动词的被动语态基础讲解

动词的被动语态【用法讲解】考试要求：中考要求掌握：动词的主动语态和被动语态区别与使用，不同时态的被动语态形式及情态动词的被动语态形式。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示句子的主语是谓语动作的执行者；被动语态是表示句子的主语是谓语动作的承受者。如：Weoftencleantheblackboard.（我们是擦黑板的执行者即主动语态）Theblackboardisoftencleanedbyus.（黑板是clean的承受者即被动语态）。.被动语态的结构一般现在时：am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时：was/were+及物动词的过去分词一般将来时：will/shallbe+及物动词的过去分词现在完成时：have/hasbeen+及物动词的过去分词现在进行时：am/is/arebeing+及物动词的过去分词过去完成时：hadbeen+及物动词的过去分词如：Youarewantedonthephone.有你的电话。Chinawasliberatedin1949.1949年中国解放。Theproblemwillbediscussedtomorrow.明天将对这个问题进行讨论。Notabookinthelibraryhasbeentakenaway.图书馆里没有一本书被人拿走。Mybikeisbeingrepaired.我的自行车正在修理。ThebookhadbeenborrowedwhenIgottothelibrary.我到了图书馆时，那本书已经借出去了。.主动语态与被动语态的转换（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be+过去分词），根据被动语态句子里主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。如：Allthepeoplelaughedathim.—Hewaslaughedatbyallpeople.Theymakethebikesinthefactory.—Thebikesaremadebytheminthefactory.Hecutdownatree.—Atreewascutdownbyhim..含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.—Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.Theyshoulddoitatonce.—Itshouldbedoneatonce..含有双宾语的主动语态变为被动语态主动语态：主语+谓语动词+间接、直接宾语+其他被动语态：间接宾语+be+过去分词+直接宾语+其他(比较常用)或:直接宾语+be+过去分词+介词(for/to)+间接宾语+其他如：Myfathergavemeanewbookonmybirthday.Iwasgivenanewbookonmybirthday(bymyfather).Anewbookwasgiventomeonmybirthday(bymyfather).我的父亲在我的生日那天给我买了一本新书。Myfatherboughtmeanewcomputeryesterday.Iwasboughtanewcomputeryesterday(bymyfather).Anewcomputerwasboughtformeyesterday(bymyfather).我的父亲昨天给我买了一台新电脑。.含有短语动词的主动语态变为被动语态有些相当于及物动词的短语动词，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可用于被动语态，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。如：Shelooksafterhergrandmother.—Hergrandmotherislookedafter(byher).她照顾她的祖母。.带有复合宾语的主动语态变为被动语态带有复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动语态的主语，原来的宾语补足语不动。如：Histeacherfoundhimaverygoodpupil.—Hewasfoundaverygoodpupilbyhisteacher.他的老师发现他是一个很好的学生。.变被动语态的其他注意点(1)在主动句中，let,make,see,hear等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to,但在被动句中,则要保留to。如：Linda,sparentsmakeherpracticethepianoeverySunday.—LindaismadetopracticethepianoeverySunday.琳达的父母亲使她每天练习钢琴。(2)有些及物动词如have(有),reach,cost等,以及有些连系动词如smell,taste,sound,feel等,不用于被动语态。如：【误】Fivedollarsiscostbythisbook.【正】Thisbookcostsfivedollars.书花费了5元。【误】Thefoodistastednice.【正】Thefoodtastesnice.食物尝起来挺好。如move,lock,shut,open等作不及物动词与can,t,won,t等连用时,以及如read,write,wash,clean等作不及物动词与well,easily等副词连用时,已含有被动意义，因此形式上不再采用被动结构。如：Thedoorwon,topen.门不能开了。Theclotheswashwell.衣服洗好了。【真题再现】We'resurethattheenvironmentinourcitygreatlythroughourworkinthenearfuture.A.improved B.wasimprovedC.hasimprovedD.willbeimprovedThepetdogiswarmandloving.Itasadaughterofmyfamily.A.treats B.treatedC.istreatedD.wastreatedWhenTimwhyhewaslateforschool,hejustkeptsilent.A.wasaskedB.askedC.wasaskingD.isaskedHeisverysurprisedthatallthehousesinthevillagewhite.A.paint B.painted C.arepaintingD.arepaintedIfitisn'tfinethisweekend,ourspringfieldtrip.A.iscancelledB.wascancelledC.willbecancelledA.newhospitalinmytownnextyear.A.builds B.built C.isbuilt D.willbebuilt—Tom!Ilookedforyoueverywhereatthepartylastnight.—Oh,Itotheparty.A.aminvited B.wasinvited C.amnotinvitedD.wasn,tinvitedManystudentschangestoshowthemselvesinclassbecausetheclasssizeistoobig.A.don'tgiveB.aren'tgivenC.haven'tgivenD.won'tgivePukouRailwayStationin1911andithasbecomeafilminglocationforfilmsandTVplaysinrecentyears.A.build B.isbuilt C.builtD.wasbuilt一Yourschoolissobeautiful.一Thanks!AmodernstadiumandabiggardentomakeitnicerthisyearA．willbebuilt B．hasbeenbuilt C．isbuiltThesemodelcarsinChinain2013.A.aremadeB.weremadeC.make D.made—Don,tsmokehere,Dad.Smokinginpublicplaces.一Oh,sorry.I,llstoprightnow.A.isn,tallowed B.aren,tallowed C.doesn,tallowManyhousesbytheearthquakeandthousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.A.damagedB.weredamagedC.weredamagingD.aredamagedNowit'smucheasiertoshoponline.Whenyourorderisready,thethingsyouwanttobuytoyousoon.A.send B.weresent C.aresending D.willbesentThetelephonebyAlexanderGrahamBellin1876A．isinvented B．invented C．wasinvented—Hobo,canIeatthehamburger?一Sure,ifthedishes.A.washB.arewashedC.willwash D.willbewashedThepoorgirl bytheunfriendlyboyswhenshetoldherstory．A．laughedat B．waslaughedat C．laughsat D．islaughedThenovel bymanypeopletoday.A.isread B.areread C.reads D.werereadYoucan,twearshoesinsidethispace.It.A.doesn,tallow B.isn,tallowedC.hasn,tallowed D.wasn,tallowed【答案与解析】D。句意：我们相信，通过努力，我们城市的环境在不久的将来会得到巨大的改善。根据inthenearfuture可知，应用一般将来时；环境应该是被改善，所以用被动语态，故选D项。C。句意：这只宠物狗既友好又令人喜爱。它被当作我家的女儿一样对待。由于主语it和动词treat构成被动关系，故本题须用被动语态。又由题干中的iswarm可知应用一般现在时的被动语态，其结构为：am/is/are+动词的过去分词。故答案为C项。A。句意：当Tim被问到他为什么上学迟到时，他只是保持沉默。由句意可知主语是动作的承受者，又因为题干中的动词都为过去式，故应用一般过去时的被动语态，故答案为A项。D。句意为“他对村子里所有的房子都被粉刷上白色感到惊讶”，因为房子是不能自己刷上白色的，所以必须用被动语态。C。句意：这个周末如果天气不好，我们的春游将被取消。if引导条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则，故此处主句应用一般将来时的被动语态，故答案为C项。D。句意：明年在我家乡要建一所新医院。医院与建造为被动关系，应用被动语态，故排除A、B两项；由nextyear（明年）可知用一般将来时。故选D。D。本题意为：——Tom!昨晚在聚会上我到处找你。——噢，我没被邀请去聚会，故本题应用一般过去时的被动语态，故答案选D。B。句意：很多学生在上课的时候都没有机会展示自己，因为班级人数太多。学生应该被给予机会，所以应该使用被动语态，故选B项。D。句意：浦口火车站建于1911年，近年来它已经成为电影和电视剧的拍摄地。根据in1911可知，应用一般过去时；火车站是被建的，所以用被动语态，故选D项。A。由语境可知，今年还会建一个现代化的体育场和一座大花园，这会使校园更漂亮。一般将来时的被动语态，故选A。B。句意：这些模型汽车是中国2013年制造的。由时间状语in2013可知时态为过去时，modelcars与动词make之间为被动关系，故选B。A。句意为“在公共场所吸烟不被允许”，考查被动语态，smoking应视作单数，故选择A。B。句意：很多房子都被地震毁坏了，成千上万的人无家可归。根据句意和句中的“thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless”可知，这里用的是一般过去时态，并且manyhouses和damage构成被动关系，是一般过去时的被动语态，故选B。D。句意：现在在网上购物容易的多啦。当你的订单准备好了，你想买的东西时很快就会送给你。things是send这一动作的承受者，该用被动语态。根据soon一词可知用一般将来时，所以该用一般将来时的被动语态形式，因此选D。C。句意：AlexanderGrahamBell于1876年发明了电话。由“in1876”可知，应用一般过去时；且主语“thetelephone”是invent动作的承受者，因此应用被动语态，故选C。B。if意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，从句应用一般现在时表示将来；“thedishes”与wash之间存在被动关系，应用被动语态。因此，应用一般现在时的被动语态，故选B。B。laughat意为“嘲笑”。本句是一个复合句，根据'whenshetoldherstory”可知，主句应用一般过去时，故排除C、D两项；主句主语“thepoorgirl”是动作laughat的承受者，应使用一般过去时的被动语态。句意为：当那位可怜的女孩讲述她的故事时，被那些不友好的男孩嘲笑了，故选B。A。主语是thenovel，所以谓语要用单数形式，所以排除答案B和D；题中出现明显时间词today，所以时态应为一般现在时，故答案为A。B。句意：你不能在这里穿鞋子，这是不允许的。这里的it是句子的主语，它与allow之间是被动关系，用被动语态（构成：be+及物动词的过去分词）；作为一项规则，用一般现在时，故选B。【巩固练习】I.单项选择。—It,sreportedthatsomecapsules（胶囊）arereallybadforourhealth.—Soundsterrible.Hopefullytheproblemassoonaspossible.A.issolved B.hassolved C.wassolvedD.willbesolvedManytreesandflowersinourcityeveryyear.A.plantedB.areplantedC.wereplantedLastyear,Shenzhou-8intothespace.Itmadeusproud.A.issentB.wassentC.sendsD.sentThousandsofhousesbythefloodsinGuangxilastmonth.A.destroy B.destroyed C.havedestroyedD.weredestroyedLastyearlotsoftreestomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.A.isplantedB.wasplantedC.areplanted D.wereplantedAnotherrailwaystationinChangshain2011.A.wasbuilt B.build C.willbebuiltTheroadlastyear.A.builds B.built C.wasbuiltD.isbuiltLastmonthanewlawinChinatostoppeoplefromsmokinginpublicplaces.A.ispassedB.passesC.hadpassedD.waspassedICanyousingthisEnglishsong?—Ofcourse,Ican.Itmanytimesontheradio.A.taughtB.hastaughtC.istaughtD.hasbeentaughtTeenagerstofollowthetrafficrules.A.shouldbetaughtB.shouldteachC.canbeallowed——Whatacleanandbrightclassroom,isn,tit?—Yes,it,salwayscleanandbrightbecauseiteveryday.A.cleansB.cleanedC.iscleanedD.wascleanedStudentsaretospeakloudlyinthereadingroom.A.toldB.supposedC.notsupposedD.allowedThefunnystorymadeallofusforalongtime.A.smiledB.laughedC.laughD.tolaughTheoldmanlooksvery.A.worryB.worryingC.worriedD.toworry一MayIwatchthefootballmatchonTV?—Ifyourhomework,youcanwatchit.A.willdoB.isdoneC.hasdoneD.willbedoneSheinthenextroomjustnow.Shemustbetherenow.A.heardtosingB.washeardtosingC.heardsingingD.heardsing—Mybikeisbroken?—Whynothaveit?A.repairB.repairedC.repairingD.torepairHemakefacesinclassbytheteacheryesterday.A.askednottoB.askedtonotC.wasaskednottoD.wasaskedtonotCoffeeisready.Howniceit!Wouldyoulikesome?A.looksB.smellsC.soundsD.feelsHewasmadehishomeworkforthreehoursbyhismother.A.doingB.todoC.doD.doesOh,themilkstrange-doyouthinkit’sOKtodrink?A.istasted B.istastingC.tastes D.tastedThesebooksshouldtothelibraryontime.A.send B.bereturnedC.giveback D.begotbackCouldyoutellmewhichbestamongthebooksonsale?A.issold B.sellsC.arewritten D.writesMostinternationalbusinesslettersinEnglish.A.iswritten B.arewrittenC.iswriting D.arewritingYouwerenoticedthewindowjustnow.A.breaking,openB.tobreak,openC.opening,breakD.tobebroken,openII.用所给动词的适当形式完成下列句子。Doyouknowthatyoungtreesmust(water)onceaweek?Someboys(ask)togofishingwiththeirteacherafterclassyesterdayafternoon,thoughtheydidn,twantto.Mymotherenjoys(listen)tosomepopularsongs.Wouldyoumind(open)thedoorforme?Itisraininghardoutside.Youhadbetter(stay)athome.Whynot(go)shoppingwithmethisafternoon?Listen!Someone(sing)inyourroom.Whoisit?Thestudents(plant)morethantwohundredtreessofar.Yourmother(watch)TVwhenwegottoyourhouse.Wewillcomeandhelpyouifit(be)finetomorrow.【答案与解析】I.单项选择。D。句意为“希望问题能被尽快解决”。所以用一般将来时的被动语态，应选D。B。句意为“每年我们城市要种许多树和花”。物作主语，又是一般现在时，所以要用一般现在时的被动语态。B。句意为“去年神州八号被发送进入太空”。可知用一般过去时的被动语态。D。本题是考查动词一般过去时的被动语态。由astmonth可知用一般过去时，Thousandsofhouses作主语，用被动语态，所以选D。D。本题是考查动词一般过去时的被动语态，主语是10tsoftrees，所以选D。C。本题是考查一般将来时的被动语态，有时间in2014可知选C。C。本题考查一般过去时的被动语态，因为theroad是主语，用被动语态，时间是lastyear用一般过去时，所以选C。D。本题考查一般过去时的被动语态，因为inewlaw是主语，用被动语态，lastmonth用一般过去时，所以选D。D。本题是考查动词现在完成时的被动语态，主语it代替thisEnglishsong，用被动语态，又知到目前为止已经被教许多次了，用现在完成时，所以选D。A。本题考查情态动词的被动语态，用shouldbedone形式，句意为“青少年应