2023年雅思测试题

ListeningSECTION1Questions1-10Questions1-6CompletethenotesbelowWriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.DreamtimetravelagencyTourinformationExampleAnswerHolidaynameWhaleWatchExperienceHolidaylength2daysTypeoftransportation1...........................Maximumgroupsize2..........................Nexttourdate3..........................Hotelname4The..........................Questions5and6ChooseTwolettersA-EWhichTwothingsareincludedinthepriceofthetour?AfishingtripBguidedbushwalkCreptileparkentryDtabletennisEtennisQuestions7-10CompletethesentencesbelowWriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer7Thetourcosts$..........................8Bookingsmustbemadenolaterthan..........................daysinadvance.9A..........................depositisrequired..10Thecustomer’sreferencenumberis..........................SECTION2Questions11-20Questions11-15CompletethetablebelowWriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswerTYPEOFHELPEXAMPLESFINANCIALGrants11..........................12..........................ChildcareNurseriesACADEMIC13..........................Usingthelibrary14..........................15..........................Questions16-20CompletethenotesbelowWriteNUMBERSORNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswerHELPLINEDETAILSOfficerJackle16..........................AddressStudentWelfareOffice13MarshallRoadTelephonenumber17..........................Openinghours9:30am-6pm(weekdays)18..........................(Saturdays)Ringorvisitofficefor19..........................N.B.ATpeaktimestheremaybea20....................................................SECTION3Questions21-30Questions21-24CompletethenotesbelowWriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.DETAILSOFASSIGNMENTPart1EssayTitle:‘Assessthetwomainmethodsof21..........................Insocialscienceresearch’Part2Small-scalestudyChooseonemethod.Gatherdatafromatleast23..........................subjects.Part3ReportonstudyNumberofwords:24..........................Questions25and26ChooseTWOlettersA-EWhatTWOdisadvantagesofthequestionnaireformofdatacollectiondothestudentsdiscuss?AThedataissometimesinvalidBToofewpeoplemayrespondCItislesslikelytorevealtheunexpectedDItcanonlybeusedwithliteratepopulationsEThereisadelaybetweenthedistributionandreturnofquestionnairesQuestions27-30CompletethetablebelowWriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSORANUMBERforeachanswer.AUTHORTITLEPUBLISHERYEAROFPUBLICATION27..........................‘SampleSurveysinSocialScienceResearch’Bell28....................................................29....................................................Wilson‘Interviewsthatwork’OxfordUniversityPress30..........................ReadingYouShouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40.WhicharebasedonReadingPassage3belowThetopicsdiscussedincludedtheco-ordinatedstudyofthedestructionofforests,aswellashowtocombatforestfiresandtheextensionofEuropeanresearchprogramsontheforestecosystem.Thepreparatoryworkfortheconferencehadbeenundertakenattwomeetingsofexperts.TheirinitialtaskwastodecidewhichofthemanyforestproblemsofconcerntoEuropeinvolvedthelargestnumberofcountriesandmightbethesubjectofjointaction.Thoseconfinedtoparticulargeographicalareas,suchascountriesborderingtheMediterraneanortheNordiccountriesthereforehadtobediscarded.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatinfuturetheywillbeignored.Asawhole,Europeancountriesseeforestsasperformingatriplefunction:biological,economicandrecreational.Thefirstistoactasa'greenlung'forourplanet;bymeansofphotosynthesis,forestsproduceoxygenthroughthetransformationofsolarenergy,thusfulfillingwhatforhumansistheessentialroleofanimmense,non-pollutingpowerplant.Atthesametime,forestsproviderawmaterialsforhumanactivitiesthroughtheirconstantlyrenewedproductionofwood.Finally,theyofferthosecondemnedtospendfivedaysaweekinanurbanenvironmentanunrivalledareaoffreedomtounwindandtakepartinarangeofleisureactivities,suchashunting,ridingandhiking.Theeconomicimportanceofforestshasbeenunderstoodsincethedawnofman-woodwasthefirstfuel.Theotheraspectshavebeenrecognisedonlyforafewcenturiesbuttheyarebecomingmoreandmoreimportant.Hence,thereisarealconcernthroughoutEuropeaboutthedamagetotheforestenvironmentwhichthreatensthesethreebasicroles.Themythofthe'natural'foresthassurvived,yetthereareeffectivelynoremaining'primary'forestsinEurope.AllEuropeanforestsareartificial,havingbeenadaptedandexploitedbymanforthousandsofyears.Thismeansthataforestpolicyisvital,thatitmusttranscendnationalfrontiersandgenerationsofpeople,andthatitmustallowfortheinevitablechangesthattakeplaceintheforests,inneeds,andhenceinpolicy.TheStrasbourgconferencewasoneofthefirsteventsonsuchascaletoreachthisconclusion.Ageneraldeclarationwasmadethat'acentralplaceinanyecologicallycoherentforestpolicymustbegiventocontinuityovertimeandtothepossibleeffectsofunforeseenevents,toensurethatthefullpotentialoftheseforestsismaintained'.Thatgeneraldeclarationwasaccompaniedbysixdetailedresolutionstoassistnationalpolicy-making.Thefirstproposestheextensionandsystematisationofsurveillancesitestomonitorforestdecline.Forestdeclineisstillpoorlyunderstoodbutleadstothelossofahighproportionofatree'sneedlesorleaves.Theentirecontinentandthemajorityofspeciesarenowaffected:between30%and50%ofthetreepopulation.Theconditionappearstoresultfromthecumulativeeffectofanumberoffactors,withatmosphericpollutantstheprincipalculprits.Compoundsofnitrogenandsulphurdioxideshouldbeparticularlycloselywatched.However,theireffectsareprobablyaccentuatedbyclimaticfactors,suchasdroughtandhardwinters,orsoilimbalancessuchassoilacidification,whichdamagestheroots.ThesecondresolutionconcentratesontheneedtopreservethegeneticdiversityofEuropeanforests.Theaimistoreversethedeclineinthenumberoftreespeciesoratleasttopreservethe'geneticmaterial'ofallofthem.AlthoughforestfiresdonotaffectallofEuropetothesameextent,theamountofdamagecausedtheexpertstoproposeasthethirdresolutionthattheStrasbourgconferenceconsidertheestablishmentofaEuropeandatabankonthesubject.Allinformationusedinthedevelopmentofnationalpreventativepolicieswouldbecomegenerallyavailable.Thesubjectofthefourthresolutiondiscussedbytheministerswasmountainforests.InEurope,itisundoubtedlythemountainecosystemwhichhaschangedmostrapidlyandismostatrisk.Athinlyscatteredpermanentpopulationanddevelopmentofleisureactivities,particularlyskiing,haveresultedinsignificantlong-termchangestothelocalecosystems.Proposeddevelopmentsincludeapreferentialresearchprogramonmountainforests.ThefifthresolutionrelaunchedtheEuropeanresearchnetworkonthephysiologyoftrees,calledEurosilva.EurosilvashouldsupportjointEuropeanresearchontreediseasesandtheirphysiologicalandbiochemicalaspects.Eachcountryconcernedcouldincreasethenumberofscholarshipsandotherfinancialsupportfordoctoralthesesandresearchprojectsinthisarea.Finally,theconferenceestablishedtheframeworkforaEuropeanresearchnetworkonforestecosystems.Thiswouldalsoinvolveharmonisingactivitiesinindividualcountriesaswellasidentifyinganumberofpriorityresearchtopicsrelatingtotheprotectionofforests.TheStrasbourgconference'smainconcernwastoprovideforthefuture.Thiswastheinitialmotivation,onenowsharedbyall31participantsrepresenting31Europeancountries.Theirfinaltextcommitsthemtoon-goingdiscussionbetweengovernmentrepresentativeswithresponsibilityforforests.Questions27-33DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage3?Inboxes27-33onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis27ForestproblemsofMediterraneancountriesaretobediscussedatthenextmeetingofexperts.28ProblemsinNordiccountrieswereexcludedbecausetheyareoutsidetheEuropeanEconomicCommunity.29Forestsarearenewablesourceofrawmaterial.30Thebiologicalfunctionsofforestswererecognisedonlyinthetwentiethcentury.31NaturalforestsstillexistinpartsofEurope.32Forestpolicyshouldbelimitedbynationalboundaries.33TheStrasbourgconferencedecidedthataforestpolicymustallowforthepossibilityofchange.Questions34-39Lookatthefollowingstatementsissuedbytheconference.Whichsixofthefollowingstatements,A-J,refertotheresolutionsthatwereissued?Matchthestatementswiththeappropriateresolutions(Questions34-39).Writethecorrectletter,A-J,inboxes34-39onyouranswersheet.AAllkindsofspeciesoftreesshouldbepreserved.BFragilemountainforestsshouldbegivenpriorityinresearchprograms.CThesurvivingnaturalforestsofEuropedonotneedprioritytreatment.DResearchistobebetterco-ordinatedthroughoutEurope.EInformationonforestfiresshouldbecollectedandshared.FLossofleavesfromtreesshouldbemoreextensivelyandcarefullymonitored.GRes