyIdeals【解析】主旨题。本文从首段就开始阐述法国经过立法严禁聘任超瘦的模特，时装业已经失掉了定义女性身体之美的绝对权利，且议会也严禁网站经过宣传过分节食来重申过分消瘦。第二段连续说明漂亮不能够只看表面，更不能够以牺牲健康为代价，时装业应该为传达给女性的不良信息负责。第三段说明女性不该让别人来评判自己的漂亮。第四段讲法国的举措更多的是依靠严格的处分。最后三段提到了丹麦与法国截然相反的举措。纵观全文，文章主要在讲各个国家对解决目前模特超瘦的现状的举措，所以[D]项的“对时装业身体典范的挑战”优选是对原文的“高度概括”。Text2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone--avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspect'spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee'sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof"cloudcomputing,"meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremeCourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto[A]searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.[B]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneoftolerance.indifference.disapproval.cautiousness.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentiscomparableto[A]gettingintoone'sresidence.[B]handingone'shistoricalrecords.[C]scanningone'scorrespondences.[D]goingthroughone'swallet.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.优选thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.citizens'privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.(C)California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.T226答案Bchecksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized解析：细节题。依据自然段定位原则，定位到首段。依据题干要点词supremecourt，whether精确定位到第一段最后一句whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephone.，与选项进行对应，即为B在不受权的状况下检查嫌疑人的电话信息。注意A选项应是searchcontents。27答案Cdisapproval解析：态度题。依据题干California'sargument定位到第二段最后一句及第三段首句，这些句子中提到hardrecklesslymodest等负向词，表达的是负面态度。看选项属于负面的就是disapproval。A容忍，B冷淡是典型错误，D马虎。28答案Agettingintoone'sresidence解析：细节题。题干问：作者以为找寻电话薄就相当于什么？依据段落界定原则定位到第四段转折处，提到Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.与选项对应，A中的residence对应home，是原文的赞成替代。注意D选项不是作者的看法，不能将文中人物看法看作作者看法。29答案Dcitizens'privacyisnoteffectiveprotected解析：细节题。依据题干定位到5段和6段，题干问作者最关注的是什么，即是相应段落的段落中心。所以，该题表面是细节题，实质为段落核心。5段首句为中心句提到，应采取举措保护数据隐私；6段又连续陈述原则的不适合之处。依据这些内容，对应答案D市民隐私未能获取有效保护。30答案BNewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution解析：例证题。题干问的是引用OrinKerr的目的是什么，即OrinKerr是论据，其目的是论点。论点经常在论据的前面，所以要找例子前面的一句话，即New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.与选项对应，就是Bnewtechnology是原词复现，require等同于demands，reinterpretationoftheConstitution同义替代applicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections。Text3“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusinesses,”wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.”ButevenifyouacceptFiredman’spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies-atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompany’sproducts优选areofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany’sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms’politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany’srecordinCSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabourorincreasingcorporagivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbridingforeignofficials,”saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffectratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSRwithtoleranceskepticismuncertaintyapproval【答案】[B]【解析】看法态度题。题干问的是作者对相关CSR方面MiltonFriedman的说法是什么态度。依据信号词MiltonFriedman这个人定位到首段。注意题干问的是作者的看法，所以定位到第二句but转折处。But后句子的骨干为：thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut，可见作者对MiltonFriedman所说的内容其实不完整赞成，应选择答案[B]项思疑。[A]项容忍，[C]项不确立，[D]项赞成，这三项均不是作者的态度，故消除。AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanyby[A]winningtrustfromconsumers.[B]guardingitagainstmalpractices.[C]protectingitfrombeingdefamed.[D]raisingthequalityofitsproducts.【答案】[A]【解析】细节题。依据题干中的出处提示“Paragraph2”定位到第二段第二句：Thiscould优选addvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.This指的是CSR，依据接下来讲到的三点：第一点是，花费者以为这样的公司产质量量比较高；第二点是，顾客更愿意购买这样公司的产品；第三点是，经过一个更为广泛的“晕轮效应”，花费者会更多地考虑这样的公司的产品。可知，有CSR支出的公司会吸引更多的花费者，[A]项“博得花费者的相信”，是对整个三点的总结，故为正确答案。[B]项防备公司里的玩忽职责，[C]项保护公司免受诽谤，[D]项提高公司产品的质量，均在原文中未说起，故消除。33.Theexpression“morelenient’(Line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaningtomoreeffectivelesscontroversiallessseveremorelasting【答案】[C]【解析】猜词题。依据题干中的出处提示“line2,para.4”及信号词“morelenient”定位到原文中的第四段第一句：Thestudyfoundthat...penalties。显然此句中morelenient修饰penalties(处分)，要想推断出morelenient的含义，需要知道被起诉的公司中，那些有着全面的CSR项目的公司和penalties之间的联系。本项在第五段的最后一句最简单被看出来，第五段最后一句提到那些在CSR有较大投资的公司，当被起诉有贿赂行为时，所碰到的罚金要比平时的罚金低40%左右，可知这样的公司会碰到较轻的处分，故morelenient是较轻，即较不严重的意思，应选[C]项。[A]项更有效的，[B]项较稀有争议的，[D]项更长久的，这三项均不是morelenient的意思，故消除。Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany’sCSRrecord[A]hasanimpactontheirdecision.[B]comesacrossasreliableevidence.[C]increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized.[D]constitutespartoftheinvestigation.【答案】[A]【解析】细节题。题干问的是CSRrecord与prosecutorsevaluateacase的关系，依据题干中的信号词prosecutorsevaluateacase可回文中定位到第五段第一句：Inall...inCSR。这里的beinfluenced与[A]项hasanimpact对应，即一个公司的CSR会影响检察官对其案件的评估，应选[A]项。[B]项被检察官以为是靠谱的凭据，[C]项增添了被处分的时机，[D]项组成了检查的一部分，这三项均在原文中没有说起，故消除。WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?[A]Itsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.[B]Thenecessaryamountofcompanies’spendingonitisunknown.[C]Companies’financialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.[D]Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.【答案】[B]【解析】判断题题干问的是依据最后一段，相关CSR的阐述哪个是对的。定位到原文最优选后一段，依据其内容可知“研究人员认可到其研究没有回答以下问题：公司应该在CSR方面花销多少钱”。[B]项的意思是“公司在CSR方面的花销是未知的”，属于原文的同义替代，故正确。[A]项CSR对公司的负面影响经常被忽略，[C]项公司对CSR的经济肩负力被过高预计了，[D]项CSR给银行业带来了好多好处，这三项在文中均为说起，故消除。Text4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe"unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions".Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism"insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit".Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom."ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thissagastillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefensewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby(A)theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.(B)companies'financiallossduetoimmoralpractices(C)governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.(D)thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that(A)GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.优选morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks'sdefenserevealedacunningpersonality.centeredontrivialissues.washardlyconvincing.(D)waspartofaconspiracy.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows(A)generallydistortedvalues.(B)unfairwealthdistribution.(C)amarginalizedlifestyle.(D)arigidmoralcode.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?(A)Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.(B)Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.(C)Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.(D)Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.36.答案A.Theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.因果细节题题目问到Elisbeth因什么而感觉沮丧。定位在第一段第二句Intergrityhadcollapsed,...,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism"insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket,因为社会中唯一的分类体系是利润和市场这一共同的看法，致使了正直这类道德品质的沦丧。37.答案Bmorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking段落推断题定位到第三段第一句Asthehackingtrialconcludesthewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands正如窃听案总结的那样，依旧存在更广泛的dearthofintegrity的事件，与选项B对应。38.答案Cwashardlyconvincing看法细节题依据第四段第二句中astonishing，howlittle...,howlittle...Shenever...以及第三句中Sheknewnothing的语气判断作者的态度是认为RB的辩解是没有说服力的。39.答案Agenerallydistortedvalues看法细节题题干定位在第五段第三句，答案定位在随后的第四、第五句。Thecurrentcollectivedoctrine以为重要的是efficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,而以为justice,fairness不重要，故扭曲了价值观。40.答案是Cmoralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.段落推断题定位在最后一段前两句。世界新闻杂志的目的不是提高读者的理解能力。。。。而是为了刊行量和影响力而毁了人们的生活。从ruinedthelives的表达能看出作者希望杂志所做的是提高其道德意识，与C选项对应。PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearly,youtrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyour优选implicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41)________________.Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisevolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere?Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehensionbuttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)________________Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationshipofthetexttotheworld.(43)_____________Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)_____________.Thisdoesnot,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcernsdebatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit._____________.Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggestasothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo--thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesnotthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity-inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationsorpatterningweperceiveinatext'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.优选【C】解析：41段中空，所以要看上句。空前与空后句中的主语是you,所以正确选项在C、D中存在，此其一也；Ｄ中出现了reconstruct（重组）逻辑上是再次发生，与位于句首的逻辑发生了表达上的矛盾。故消除Ｄ选择Ｃ。别的，Ｃ中的wordsoridioms和meanings在41空前句重现，因为前句中有identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem。42【E】解析：42段尾空，所以看上一句话。空前一句中的主语是you,所以正确选项在C、D、E中存在，此其一也；其二，该句中主句谓语动词是infer,与E中的宾语inferences组成逻辑对应关系。故消除Ｃ和Ｄ选择E。别的,42空前两句提到了阅读时我们会activeengagementininferenceandproblem-solving,并针对作者文中的specificevidenceandclues进行信息的推断。Ｅ选项中further一词表示连续此话题，用forinstance详细举例说明我们对文章信息作怎么样的推断。43【G】解析：43段尾空，应要点看本段上一句。同时下段开头出现了代词suchbackground，而G中最后一句中的backg