词汇与语法(9主谓一致2009年12月)

英语基础知识——

词汇与语法主讲：林岚Tel:82111544Email:linda410@163.comAgreement

一致

一致指句子成分之间或词语之间在性、数等方面应保持一致。主谓一致指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致。一般遵循三条原则：①语法一致原则②意义一致原则③邻近一致原则简介Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement一、语法一致原则语法一致原则：即主语在形式上的单复数决定着谓语动词的单复数形式。e.g.Thenumberoferrorswassurprising.Julia&hertwinsisternaturallylookalotalike.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement二、意义一致原则意义一致原则:即主语在意义上的单复数要与谓语动词的单复数形式一致。主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式。Thecrowdwerefightingfortheirlives.Threeyearsinastrangelandseemslikealongtime.ThefamilywerewatchingTVlastnight.昨晚全家在看电视。（主语是单数名词family，但表复数，故用复数动词were）Fiveminutesisenough.五分钟就够了。(主语是复数名词minutes，但表单一概念，故用单数动词is)Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement三、邻近一致原则邻近原则即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。e.g.Onlyoneoutoffivewerepresent.Eitherthestudentsortheteacher___here.(is)EitherTomorhisbrothers

havetoshovelthesnow.不是汤姆就是他的兄弟们必须把雪铲去。（动词have不与主语Tom一致，而与其邻近的复数名词brothers形式上一致）一般来说，不可数名词作主语用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：Thereismuchwaterinthethermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement四、几种特殊情况1）当名词词组中心词为表示时间、距离、度量、价值等复数名词时，如表示抽象概念,

往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词通常采取单数形式;如表示具体的多少,

强调复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。e.g.Tendollarsisnotenough.Threeweeks

wasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.用三个星期来做必要的准备。Tenyuan

isenough.十元够了。Ten

minutes

is

all

that

I

can

spare

for

you.Six

thousand

dollars

is

a

large

sum

of

money

to

her.The

fifty

miles

were

covered

by

the

winner

in

three

hours.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement2）如果主语由“manya,morethanone+单数名词”构成，尽管从意义看是复数，仍用单数形式;但如果more

than

one本身作主语,

谓语动词则用复数形式。由morethan…of作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。Manyastudenthaspassedtheexam.More

than

one

question

has

been

discussed.Manyapersonhasreadthenovel.许多人都读过这本书。Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement3）连词or,either…or…,

neither…nor…,

not

only…but

also…连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词必须和靠它较近的一个名词或代词取得一致。

Either

I

or

they

are

responsible

for

it.

Neither

your

unkind

words

nor

your

unfriendly

attitude

has

caused

me

any

distress.Not

only

he

but

also

his

family

members

are

interested

in

football

match.

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement4）当主语包含and时,如果主语表示一个单一概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。否则用复数动词。Readingandwritingareveryimportant.

Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.

Theiron&steelindustryplaysanimportantpartinournationeconomy.War

and

peace

is

a

constant

theme

in

history.

The

wear

and

tear

on

the

machine

is

obvious.

The

secretary

and

manager

was

present

at

the

meeting.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement典型例题

TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor___askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.

A.isB.wasC.areD.were

答案B.注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A，C。本题易误选D，因为TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement5）当主语后面跟有with,togetherwith,like,except,but,besides,in

addition

to,accompanied

by,

rather

than,nolessthan,aswellas等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.Scientist,

together

with

some

assistants,was

sent

to

help

solve

that

problem.

The

boss,

rather

than

his

employees,

is

to

blame.Vocabulary&Grammar--AgreementNobodybutXiaoWang&XiaoLiwasthere.Nooneexceptmyparents

knows

anythingaboutit.XiaoWang,togetherwithhisclassmates,wassenttoJapan.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement6）there或here开头的句子，若主语有若干名词或一系列事物时,谓语可与最近的主语保持一致。Hereisapen,afewbooks&somepaperinthedrawer.Thereis

apen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。Thereare

twentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement7）某些学科名称和疾病名称虽是复数形式,

但这些词作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。这些词包括:

physics(物理学),economics(经济学),mathematics(数学),statistics(统计学),electronics(电子学),mechanics(力学),classics(古典文学)等学科名词作主语时，谓语用单数。Electronics

is

a

piece

of

cake

to

him.Quantummechanics(量子力学)

supplies

methods

for

calculating

the

results

of

experiments

in

all

those

realms.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement8）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如army,

family,audience,crew,crowd,couple,class,company,committee,group,

staff,

team,

public,

cabinet,

band等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。

Vocabulary&Grammar--AgreementHisfamilyisn‘tverylarge.他家不是一个大家庭。

Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。

The

population

of

the

earth

is

increasing

very

fast.

One

third

of

the

population

here

are

farmers.

The

public

has

every

reason

to

be

cautious

of

professional

deception.

The

public

now

know

the

whole

story.

The

teaching

staff

of

this

college

is/are

excellent.这所大学的教师都是出类拔萃的.

Arethereanypolicearound?Thepolicearesearchingforamurderer.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement9）当使用非确定量的名词作主语时如some,all,mostof,halfof…,plentyof…，partof,aportionof，动词形式根据词组中的名词是否为复数确定。Onethirdoftherubbishisdumpedintothesea.Twoaircraftaredestroyed.Allofhermoneyisspentonclothes.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement10）代词each和由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each,every,谓语需用单数。

Eachofushasatape-recorder.

Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.Every

hour

and

every

minute

is

vital

to

me

now.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement11）有些名词，如variety,number,population,majority等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。

Anumberof+名词复数+复数动词。

Thenumberof+名词复数+单数动词。

Anumberofbookshavelentout.

ThemajorityofthestudentslikeEnglish.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement12）用aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：Aseriesofaccidents

hasbeenreported.媒体报道了一连串的事故。Apileoflots

wassetbesidethehearth.炉边有一堆木柴。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement13)表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致

表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词(或词组)作主语时,如只指一种、一本或一个,

不论它形式上是单数还是复数,谓语动词只用单数形式。

The

Adventures

of

Huckleberry

Finn

was

written

by

the

famous

American

novelist

Mark

Twain.

The

New

York

Times

is

not

available

here.

The

United

States

was

founded

in

1776.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement14)单复数同形的名词作主语时,

主语与谓语动词的一致单复数同形的名词作主语时,

要根据句子意思来确定谓语动词的单复数形式,单复数同形的名词包括:

aircraft,

deer,

fish,

sheep,

means,

species,

series,

works,

crossroads

headquarters等。Various

means

of

transport

are

introduced

in

this

article.There

are

already

137

species

of

butterflies

known

in

the

world

today.It

is

all

a

means

to

an

end.这只是达到目的的一种手段。The

airline

ordered

15

new

aircraft.那家航空公司订购了十五架新飞机。Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement其他情况下的主谓语一致

1.none本身作主语时或它修饰的名词或代词作主语时,

如代表不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式,

如代表可数名词,谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式。

None

of

the

telephones

are/is

working.所有的电话都坏了。

2.

one

and

a

half后接的名词应是复数形式,

但谓语动词用单数形式。如:

One

and

a

half

years

has

passed.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement3.

one

or

two后接复数名词作主语时,

谓语动词用复数形式.

I

shall

be

away

only

one

or

two

days.

4.

one

of

后接复数名词作主语时,

谓语动词用复数形式，但如果是在theonlyoneof

接复数名词作主语时,

谓语动词用单数形式。John

is

the

only

one

of

the

students

who

has

been

to

France.John

is

one

of

the

students

who

have

been

to

France.

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement5.

either,

neither作主语时,

谓语动词用单数形式.

Neither

shoe

fits

comfortably.两只鞋都不合脚。

Neither

of

my

friends

has

come

yet.我的两个朋友都还没来。6.

动词不定式、动名词短语、名词性从句等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

Seeing

is

believing.

To

hesitate

means

failure.Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement

Exercise1.Themother,alongwithhertwochildren, ___(be)livingamiserablelife.2.Neitherhismothernorhisfather___(be) willingtolethimgo.3.Poultry___(include)chicken,ducks,andotherbirdsthatarekeptfortheirmeat.4.Threehours___(be)notenoughforcompletingthistask.5.Halfoftherice___(be)giventothepoor.(is,is,include,isis)Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement6.Sixtypercentofthepeople___(be)men.7.There___(be)eightsheepbrowsingonthegrass.8.Morethanonechild___(be)drowned.9.Thesemeans___(be)veryeffective.10.Wheresheisgoing___(be)stilluncertain.11.Whattheyneed___(be)thescissors.12.Spittingandthrowinglitter__(be)notallowedinthepublic.(are/were,are/were,was,are,is,are,is)Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement1.Eachofyou______responsiblefortheaccident.a.amb.bec.isd.are2.Eachmanandwoman______thesamerights.a.hasb.havec.hadd.ishaving3.Everymeans______triedbutwithoutmuchresult.a.hasbeenb.havebeenc.ared.is4.There______inthisroom.a.aretoomuchfurnitureb.istoomanyfurnituresc.aretoomuchfurnituresd.istoomuchfurniture5.Themanagerorhisassistant______planningtogo.a.wereb.arec.wasd.beCAADCVocabulary&Grammar--Agreement6.NotonlyIbutalsoDavidandIris______fondofplayingbasketball.a.amb.isc.ared.was7.NeitherTomnorhisparents______athome.a.isb.arec.hasd.was8.Eitherthedeanortheprincipal______themeeting.a.attendsb.attendc.areattendingd.haveattended9.“______twentydollarsabigsumtoher?”“Isupposeso.”a.Willbeb.Isc.Ared.Were10.Threehours______enoughforustofinishthetask.a.areb.hasc.isd.wereCBABCVocabulary&Grammar--Agreement11.Mostofhissavings______intheXinHuaBank.a.hasbeenkeptb.isbeingkeptc.havekeptd.havebeenkept12.Allthatcanbedone______.a.hasdoneb.hasbeendonec.havedoned.havebeendone13.Oneorperhapsmorepages_______.a.ismissingb.hasbeenmissedc.aremissingd.wasmissing14.Morethanoneworker______dismissed.a.havebeenb.arec.hasbeend.has15.Manyastudent______theimportanceoflearningaforeignlanguage.a.haverealizedb.hasrealizedc.havebeenrealizedd.hasbeenrealizedDBCCB

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement16.Thegasworks______nearthecity.a.isb.arec.wered.be17.Thecommittee______overtheproblemamongthemselvesfortwohours.a.hasarguedb.hasbeenarguingc.havearguedd.havebeenarguing18.Thepublic______generousintheircontributionstotheearthquakevictims.a.isb.wasc.ared.hasbeen19.Cattle______onthehillside.a.grazesb.isgrazingc.wasgrazingd.weregrazing20.Measles______akindofinfectiousillness.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeenADCDA

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement21.ThePhilippines______tothesouth-eastofChina.a.liesb.liec.layd.lays22.Maryisoneofthegirlswho______alwaysontime.a.isb.amc.ared.was23.Whatcausedtheaccident______ontheroad.a.werestoneb.werestonesc.wasstoned.wasstones24.Wiskyandsoda______hisfavoritedrink.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen25.______istoattendourevening.a.boththesingerandthedancerb.Eitherthesingerordancersc.Thesingerordancersd.ThesingeranddancerACDAD

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement26.TheSmiths______theirbreakfastwhenthemorningpostcame.a.hadb.hasbeenhavingc.arehavingd.werehaving27.Nooneexcepttwostudents______themeeting.a.hasbeenlateforb.havebeenlateforc.waslateford.werelaterfor28.Allbuthimandme______totheexhibition.a.amgoingb.isgoingc.aregoingd.wasgoing29.Interest,aswellasprospects,______importantwhenonelooksforajob.a.areb.werec.isd.was30.Thepresident,accompaniedbyhisassistants,______.a.havearrivedb.arearrivingc.hadarrivedd.hasarrivedDCCCD

Vocabulary&Grammar--Agreement31.Anumberofcars______infrontoftheparka.isparkedb.wasparkedc.areparkedd.hasparked32.Thenumberofarticlespublishedonsmok