1辽宁工程技术大学考博英语历年考博真题13-18年

1862018年辽宁工程技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15%)Passage1ItwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewYork.First,partofabuildingonWest140thStreet,inHarlem,felldown.Bedstumbledthroughtheair,peopleslidoutoftheirapartmentsandontotheground,threepeopledied,andtheRedCrosswasthere,helpingshockedresidentsfindtemporaryshelter,andfoodandclothing.Thenitwasbackdowntownforthatevening'sbigfund-raiser,theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDance,atthePierre.“That'swhyIhavebadhairtonight,”saidChristopherPeake,aRedCrossspokesmanwhohadspentmuchofthedayattheHarlemscene,inthedrizzlingrain.Hewasnowinatuxedo,andactuallyhishairdidn'tlooksobad,framedbyacenterpieceoftulipsandjonquils,andperhapsimprovedbysubduedlightingfromeightcrystalchandeliers．Definitelynothavingabad-hairnightwasElizabethDole,thewifeofSenatorRobertDoleandthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCross.PresidentDolehaschestnut-coloredRepublicanhair,whichwassoftlycoifed,andshewaswearingafittedburgundyvelveteveningsuit(“Someonemadeitforme!Ilovevelvet.”sheexclaimed,inherenthusiastic,NorthernCarolinahostessvoice)andsparklingdropearrings.Ofcourse,shehadn'tbeenstandingintheraininHarlem;shehadjustflownuponthethree-o'clockshuttlefromWashington.Doleisextremelypretty,withroundgreeneyesandafullmouthandadirectpersonality.Shetiltsherheadattentivelywhenshelistens.Shewastherecipientoftheevening'saward;previousawardwinnershaveincludedAliceTully,PrincessYasminAsaKhan,．．．and,mostrecently,BrookeAstor.NotexactlyasequenceattheendofwhichyouwouldexpecttofindElizabethDole,butawardgiversarefamousforhavingpoliticalinstinctsaswellasphilanthropicones．Surroundedbythedeep-blueswagsandgoldendraperiesoftheballroomweremorethanthirty-fivedinnertablessetwithgroupingsofcandlesandfloralcenterpiecesandRoyalDoultonchina.AmericanExpresswasthere.SowereBristol-MyersSquibb;Coopers＆Lybrand;theNewYorkTimesCompany;UnionBankofSwitzerland;ChemicalBank;NewYorkLife;...andPriceWaterhouse.TheactressArleneDahl,withherratherredhairandherbeardedhusband,presidedoveronetable.Otherwise,itwasatypical,faceless,captain-of-industryfundraiser(nomodels!nostars!),ofwhichthereseemstobeatleastoneeverynightinNewYorkCity.Itwasnotasocietynight,butstilltheeveningraisedfourhundredandthirtythousanddollars．26．Fromwhatwereadwecaninferthat“itwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewYork”meansitsstaff______．A．dealwiththefailofhousesinthecityeverydayB．arebusyhelpingpeoplewhosufferfromdisasterseverydayC．workduringthedayandtohavebanquetintheeveningeverydayD．gotoHarlem,thepoorestdistrictofNewYork,everydayandhelppeoplethere27．Thefund-raisermentionedinthepassagerefersto______．A．RobertDoleB．ElizabethDoleC．theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDanceD．allthebusinesscompaniesattendingtheDinnerDance28．ChristopherPeake'shairdidn'tlooksobadbecause______．A．hewaswearingahandsometuxedoB．hewaswearingtulipsonhissuitC．hewasseenamongflowersD．hewassittingnearflowersandinverysoftlight29．ElizabethDolewas______．A．thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossandactedattheDinnerasaNorthCarolinahostessB．arepublicanandwifeofthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossC．thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossanditsmainrepresentativeattheAnnualDinnerDanceD．borninNorthCarolina,becameanair-hostessandlatermarriedSenatorRobertDole30．ThepresenceofanactressattheDinnermadethefundraising______．A．lessimpersonalB．atypicalfund-raisingeventC．lesspersonalD．morebusiness-likePassage2Forlaymenethnologyisprobablythemostinterestingofthebiologicalsciencesfortheveryreasonthatitconcernsanimalsintheirnormalactivitiesandtherefore,ifwewish,wecanassessthepossibledangersandadvantagesinourownbehavioralroots.Ethnologyalsoisinterestingmethodologicallybecauseitcombinesinnewwaysveryscrupulousfieldobservationswithexperimentationinlaboratories．Thefieldworkershavehadsomehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.Foralongtimetheywereconsideredaslittlebetterthanamateuranimal-watcherscertainlynotscientists,sincetheirfactswerenotgainedbyexperimentalprocedures:theycouldnotconformtothehard-and-fastrulethataproblemsetupandsolvedbyonescientistmustbetestedbyotherscientists,underidenticalconditionsandreachingidenticalresults.Ofcoursemanysituationsinthelivesofanimalssimplycannotberehearsedandcontrolledinthisway.Thefallflockingofwildfreebirdscan'tbe,orthehomingofanimalsoverlongdistances,orevendetailsofspontaneousfamilyrelationships.Sincethesenevercanbereproducedinalaboratory,aretheythennotworthknowingabout?Theethnologistswhochoosefieldworkhavegotthemselvesoutofthisimpassebygreatlyrefiningthetechniquesofobserving.Atthestartofaprojectalltheanimalstobestudiedarelive-trapped,markedindividually,andreleased.Motionpictures,oftenincolor,providepermanentrecordsoftheirsubsequentactivities.Recordingoftheanimals'voicesbyelectricalsoundequipmentisconsideredessential,andthemostmeticulousnotesarekeptofallthatoccurs.Withthismaterialotherbiologists,farfromthescene,latercanverifythereports.Moreover,twofieldobserversoftengoouttogether,checkingeachother'sobservationsrightthereinthefield．Ethnology,theword,isderivedfromtheGreekethos,meaningthecharacteristictraitsorfeatureswhichdistinguishanyparticulargroupofpeopleor,inbiology,agroupofanimalssuchasaspecies.Ethnologistshavetheintentionofstudying“thewholesequenceofactswhichconstituteananimal'sbehavior.”Inabridgeddictionariesethnologyissometimesdefinedsimplyas“theobjectivestudyofanimalbehavior,”andethnologistsdoemphasizetheirwishtoeliminatemyths．31．Inthefirstsentence,theword“laymen”meansA．peoplewhostandasideB．peoplewhoarenottrainedasbiologistsC．peoplewhoareamateurbiologistsD．peoplewholoveanimals32．Accordingtothepassage,ethnologyisA．anewbranchofbiologyB．anoldGreekscienceC．apseudo-scienceD．ascienceforamateurs33．“Thefieldworkershavehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.”ThissentencemeansA．ethnologistswhenworkinginthefieldarehandicappedB．ethnologistshaveproblemsinwinningrecognitionasscientistsC．ethnologistsarelookeddownuponwhentheyworkinthefieldD．ethnologistsmeetwithlotsofdifficultieswhendoingfieldwork34．Accordingtotheexplanationofthescientificruleofexperimentinthepassage,“hard-and-fast”meansexperimentproceduresA．aredifficultandquicktofollowB．mustbecarriedoutinastrictandquickwayC．mustbefollowedstrictlytoavoidfalseandlooseresultsD．hardandunreasonableforscientiststoobserve35．Themeaningoftheunderlinedwordsin“thedetailsofspontaneousfamilyrelationships”canbeexpressedasA．naturalfamilyrelationshipsB．quicklyoccurringfamilyrelationshipsC．animalsactinglikeanaturalfamilyD．animalfamilybehaviorthatcannotbepreplannedorcontrolledPassage3Thesinglegreatestshiftinthehistoryofmass-communicationtechnologyoccurredinthe15thcenturyandwaswelldescribedbyVictorHugoinafamouschapterof“NotreDamedeParis”.Itwasacathedral.Onallpartsofthegiantbuilding,statuaryandstonerepresentationsofeverykind,combinedwithhugewindowsofstainedglass,toldthestoriesoftheBibleandthesaints,displayedtheintricaciesofChristiantheology,advertedtotheexistenceofhighlyunpleasantdemonicwingedcreatures,referreddiplomaticallytothemajestiesofpoliticalpower,and,inaddition,bymeansofbellsinbelltowers,toldtimeforthebenefitofallofParisandmuchofFrance.Itwasanawesomeengineofcommunication．Thencamethetransitiontosomethingstillmoreawesome.Thenewtechnologyofmasscommunicationwasportable,couldsitonyourtable,andwaseasilyreplicable,andyet,paradoxically,containedmoreinformation,moresystematicallypresented,thaneventhelargestofcathedrals.Itwastheprintedbook.Thoughitprovidednobellsandcouldnottelltime,theover-allsuperiorityofthenewinventionwasunmistakable．Inthelasttenortwentyyears,wehavebeenundergoingamoreorlessequivalentshift-thistimetoanewlifeasacomputer-usingpopulation.Thegaininportability,capability,ease,orderliness,accuracy,reliability,andinformation-storageoveranythingachievablebypenscribbling,typewriting,andcabinetfilingisrecognizedbyall.Theprogressforcivilizationisundeniableand,plainly,irreversible.Yet,justasthebook'striumphoverthecathedraldividedpeopleintotwogroups,oneofwhichprospered,whiletheotherlapsedintogloom,thecomputer'striumphhasalsodividedthehumanrace．Youhaveonlytobringacomputerintoaroomtoseethatsomepeoplebeginatoncetobuzzwithcuriosityandexcitement,sitdowntoconductexperiments,ohandahattheboxesandbeeps,andmastertheuseofthecomputeroranewprogramasquicklyasathletesplayingadelightfulnewgame.Buthowdifficultitis-howgrimandfrightfulfortheotherpeople,thedefeatedclass,whosetemperamentdoesnotnaturallyrespondtocomputers.Themachinewhirrsandglowsbeforethemandtheirfacestwitch.Theymaybesplendidlyeducated,asmeasuredbybook-reading,yettheirinstinctsareallwrong,andnoamountofmanual-studyingandmouse-clickingwillmakethemright.Computersrequireasharplydifferentsetofaptitudes,and,iftheaptitudesaremissing,littlecanbedone,andmiseryisguaranteed．Isthecomputerindustryawarethatcomputershavedividedmankindintotwonew,previouslyunknownclasses,thecomputerpersonalitiesandthenon-computerpersonalities?Yes,theindustryknowsthis.Vastsumshavebeenexpendedinordertoadaptthecomputertothelimitationsofnoncomputerpersonalities.Apple'sMacintosh,withitszoominganimationsandpull-downmenusandlittlepicturesoffilefoldersandwatchfacesandtrashcans,pointedtheway.Suchseductionshavesoothedtheapprehensionsofacertainnumberofthecomputer-averse.Thisspring,thecomputerindustry'seffortsarereachingaculminationofsons.Microsoft,BillGates'giantcorporation,istobringoutaprogrampackagecalledMicrosoftBob,designedbyMr.Gates'wife,MelindaFrench,andintendedtorendercomputertechnologyavailableeventopeoplewhoareopenlyterrifiedofcomputers.Bob'sprincipleistotaketheseveraltasksofoperatingacomputer,renametheminafolksystyle,andassigntothemtheimagesofanidealroominanidealhome,withfurnitureandbookshelves,andwithchummycartoonhelpers(“FriendsofBob”)toguidethecomputeruserovertheroughspots,and,inthatway,simulateanatmospherethatfeelsnothinglikecomputers．36．Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A．ItisbecausethecathedralofNotre-DameinParishadmanybell-towersandcouldtelltimetopeoplethatthewriterregardsitasanengineofmasscommunication．B．Fromcathedralstobookstocomputersthetechnologyofcommunicationhasbecomemoreconvenient,reliableandfast．C．Everytimewhenanewcommunicationmeanstriumphedovertheold,itdividedmankindintotwogroups．D．Computerindustryhasbeentryingbardtomakepeopleacceptcomputers．37．Theprintedbookismoreprogressivethanthecathedralasacommunicationmeans,because______．A．itcouldsitonyourtableanddidnolongertelltimeB．itwasmorereliableanddidnottellthestoriesofsaintsanddemonsC．itwassmall,yetcontainedmoreinformationD．itdidnotflatterreligiousandpoliticalpower38．Theword“awesome”inthepassagemeans______．A．frighteningB．causingfearandrespectC．amazinglynewD．awful39．Peoplewhofeelmiserablewithcomputersarethose______．A．wholovereadinghooksandwritingwithapenoratypewriterB．whopossessthewrongaptitudesofdislikingandfearingnewthingsC．whohavenotbeentrainedtousecomputersD．whoarebornwithatemperamentthatdoesnotrespondtocomputers40．MelindaFrenchdesignedMicrosoftBobwhichwastoeasethemiseryofcomputerusersby______．A．makingusersfeelthattheyarenotdealingwithmachinesB．makingtheprogrammoreconvenientandcartoon-likeC．addinghomepicturestotheprogramdesignD．renamingthecomputertasksinafolksystyleDirections:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenparaphrasethenumberedandunderlinedparts.(“Paraphrase”meanstoexplainthemeaninginyourownEnglish.)(15%)Charmistheultimateweapon,thesupremeseduction,againstwhichtherearefewdefenses.Ifyou'vegotit,youneedalmostnothingelse,neithermoney,looks,norpedigree.(41)Itisagift-onlygiventogiveaway,andthemoreusedthemorethereis.Itisalsoaclimateofbehaviorsetforperpetualsummerandcontrolledbytasteandtact．Realcharmisdynamic,anenvelopingspellwhichmysteriouslyenslavesthesenses.Itisaninnerlight,fedonreservoirsofbenevolencewhichwelluplikeathermalspring.Itisunconscious,oftennothingbutthewishtoplease,andcannotbeturnedonandoffatwill．(42)Yourecognizecharmbythefeelingyougetinitspresence.Youknowwhohasit.Butcanyougetittoo?Probably,youcan't,becauseit'saquicknessofspirit,anoriginalityoftouchyouhavetobebornwith.Orit'ssomethingthatgrowsnaturallyoutofanotherquality,likethesimpledesiretomakepeoplehappy.Certainly,charmisnotaquestionoflearningtricks,likewrinklingyournose,orhavingalaughinyourvoice,orgailytossingyourhairoutofyourdancingeyes.(43)Suchsigns,tothenervous,areominouswarningswhichmaywellsendhimstreakingforcover.Ontheotherhand,thereisanantenna,abuilt-inawarenessofothers,whichmostpeoplehave,andwhichcarecannourish．Butinastudyofcharm,whatelsedoesonelookfor?Apartfromtheabilitytolistenrarestofallhumanvirtuesandmostdifficulttosustainwithoutvaguenessapartfromwarmth,sensitivity,andthepowertoplease,whatelseistherevisible?(44)Agenerosity,Isuppose,whichmakesnodemands,atransactionwhichstrikesnobargains,whichdoesn'tholditselfbacktillyou'vefilledupatest-cardmakingitdearthatyou'reworththetrouble.Charmcan'twithhold,butspendsitselfwillinglyonyoungandoldalike,onthepoor,theugly,thedim,theboring,onthelastfatmaninthecomer.(45)Itrevealsitselfalsoinasenseofease,incasualbutperfectmanners,andofteninaphysicalgracewhichspringslessfromanaccidentofyouththanfromaconfidentserenityofmind.Anypersonwiththisismorethanjustapopularfellow,heisalsoasocialhealer．PartⅣClozeTestDirections:FillineachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagewithONEsuitablewordtocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.(10%)Onewayofimprovingone'swritingistogetintothehabitofkeepingarecordofyourobservations,ofstoring46inanotebookorjournal.Youshouldmakenoteonyourexperiencesandonyour47ofeverydaylifesothattheyarepreserved.Itissad48tobeabletoretrievealostideathatseemedbrilliantwhenitflashedacrossyour49,oraforgottenfactthatyouneedtomakeapointinanargumentortoillustrateaconclusion.Thejournalhabithasstill50value.Just51youneedtorecordobservations-hematerialforwriting,youneedtopracticeputtingthoughtsonpaper.Learningtowriteismorelikelearningtoski52itislikestudyingcalculusoranthropology.Practicehelpsyoudiscoverwaystoimprove.Writingdownideasforyourownuseforcesyoutoexaminethem.Puttingthoughtsonpaperforsomeoneelsetoread53youtoevaluatenot54thecontentwhatyousaybutalsotheexpression55yousayit.Manyratershavebenefitedfromthishabit．PartⅤProofreadingDirections:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether20mistakes,oneineachunderlinedsentenceorpartofasentence.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordorjustdeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutwithaslash(□andwritethecorrectword.Ifyouaddaword,writethemissingwordbetweenthewords(inbracket)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutwithaslash(□PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.(20%)Examples:eg.1.(56)Themeetingbegun2hoursago．CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(56)begun→beganeg.2.(57)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup．CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(57)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3.(58)NeverwillInotdoitagainCorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(58)not(56)“Humanism”hasusedtomeantoomanything,tobeaverysatisfactoryterm.(57)Nevertheless,andinthelackofabetterword,(58)Ishalluseitheretoexplainforthecomplexofattitudeswhichthisdiscussionhasundertakentodefend．(59)Inthissenseahumanistisanyonewhoreiectstheattempttodescribeoraccountofmanwhollyonthebasisofphysics,chemistry,andanimalbehavior.(60)Heisanyonewhobelievesthatwill,reason,andpurposearerealandsignificant:thatvalueandjusticeareaspectsofarealitycalledgoodandevilandrestsuponsomefoundationotherthancustom;(61)thatconsciousnessissofarfromamereepiphenomenonthatitisthemosttremendousofactualities;(62)thattheunmeasured,maybesignificant;ortosumitallup;(63)thatthosehumanrealitieswhichsometimesseemtoexistonlyinhumanmindaretheperceptionsofthemind．(64)Heis,inotherwords,anyonewhosaysthattherearemorethingsinheavenandearththanthosedreamedofinthepositivistphilosophy．(65)Originally,tobesure,thetermhumanistmeantsimplyanyonewhothoughtthestudyofancientliteraturehischiefconcern.Obviouslyitmeans,asIuseit,verymuchmore.(66)ButthereremainsneverthelessacertainconnectionbetweentheaboriginalmeaningandthatIamattemptingtogiveit,(67)becausethosewhomIdescribeashumanistsusuallyrecognizethatliteratureandtheartshavebeenprettyconsistently“onitsside”and(68)becauseitisoftenliteraturethattheyturntorenewtheirfaithinthewholeclassoftruthswhichthemodemworldhassoconsistentlytended,todismissasthemerefigmentsofawishfulthinkingimagination．(69)Insofarasthismodernworldgiveslessandlessattentiontoitsliterarypast,insofarasitdismissesthatpastassomethingoutgrowand(70)tobediscardedasmuchastheimperfecttechnologycontemporarywithithasbeendiscarded,(71)justtothatextentitfacilitatethesurrenderofhumanismtotechnology.(72)Theliteratureistobefound,directlyexpressedor(73)moreoftenindirectlyimplied,themosteffectivecorrectiontotheviewsnowmostprevalentamongthethinkingandunthinking．(74)Thegreatimaginativewriterspresentapictureofhumannatureandofhumanlifewhichcarriesconvictionandthusgivingthelietoallattemptstoreducemantoamechanism.Novelsandpoems,anddramasaresopersistentlyconcernedwiththevalueswhichrelativismrejectsthatonemightevendefineliteratureastheattempttopassvaluejudgmentsuponrepresentationsofhumanlife.(75)Moreoftenthannotthoseofitsimaginativepersonswhofailtoachievepowerandwealtharemoresuccessfulthanthosewhodonot-bystandardswhichtheimaginativewriterpersuadesustoacceptasvalid．PartⅥWritingDirections:Writeashortcompositionofabout250to300wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.(15%)Topic:Whatisthemosturgentissuefacingtheworldpeopleinthe21stcentury?Stateyourreasons．2017年辽宁工程技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15%)Passage1Inoursocietytherazorofnecessitycutsclose.Youmustmakeabucktosurvivetheday.Youmustworktomakeabuck.Thejobisoftenachore,rarelyadelight.Nomatterhowdemeaningthetask,nomatterhowitdullsthesensesorbreaksthespirit,onemustwork.Latelytherehasbeenaquestioningofthis“workethic”,especiallybytheyoung.Strangelyenough,ithastouchedoffprofoundgrievancesinothershithertosilentandanonymous．Unexpectedprecinctsarebeingheardfrominashowofdiscontentbybluecollarandwhite.Ontheeveningbusthetense,pinchedfacesofyoungfileclerksandelderlysecretariestellusmorethanwecaretoknow.Ontheexpresswaysmiddle-managementmenposewithoutgracebehindtheirwheels,astheyfleecityandjob．Inall,thereismorethanaslightache.Andtheredanglestheimpertinentquestion:Shouldtherenotbeanotherincrement,earnedthoughnotyetreceived,toone'sdailywork-anacknowledgmentofaman'sbeing?Infact,whatallofusarelookingforisacalling,notjustajob.Jobsalonearenotbeingenoughforpeople．26．“Inoursocietytherazorofnecessitycutsclose”inthefirstlinemeans______．A．thereisashortageofdailynecessitiesB．peoplefighteachotherfornecessitiesC．mostpeoplefeelthefinancialpressureD．everyonelivesahardlife27．The“workethic”referredtointhefirstparagraphcanbeinterpretedas______．A．oneworksmainlytokeepbodyandsoultogetherB．onemustworknotonlyformoney,butalsofordelightC．onemustunderstandthatjobsaschoresD．oneshouldearnasmuchmoneyadayaspossible28．Middle-managementmenfleecityandjobbecause______．A．theyhavelosttheirgraceB．theyaretiredbythelongday'sworkC．theydon'twanttoseethetenseandpinchedfacesoftheirclerksandsecretariesD．theyarefrightenedbytheprofoundgrievancesshownbytheyoungpeople29．Thephrase“increment,earnedthoughnotreceived”inthethirdparagraphmeans______．A．moneyonehasearnedandwillbepaidlaterB．moneyonehasearned,butwillnotbepaidtohim/herC．somethingthatoneearnsthroughajob,butisnotcountedintermsofpayD．somethingthatoneearnsthathasnothingtodowithhisorherjob30．Themainideaofthispassageis______．A．inmodernsocietypeopleareundergreatworkpressureB．nowadayspeoplewanttoenjoylifemorethandohardworkC．workshouldbetopeoplemorethanjustameanstosurviveD．morejobsofdelightshouldbecreatedforpeoplePassage2Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheBibleistheexpression“aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth.”Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenseagainstsociety.Tomakerepaymentforthisoffense,societymustgetequallybalanced,whichcanbedoneonlybyimposinganequalinjuryuponhim.Thisconceptionofdeserved-punishmentjusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimes,whichisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel,whobelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwilleliminatethisdentalandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphislifewillpayhisdebt.Thedemandforthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimwhathedeserves．Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplacedeserved-punishmentjusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividual,notsimplytogetevenwithhim.Therefore,hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart．31．AccordingtotheBible,theconceptofequalityinjusticemeans______．A．acriminalmustbeseverelypunishedB．acriminalmustbegivenapunishmentthatisexactlythesameasthecrimehehasdoneC．acriminalmustbegivenapunishmentthathedeservesD．acriminalmustpayforhiscrimewithhiseyesandteeth32．Theresultofdeserved-punishmentjusticeis______．A．thecriminal'swinningofatruelifeB．thecriminal'stakingdeathpenaltyforthecrimecommittedbyhimC．thecriminal'sdenialofhistrueselfD．therestorationofthecriminal'sguiltyselftotheselfbeforethecrime33．Inthesentence:“societyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted”theunderlinedpartcanbeinterpretedas:society______．A．wasindebttothecriminalandmustputhimintooperationasapunishmentB．shouldconsiderpunishmentassomethingitmustdosothatthecriminalcangetpaidbackforhiscrimeC．owedthecriminalequalityandmustfirstshowitinaction