阅读理解之主旨大意题解题技巧 课件 高三英语二轮复习

阅读理解之主旨大意题解题方法教育部2023高考大纲：阅读理解部分“要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨和要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义；（4）作出简单判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。下面主要讲我们在最后阶段应如何快速提高解答阅读理解题（主旨大意题）的准确率和速度。阅读一篇文章时，通常要快速浏览全文，了解其大意，明确其主旨。因此，主旨大意题是常考题。解题指导主旨大意题包括：①主要内容型(mainidea,mainlyabout)②写作目的型(purpose)③文章标题型(title)段落大意VS文章大意[常考问题句式]1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis________.2.Thepassage(thefirstpara)ismainlyabout__.3.Whatisthemainidea/topic/purpose/subjectofthepassage?4.Thepassagechieflydiscusses/dealswith_____.5.Thepassagemainlytellsusthat________.6.Themainideaofthefirst/second...paragraphprobablyis________.◎主旨大意题常有以下几种命题方式：(1)Mainidea型：选择项多为陈述句，要求考生选择表达作者思想或观点的句子。

题干多为如下形式：①What’sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?②Thepassageismainlyabout________.③Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout________.④Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?⑤Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainidea/themeofthepassage?⑥Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily(主要地、根本上)______.⑦Thesubject（主题）discussedinthistextis________.⑧Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________.◎主旨大意题常有以下几种命题方式：(1)Mainidea型：

选择项多为陈述句，要求考生选择表达作者思想或观点的句子。(2)Mainpurpose型：

选择项多为动宾结构，要求考生找到某句话、某段话或者某篇文章主要的写作目的。

常见以下几种题干形式：①What’sthepurposeofthepassage/paragraph2?②Thepassageismeantto________.③Thepurposeofthearticle/paragraph1isto__.④Inthispassage/paragraph2,thewritertriestotellusthat________.⑤Thepassage/paragraph3tellsusthat________.⑥Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage/paragraph1isto________.◎主旨大意题常有以下几种命题方式：(1)Mainidea型：

选择项多为陈述句，要求考生选择表达作者思想或观点的句子。(2)Mainpurpose型：

选择项多为动宾结构，要求考生找到某句话、某段话或者某篇文章主要的写作目的。(3)title型：

选择文章标题是另一类对主旨大意题考查的形式，

要求考生用简短的词、句来概括总结文章的大意。

命题形式：①Thebesttitleofthepassageis________.②Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?③Thebesttitleforthepassageis_______.④Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis________.解题技巧弄清文章/段落的大意，关键是找到主题句。文章主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或没有主题句，需根据文章所述内容进行归纳（议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳）。各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。⑴主题句的位置：用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读可能是主题句的句子（文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等），搜索主题线索和主题信息。⑵找主题句的方法：⑶判定主题句的小技巧：①段落中出现表转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。②首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。④表示总结或结论的话常有therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等。干扰项①可能属文中某个具体事实或细节；②可能属文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论；③可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。⑷关于干扰项和正确答案正确答案是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。一、先看题目，再读文章

这种方法看似简单，却可以给考生节约很多宝

贵的时间。

该方法适用于所有体裁的阅读理解文章，尤其

适用于应用文。因为阅读理解测试不仅考查受

试者的精读能力，还考查略读和跳读能力，而

应用文是最适合考查略读和跳读能力的体裁

（这是由文章的结构、写作逻辑决定的）。实战演练例：（2017全国I卷A篇，保留原题题号，下同）PacificScienceCenterGuide◆VisitPacificScienceCenter'sStoreDon'tforgettostopbyPacificScienceCenter'sStorewhileyouareheretopickupawonderfulscienceactivityorsouvenirtorememberyourvisit.Thestoreislocated(位于)upstairsinBuilding3rightnexttotheLaserDome.◆Hungry?Ourexhibitswillfeedyourmindbutwhataboutyourbody?Ourcaféoffersacompletemenuoflunchandsnackoptions,inadditiontoseasonalspecials.ThecaféislocatedupstairsinBuilding1andisopendailyuntilonehourbeforePacificScienceCentercloses.◆RentalInformationLockersareavailable...

◆SupportPacificScienceCenter

Since1962PacificScienceCenterhasbeeninspiringapassion(热情)fordiscoveryandlifelonglearninginscience,mathandtechnology.TodayPacificScienceCenterservesmorethan1.3millionpeopleayearandbeingsinquiry-basedscienceeducationtoclassroomsandcompanyeventsalloverWashington

State.It’sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.VtofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.23.Whatisthe

purposeofthelastpartofthetext? A.Toencouragedonations. B.Toadvertisecomingevents. C.Tointroducespecialexhibits. D.TotellabouttheCenter'shistory.本文是应用文。文章是太平洋科学中心的参观指南。答案A。【解析】通过最后一部分的小标题和段中“It'sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.VtofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.”可知在寻求支持和捐赠。1、通过浏览题目不难发现，题目为purpose型。2、再阅读文章可知，该题只需要阅读小标题及个别信息就可以找到答案。也就是通过先看题目，再读文章，利用跳读的方法，只需读几十词（而不是全文220余词）就可以快速且正确作答。二、顺序寻找答案线索，特殊情况除外通常一篇阅读理解的数个题目的答案线索在文中是按先后顺序出现的，特殊情况除外。例如，主旨大意题、标题归纳题、文章出处题、写作目的题等题目是建立在文章全部内容之上的，通常放在最后或最前面，解答这些题目的明显依据视文章具体情况而定。因此，答题时要避免做每一道题都盲目地从头到尾找线索，而应在上一道题的答案线索下面找本道题的答案线索。这样在做题过程中可以节约不少时间。

例：（2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷B篇）Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula（芝麻菜）wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,"foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,"asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth'scoverstory.It'sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly"（butquiteeatable）vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,"iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld."Ifthat'shardtounderstand,let'skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon'tthink."Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon'teat,"Curtinsays.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline.

B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.26.WhatdoesCurtin'scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.

B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.IthelpslocalfarmersgrowfruitsD.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.

B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek.D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.本文是一篇日常生活类阅读，主要向读者介绍了现在的食物浪费是非常普遍和严重的现象，食物浪费会造成很多问题，因此倡议大家不要浪费。做这类题材阅读理解时要求考生对文章通读一遍，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项填写出正确答案。4~7.【答案】B、B、D、A第4、6、7题是推理判断题；第5题是细节理解题。四道题的答案线索依次出现在第一、三、四、五段。【解析】4B.推理判断题。根据第一段Then

friends

called

with

a

dinner

invitation.I

stuck

the

chicken

in

the

freezer.

But

as

days

passed,the

arugula

went

bad.

Even

worse,

I

had

unthinkingly

bought

way

too

much.I

could

have

made

six

salads

with

what

I

threw

out.（然后朋友们打电话来，邀请我和他们共进晚餐。我把鸡肉放在冰箱里。但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多。我扔掉了本来可以做六份沙拉的芝麻菜。）可知，作者在第一段提到芝麻菜的例子是想告诉读者我们有时会在无意中浪费食物，故选B。

5B.

细节理解题。根据第三段Producing

food

that

no

one

eats

wastes

the

water,fuel,and

other

resources

used

to

grow

it.That

makes

food

waste

an

environmental

problem.（生产无人食用的食物会浪费水、燃料和其他用于种植的资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。）可知，食物浪费的结果就是会造成环境问题，故选B。6D.推理判断题。根据第四段Curtin

is

CEO

of

DC

Central

Kitchen

in

Washington.D.C.，which

recovers

food

and

turns

it

into

healthy

meals.（Curtin是华盛顿特区中央厨房的首席执行官，它可以回收食物并将其转化为健康的膳食。）可知，Curtin的公司可以将不需要的食物重新做成健康膳食，故选D。7A.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Everyone

can

play

a

part

in

reducing

waste,whether

by

not

purchasing

more

food

than

necessary

in

your

weekly

shopping

or

by

asking

restaurants

to

not

include

the

side

dish

you

won't

eat."

Curtin

says.（"每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周购物时不购买超过必要数量的食物，还是要求餐厅不要提供你不会吃的配菜。"Curtin说。）可知，Curtin建议人们不要多买食物，就购买自己所需要的量就好，故选A。三、仔细阅读题干，排除干扰项

通常阅读理解的选项均与文章中的信息相关：

正确选项是对原文部分内容的同义重复或者总结引申；