初中英语语法-英语从句总结

学习必备欢迎下载初中英语语法总结（从句）从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。火语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及therebe句型。主系表结构、主谓（宾）结构、therebe结构是英语的三大基本句式，无论一个句子有多长、多复杂，它总是属于这三大句式中的一种。学习基本句式，句子成分是一个关键的概念，它是指句子的组成单位，不同的句式由不同的句子成分组成。如：主系表结构的成分有主语、系动词、表语；主谓（宾）结构的成分有主语、谓语、宾语；therebe结构的主要成分是主语。英语中的句子成分主要有：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语，等等。这些句子成分可以由单词、词组或句子充当，当这些成分由句子充当时，我们就有了相应的从句，如：充当主语成分的句子为主语从句，充当宾语成分的句子为宾语从句，等等。英语从句三大类型按一般说法，可分为三大类14种从句。一，名词性从句主语从句Whetherit'srightornotremainstobeseen.宾语从句Iwonderwhetherit'srightornot.同位语从句Thisisaquestionwhetherit'srightornot.表语从句Thequestioniswhetherit'srightornot.

学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载二，定语从句限定性定语从句SheisthestudentwhocanspeakEnglishwell.非限定性定语从句Sheisthestudent,whocanspeakEnglishwell.三，状语从句时间状语从句Thefactwillcomeoutwhenhecomeshere.地点状语从句Youcangowhereveryoulike.原因状语从句Paymoreattentiontoyourlessonsbecauseyouareastudent.4方式状语从句Hewalksasifhewereaking.目的状语从句ShewenttoJapansothatshecouldlearnJapanesewell.结果状语从句ShewenttoJapansothatshelearnedJapanesewell.条件状语从句Iwillunderstanditifhetellsme.让步状语从句Heknowsalotthoughheislittle.学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载1.定语从句Therearesomeoldbooksinthebox.TheboydressedinblueisfromAmerica.>分清几个概念：先行词与关系代词/关系副词。先行词是指定语从句所修饰的中心词；关系代词主要有who,whom,whose,which,that;关系副词主要有when,where,why。关系代词和关系副词有两个作用，一是连接主句和从句的作用，二是在定语从句中做成分。■定语从句分为：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，限定性定语从句如果去掉会影响句子意义的完整性，非限定性定语从句即使去掉也不会影响句子意义的完整性，如：Julyisthemonthwhenwehavealotofrain.Therearemanyplays(that)I,dliketosee.Themeetingwasputoff,whichsurprisedusalot.ThisnoteisleftbyMary,whowashereamomentago.L非限定性定语从句，其作用为：对所修饰的成分作进一步的说明，它与主句用逗号隔开。此类从句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定语从句中，which可代表前面的整个句子；代表人时只能用who,whom，而不能用that；as也可用作关系代词。例如：.Thetelephone，asweknow，wastheinventionofAlexanderGrahamBell..FranklinD.Roosevelt,whodiedthereonApril12,1945..Livinginadamp(潮湿的)houseforalongtimeisharmfultoone,shealth,whichisknowntoeveryone.2限定性定语从句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在从句中作主语或宾语。that作宾语时常可省略，which则不能，而且其后的“不及物动词+介词''中的介词不能省略。which作宾语时，先行词与which之间的介词不能省。例如：.Thefirstdollthatcouldsay“mama”wasinventedin1830..Thesecondhalfofhisvoyagewasbyfarthemoredangerouspart,duringwhichhesailedroundtheCapeHorn合恩角.>代表all,anything,something,nothing,much等词时，用that而不用which,that作宾语可省略。例如：1.Icareanythingthathassomethingtodowithit.2.You'dbetterdosomethinghepreferstodotopleasehim.3.Thatisthelasttimewemeteachother.4.Icameacrossthewomanyoutoldmeaboutyesterday.>who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。where是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而when用来表示时间。whose

学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如：.HenryFordisthepersonwhoismostresponsiblefordevelopingtheideaofmassproduction..Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg..Thenextmorning,whenshecamedowntobreakfast,Marywasbeamingwiththepleasureofanew，greatdiscovery..Thevisitingprofessorisafamousscientistwhosesonstudiesinmydepartment.>注意几点：that可替代who,whom（指人），也可替代which（指物）whose既可指人又可指物引导定语从句的关系代词紧跟介词做从句的宾语时，不用that,只用which//不能用which,只能用that的情况.…几个例子：Isshethegirlthat/whosellsflowers?Thetrainthat/whichhasjustleftisforXi,an.Thepeople（who/that/whom）youweretalkingtowereRussians.ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Ihavenevermettheboywhosemotherisafamousactress.Mybookisonthetablewhoselegsarebroken.HewenttoChinain1945,whentheWarWorldIIwasover.Look,thisisthehousewherethewriterwasborn.Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench（扳手）.2.状语从句Heswimsfast.Nervous,heopenedtheletter.Legsbroken,thesoldiercrawledbackhome.Sheusedtostayupuntilmidnight.Withabookinhishand,theteachercamein.>状语从句可分为：时间状语从句（主要由when,whenever,after,before,a5,since,once,until,while等连词引导），结果状语从句（由so…that和such…that连接），让步状语从句（由though,although,nomatter,evenif,however,whatever等词引导），原因状语从句（由as,because,since和for引导），条件状语从句（由if,whether,aslongas,providedthat等词引导），地点状语从旬（由where引导），行为方式状语从句（由as引导）。有时条件状语从句中，主句不可以用将来时，而用一般时代替。>状语从句中的“主语+be”可以省略，前提是：从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语“be”省略后的结构为“连词+现在分词/过去分词介词短语/形容词/名词短语”。）例如：1.Ifnecessary,Iwouldliketoseeyouinyouroffice.

学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载2.Althoughseriouslywounded,henevercomplained.条件状语从句：Let'sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.(除非,若不；相当于if---not)IP：Ifyouaretootired,we’llnotgooutforawalk.Youmayborrowmybookaslongasyoukeepitclean. (只要，表示条件的唯一性)Takeyourumbrellaincaseitrains. (以防---，以免---)Icantellyouthetruthonconditionthatyoupromisetokeepasecret.(条件是---))Supposingitrains,shallwecontinuethesportsmeeting?(如果,假如)Hewon'tbeagainstusinthemeetingprovided/providingthatweaskforhisadviceinadvance.(假如，除非以……为条件))Youwillbesuccessfulintheinterviewonceyouhaveconfidence.L旦---就--)方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as...so...,asif,asthough引导。as,(just)as...so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)as...so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如…“，"就像“，多用于正式文体，例如：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。asif,asthough两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的”，例如：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。)说明：asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。比较状语从句Youseemtoknowmusicaswellasyouknowastronomy（天文学）.（as---as结构）

学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载Therewasnogardensolovelyashisinthiscity.（noso---as结构）Finallyhehasmadeasmuchmoneyashewanted.（as+adj+n.+as结构）Yourwatchisnotthesameashis.（thesameas结构）Inevermetsuchamanasyouryoungerbrother.（such---as结构）Shestudiesmorediligentlythanherclassmates.（morethan结构）Nootherbookhashadagreaterinfluenceonmylife.（否定词和比较级连用表示最高级含义。）Thisteacherexplainedtheproblemmoreclearlythananyotherteacher.（比较级与“anyotherone”连用表示最高级含义。）Themoreyouread,thebetterwillyouwrite.（themore——themore结构）11）Heearnednomorethan800dollarsamonth.他一个月只挣800美元。（no+比较级+than结构）.3.名词从句名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1）主语从句Heisateacher.LearningEnglishwellcouldtakeyoualotoftime.a.由what、wh-ever等代词引导的主语从句，一般放在句首，不能用it做形式主语：WhatIwanttoknowishisaddress.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.Whatevershedidwasright.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.b.由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下，这个从句都放在句子后部,而用代词it作形式上的主语：ThatImaynotbeabletocomeispossible.=ItispossiblethatImaynotbeabletocome.Thatweneedmoreequipmentisquiteobvious.=Itisobviousthatweneedmoreequipment.Thathewillrefusetheofferisunlikely.=Itisunlikelythathewillrefusetheoffer.三个固定句型（属于此类）：It+名称+that：Itisapitythatwecan,tgo.It+形容词+that：ItisclearthatTomhasreturned.It+过去分词+that：Itissaid/believed/reported/knownthat….学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载c.由连接代词或连接副词(或whether)引导的主语从句，这个从句可以直接放在句首作主语，也可放到句子后部去，前面用it作形式主语：Whichisthebetterchoiceisobvious.=Itisobviouswhichisthebetterchoice.Whowillgoforthemeetinghasnotbeendecided.=Ithasnotbeendecidedwhowillgoforthemeeting.Wherehe10sthisgoldwatchremainedamystery.=Itremainedamysterywherehelosthisgoldwatch..Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetisstillaquestion.=Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet.Whetherhewilljoinuswon’tmakemuchdifference.=Itwon’tmakemuchdifferencewhetherhewilljoinus.Whythe01dmanwenttothecastleisstillunknown.=Itisstillunknownwhytheoldmanwenttothecastle.Howhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungagefascinatedmanypeople.=Itfascinatedmanypeoplehowhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungage.2)宾语从句HelikesChineseverymuch.I,msurprisedathisyoungage.a•由that引导的宾语从句，一般做动词的宾语，that可以省略Thelettersays(that)theyareleavingonthe13thIdon,tdoubt(that)theywillbeabletoovercomethedifficulties.SheremindedmethatIhadameetingtoattendthatevening.b.由what，who，which,how，where，when,whether(if)等引导的宾语从句，既可以做动词的宾语，又可以做介词的宾语Idon,tknowwhetherthesefiguresareaccurate.I,llreadwhicheverbookyourecommend.I,llshowyouwhatIhaveputdowninmynote-bookHassheinformedyouwhentheyaretoholdthemeeting.Shewasneversatisfiedwithwhatshehadachieved.Whetherthatisagoodsolutiondependsonhowyou100katit.c.在某些句型中，特别是带符合宾语的句子中，that引导的从句常常移到后部去，前面用it做形式宾语Weallthoughtitapitythattheconferenceshouldhavebeencancelled.Itookitforgrantedthattheywerenotcoming.d.在“be+形容词”这类结构后，that引导的从句，有些在概念上接近宾语，而在结构上却接近状语

学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载I,mafraidthatIhavemadeamistake.Wearesurethatweshallsuccess.Wearefullyconfidentthatwecanovercomethedifficulties.I,mnotsurewhethershewouldliketheidea.^一些表语性的形容词，如:alarmed,amazed,annoyed,astonished,certain,confident,disappointed,glad,pleased,proud,sad,shocked,sure,surprised,worried,ect.做表语时，后面可跟由that,how等引导的宾语从句。例如：1.Iwasamazedhowhecouldpasstheexamwithoutattendingthelectures.2.HeisconfidentthathewillpasstheBand6examination.3.Shewassurprisedhowsimplehisproblemis.4.Weareallpleasedthathewillbeabletopassthefinalexamination.3）表语从句Heiskind./Heisateacher.TheSmithsarefromAustralia.Thisiswhereourbasicinterestlies.Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.WhatIreallywhattoknowishowyouhavemanagedtoremember1000wordswithinanhour.表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用；若表语从句用that引起，that起连接作用，不能省略。表语从句也可用连接词how,when,where,why,what引起。由because引起