成人学士学位英语1

成人学士学位英语辅导讲座主讲教师：许峰stephenxucz@东南大学远程教育第01讲学位英语考试内容与形式1.听力(20%)SectionA完成对话（5%）

SectionB简短对话（10%）SectionC对话与短文(5%)形式：选择题2.阅读理解（30%）四篇文章，每篇长度约300字，每篇文章后有5个选择问题，共20题。文章题材广泛，难度中等。体裁为记叙文，议论文，说明文等。学位英语考试内容与形式3.完形填空（10%）一篇约200字的短文。文中留有20个空格，每个空格为一题，每题四个选择项。4.词汇与语法（15%）SectionA词汇（10%）20题选择题，包含词汇与短语选择SectionB语法（5%）10题填空题，涉及英语中的各类基本语法知识学位英语考试内容与形式5.英译汉(10%)5题，英文句子均选自阅读理解中划线句子。要求：表述通顺，理解正确，译文达意。6.写作（15%）按要求写一篇不少于100字的英语作文，体裁为记叙文，议论文，说明文，应用文。要求：内容切题，语言通顺，结构完整，用词恰当，语义连贯。

语法概要：名词

普通名词(man,city)

集体名词(staff,team)物质名词(water,iron)抽象名词(fear,joy)专有名词(Tom,China)不可数名词在特定场合可转换为可数名词,但词义会发生变化。aniron(熨斗)ayouth(青年人)可数名词不可数名词规则名词复数形式１.大多数名词在词尾加–s

desksdayshouses２.以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-esheroes

bushes

boxes

watchestomatoes

注：如果词尾ch发k音,要加–s如stomachs字母o结尾的外来词,缩写词的复数只加–spianoskilosphotostobaccoso前面是元音字母也只加–s,studioszoos

3.以辅音加y结尾的名词，变y为i再加–esfamily–familieslady–ladies4.有十三个名词以f或fe结尾,复数要去掉f或fe,再加-ves.calf,half,knife,leaf,life,loaf,self,shelf,thief,wife,wolf,elf,sheaf.life–livesleaf–leaves不规择名词的复数形式1.有些名词以改变元音的方法变为复数，有些辅音也有变化。foot–feetmouse–micegoose–geesechild–children2.有些名词单复数形式相同

sheepfishdeermeansworks

3.外来词有独特的变化形式Criterion–criteriacrisis–crisesdatum--data复合名词的复数形式1.有连字符的复合名词的中心词加–sbrother-in-law--brothers-in-laweditor-in-chief–editors-in-chief2.没有连字符的复合名词最后一个构成部分变为复数bookshelf–bookshelvespathfinder–pathfindersbrainpower–brainpowers3.由man,woman构成的复合名词变为复数时，两个词均变为

复数womandoctor--womendoctorsmandriver–mendrivers

名词的所有格构成：1.大多数名词所有格是由名词加’s构成

theboy’sbookmen’swork2.以-S结尾的复数名词加（’）构成所有格

thestudents’reading-roomtheSmiths’house3.并列名词表示所有关系时，在各个名词之后加’s

Mary’sandBob’sbooks

如果仅在第二个名词后加’sMaryandBob’sbooks，则表示两人共有的书用法：1.表示人名和有生命物的名词thecat’spawMike’sbike

2.表示时间，距离anhour’sdriveamile’sjourney3.表示重量apound’sweigh4.表示价值

adollar’sworth5.表示城市，国家Nanjing’sweatherChina’spopulation6.用于一些习语之中atdeath’sdoorforGod’ssakeatwit’sendExercises1.Some________wereseenloafinginthestreets.(youth)2.Therearemorethan100___________ontheairport.(aircraft)3.Thereisno________offindingoutwhathappenedinthegovernment.(means)4.Several_________wereinjuredwhenviolencebrokeout.(police)5.Inthegardenshetookalotof__________.(photo)6.Chinesetoysaresoldat__________.(Smith)7.Thisshopsells____________clothingonly.(woman)8.Allthe________________inthehospitalwillgetarisenextmonth.(womandoctor)9.Shetookgreat______tocompleteherworkaheadoftime.(pain)

youthsaircraftmeanspolicephotosSmith’swomen’swomendoctorspains10.Televisionisfitforvarious__________.(use)11.Pleasegivemybest_________toyourparents.(regard)12.Wehavecollectedenough_______onthesubject.(datum)13.Thefiredestroyedhundredsofhousesand______.(life)14._________fallinautumn.(leaf)15.Billpaidnoattentiontoother________criticismofhim.(people)16.Everyonewasinhigh_________thatday.(spirit)17.Foreignshipsarenotallowedtofishinourterritorial_______.(water)18.Hissisterboughthimapairof_____(shoe).usesregardsdatalivesleavesPeople’sspiritswatersshoes语法概要：冠词不定冠词a(n)1.表示一这个数量Heneedsanassistant.Romewasnotbuiltinaday.2.用在可数名词前,表示一类人或物Achildneedslove.Ahorseisausefulanimal.3.用在某些数目的表示法中adozenacoupleaquartertwiceaweek4.用在姓名前或Mr./Mrs./Miss./Ms./+姓氏前,表示“某一个”,有不肯定的意味ShewasaStuart.AMr.Thomsonwantedtoseeyou.5.用在某些物质名词前,表示“一阵,一份,一类,一场”等I’dliketohaveanice-cream.Hewascaughtinaheavyrain.6.用在某些表示情绪的抽象名词前,表示“一种,一类”It’sashametobehavelikethat.It’sapleasureformetoworkwithyou.定冠词1.用在表示独一无二的或是被认为唯一东西的名词前theskythesuntheMiddleAges2.用在表示特指的人或物的名词前(熟知或心照不宣的人或物)HelenisintheGarden.Theairisfreshaftertherains.3.用在第二次提到的人或物的名词前Hissisterisstudyingatacollege.ThecollegeisinBeijing.4.用在形容词,副词最高级或序数词前;only,main,sole,same修饰名词时,也要用定冠词

That’sthemainthing.Heisthesolewinner.Thedarkestcloudhasasilverlining.Heisthefirstmantocome.5.用在单数名词前表示类属Therosesmellssweet.Thewhaleisindangerofbecomingextinct.6.用在形容词,动名词,过去分词前表示一类人或某种抽象概念therichtheoldthewoundedthegoodandtheeviltherightandthewrong7.用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,群岛,某些国名或组织机构,报纸,书籍,会议,条约,信仰等名词前.

theAtlantictheTamestheAlpstheUnitedStatesthewarsawPactthePhilippinestheTass注:表示湖泊的名词前一般不加定冠词,但中国湖泊名词前却常带定冠词

LakeBaikertheTongtingLake8.用在姓氏的复数形式前表示“一家人”TheSmithsoftengodowntownonSundays.9.用在乐器名称前Sheisplayingtheviolin.Heplaysthepianoverywell.10.用在某些名词前表示民族,阶级,阶层

theChinesetheintellectualstheupperclass11.用在表示人体或衣着某一部分名词前

Theballhappenedtohitherintheface.Themanseizedtheboybythecollar.零冠词1.在介词后表示抽象概念的名词前

Heisatuniversity.Hersonisstillinjail.2.在形容词+of+表示身体部位的单数名词结构中Heisastoutman,redofface.3.在单数名词变为物质名词或抽象名词时

Shelikesrabbitverymuch.SchoolbeginsinMarchDon’tcaretoomuchaboutface.4.不可数名词表示泛指Thebridgewasbuiltofwood.Withoutwatermancan’tlive.5.复数可数名词表示泛指Computersarewidelyusedinourcountrynow.6.泛指人类或男女Manislordoverthecreation.Exercises1.________LakeMichiganisoneoftheGreatLakesinNorthAmerica.2.________SuezCanaljoinstheRedseaandtheMediterranean.3.Thelazymanwassentto______prisonforstealing.4.Mr.smithisanoldcustomerand_______honestman.5.Wearegoingtoinviteyouto______teanextweek.6._______teacherisonewhoteachesinschool.7.Theylostthefirsttwogamesbuttheymanagedtowin______thirdgame.8.Don’taskmetodo______impossible.9.Isawmany_____girlatthecinema.10.By______timewegothometheprogramhadfinished./The

/an/Athetheathe11.Hetookthelittleboyby_____handandpattedhimon_____head.12.Canyouimagine______worldwithnowars,nohunger,nopain.13.let’sinvite______fewfriendstocomewithus.14.OnourtriptoSpain,wecrossed______AtlanticOcean.15.Imetwithherquiteby_______chanceinOxfordStreet.16.Everyyearweholdabigpartytocelebrate____NewYear’sDay.thetheaathe//成人学士学位英语辅导讲座主讲教师：许峰stephenxucz@东南大学远程教育第02讲语法概要:代词分类:人称代词(I,them,you),形容词性物主代词(my,your),名词性物主代词(mine,hers),不定代词(anything,some),指示代词(this,that),疑问代词(who,whatever),反身代词(myself,itself),相互代词(eachother),关系代词(who,which)代词的使用要点:1.当一个句子中有两个(或以上)人称代词时,语法功能相同的代词形式应该一致.JimandIsawthemanpassingby.Betweenyouandme,hegotalotofmoneyfromsomewhere._____同为主格______同为宾格2.如果几个人称代词并列,排列顺序为:

第二人称+第三人称+第一人称

you,JimandmemyfriendsandIyouorthey3.并列人称代词短语需要用另一人称代词替代时,只要原短语中有第一人称,便用复数第一人称代词we

替代,如果只有第二人称代词,则用复数第二人称代词you

替代.

Wehavealottotalkabout,youandI.You,MaryandJohnwillmeetatthestation.Youcango.4.指示代词that与those的替代作用及与one,ones用法区别:that代替指物的单数可数名词,表示确指;those代替指人或物的复数名词,表示确指.Theclimatehereismuchbetterthanthatofyourcountry.Hislasttwobooksareagreatsuccessascomparedwiththosehewroteearlier.One,ones分别代替指人或物的单数可数名词或复数可数名词,表示泛指.Abridgebuiltofironismuchstrongerthantheonebuiltofstone.Theseboxesareabittoosmallandyoushouldfindsomebiggerones.5.each,everyone,everyone的区别

each可作代词或形容词,而every只做形容词,each指两者以上(含两者)每一个;every只能指三个或以上的每一个.

EachofthemagazinesEachoneofthemagazinesEveryoneofthemagazinesEveryofthemagazines√√√XEveryone中的every是形容词，作定语。Everyone后面常跟of短语，表示范围。Everyone是代词，其后不能带有of短语。Everyoneofthestudentspassedtheexam.Everyoneofthestudentspassedtheexam.6.Other与another的用法和结构Other可以作代词，指两者中的一个，“thesecondoftwo”，构成one…theother结构。Hehadtwodaughters,oneababy,theotheragirlof12.Other作代词，指两者以上，前加定冠词theothers,相当于therest，others则相当于otherpeople（他人）Idon’tcarewhatothersmaythinkofme.SomestudentscomefromChina,theothersfromJapan.正误Other作形容词时，后面接复数名词。Hehasreadalotaboutthepeopleofothertimes.Other与数词并用，前无the时，数词要位于other之前，前有the时，数词位于other前后均可。ShelentmetwootherbooksShelentmeothertwobooks.Shelentmethetwootherbooks.Shelentmetheothertwobooks.Another是由an+other合成，只接单数名词。既然another本身含有不定冠词an，故前面不可加any，不能说anyanother,但other前可以接any（anyother）。在“another+数词+名词”结构中，another作“再”解，该名词必须为复数。Wewalkedanothertenmiles.正误正正Exercises:1.Heisn’tnearlyassmartas_______.(he)2.Itrustyouasmuchas_______.(she)3.Healwaysconducts_________(he)likeascholar.4.Noonewillberesponsibleforit,neitheryounor_____(he)5.Iwillnottrust________theywillelect.(who)6.Itwas_______thathelpedtheoldmanoutofdifficult.(she)7.Justbetweenyouand_____thatmaniscrazy.(I)8.Iinterviewedeverybodybut______.(he)9.Thewomeninthecommitteeexpressed______opinionsforcefully.10.Everybodytalkedatthetopof______voice.11.there’sababyinpram.Why,_____iscrying.heherhimselfhewhomevershemehimtheirhisit12.Irecognizedoneofthegirls,butIdidn’tspeakto____.13.Theyeachhad_______problems.14.Haveyoureceivedmyletter?_____waspostedamonthago.15.Ihavelostmykeys.Ican’trememberwhereIlost______.16.Iconsider_____mydutytohelpyou.17.Thestudentsoftenhelp__________intheirstudies.18.don’tbothertodoit_______,someoneelsewilldoitforyou.hertheiritthemiteachotheryourself

形容词与副词形容词的主要功能：(1)定语

Heisagoodstudent.(2)补语(主补，宾补）Thebottlewasfoundempty.(主补）Thenewsmadehersad.(宾补）(3)表语Thebird’ssongisverysweet.

注：有3类系动词或感官动词后，须用形容词作表语，不可用

副词：1）表示“是”，“在”的动词:remain,keep(持续在),

continue(继续在),stay,stand,lie等Heremainedsilentatthemeeting.2).表示“变成，成为”的动词后要用形容词作表语：grow，turn,get,go(变成),come等。Herdreamhascometrue.3)感觉，感官动词后用形容词作表语:taste,appear,look,sound,smell,feel…Itsoundsnice.形容词级的构成：单音节和部分双音节形容词词尾加er或est构成比较级和最高级。多音节形容词在原级前more,most构成比较级和最高级.BrightbrighterbrightestthinthinnerthinnestImportantmoreimportantmostimportant变化不规则的比较级和最高级：没有比较级和最高级的形容词（或副词）：1）表示“极限，主次”的形容词（副词）chief(ly),extreme(ly),junior,senior,superior,maximum,minimum,minor等2)表示“方位，时间，处所”的形容词（副词）ahead,daily,front,present,south等3).表示“材料，国籍，性质”的形容词American,atomic,industrial,silken,woolen等4）表示“独一无二”的形容词mere,only,single,soleunique等5).表示强调的形容词（副词）barely,hardly,own,simply,very,scarcely6).表示几何形状的形容词angular,straight,round,square等形容词的有关句型，用法，比较及含义1.as+原级+as和not+so/as+原级+asThetreeisastallasthebuilding.Yourcoffeeisnotso/asgoodasmine.2.比较级与than连用，用于两者之间的比较Theymadefewermistakesthanyou.Theroomislongerthanitisbroad.

注：morethan常有“不止，超过”等含义，反义词：lessthanworsethan.Sheismorethanpretty.Imorethansawit,Itouchedittoo!3.The+最高级+in/of用于三者以上的比较Sheistheyoungestofthefamily.Thisistheoldesthouseintheneighborhood.4.比较级+and+比较级Ourcountryisgettingstrongerandstronger.Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.5.形容词比较级（或副词比较级）可用much,far,hardly,no,alot,still,ever,alittle,twotimes等修饰Thebookisalittlemoredifficultthanthatone.Theymadetentimesmorecarsthisyearthantheydidlastyear.Yourbicycleisfarbetterthanmine.6.在senior,junior等形容词后用to，不用than

这类形容词有senior(年长于),junior(年幼的),superior(优于),inferior(低于),prior(先于）Weareinferiortoothersinmanyrespects.7.The+比较级，the+比较级（越…越…)Themorebooksweread,themoreknowledgeablewebecome.副词的构成：1.大部分副词由相应的形容词加上后缀–ly

构成。slowslowlyhappyhappilyfinalfinally2.有些副词是由介词加后缀–ward(s)构成,意为“向…”forward(s)backward(s)upward(s)3.名词+-ly构成的词有些既可作副词，也可以做形容词。hourly,weekly,monthly,yearly…Theiraveragehourlyearningsare20yuan.Theguardsshiftedhourly.

4.具有两种形式的同根副词

一种与形容词同形，一种是形容词加后缀–ly构成(1)hard和hardlyHeworksveryhard.Icanhardlyunderstandyou.(2)clean,cleanlyIcleanforgotaboutit.（完全地）Hepulledonecorkcleanly,buttheothercrumbled.(利索地）(3)late,latelyVerylateatnight,Igotaphonecall.Ihavelatelyreceivedanumberoflettersaboutthis.(4)close,closelyHewasfollowingclosebehind.(近）WatchwhatIdoclosely。（细心地）Theprisonerswerecloselyguarded.（严密地）

(5)fair,fairlyWemustplayfair.Shehithimfairlyonthenose.副词的主要功能：作状语，修饰形容词，副词，动词，介词短语或整个句子。Herunfast.Thebookisveryinteresting.Thebuscamequiteearly.Sheleftshortlyafterthemeeting.Frankly,Idon’tagreewithyou.副词的位置：1.程度副词放在所修饰动词，形容词，或副词前面。

如果实义动词前有情态动词或助动词，程度副词要放在两者之

间，如果是be动词，程度副词要放在其后。Iamveryhappytobewithyou.HespeaksEnglishprettywell.Henearlygotrunoverbyacar.Icanhardlybelievewhathesaid.Heisterriblysorryforhismisdeeds.2.频率副词通常放在行为动词前

当句中有情态动词，助动词或be动词时，则放在这类动词后。Ioftenseeherwalkinthepark.Hehasneverbeenlate.3.方式副词一般放在动词后Thegirldancedbeautifully.HespeaksFrenchwell.4.时间副词一般放在句首或句尾Hewillbebacktomorrow.Tomorrow,hewillbeback.5.地点副词位于句首或句尾Thechildrenareplayingupstairs.Herethespeakerpausedforawhile.6.疑问副词通常位于句首；评注性副词和逻辑连接副词通常也位于句尾，有时位于句中。Whydidn’thecome?Evidently,thisisnotthebestchoice.Thebook,frankly,isnotinterestingatall.Exercises1.Thereareplentyofapples.Theharvesthasbeen_______.(plenty)2.Thechildrenarebehavingverywell,theyarewell-_______.(behave)3.Thesnowhadcoveredthecountrysideduringthenight.Wemustgoskiingonthe_________hills.(snow).4.Hishealthisgetting_______and_______.(well)5.Whichjobis_____________,apoliceman’sorafireman’s.(dangerous)6.Heisa_________boy.(intelligence)7.I’ve_______gotanycleanclothesleft.(hard)8.Frankcanthrowtheball_______thanHart.(far)plentifulbehavedsnowybetterbettermoredangerousintelligenthardlyfarther9.Thebookisstrange.Itwas_______differentfromalltheotherbooksIhaveeverread.(differ)10.Thestolenjewelrywasvaluedatathousanddollars.Itwasextremely________.(value)11.Thatwasamost___________story.(astonish)12.Theprisonerswere________guarded.(close)13.Hearrivedlateyesterday,buttodayhearrivedalittle______.(early)14.Whatis_________jokeyouhaveeverheard?(funny)15.The______youstart,the__________you’llfinish.(soon,quick)16.Itwasas_______ofsuccessasIexpected.(much)differentvaluableastonishingcloselyearlierthe

funniestsoonermorequicklymuch成人学士学位英语辅导讲座主讲教师：许峰stephenxucz@东南大学远程教育第03讲动词分类：从意义和句法功能分为从形式上分为：动词的限定形式和非限定形式动词限定形式(谓语形式)，受到主语人称和数的限制。动词的非限定形式(非谓语形式),包含1）动词不定式，2）-ed分词和-ing分词，不受主语人称的限制，不能独立充当谓语，但可以和助动词或情态动词等一起构成谓语。Heisapleasantfellowtoworkwith.Abarkingdogseldombites.行为动词及物动词playreadgive不及物动词risearrivecome系动词beseembecome助动词dohave情态动词canmaymust动词在应用中所需注意的一些问题：1.终止性动词和延续性动词终止性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，延续性动词则可以。Hehaslivedhereforalongtime.Hehasjoinedtheclubforalongtime.2.动词短语结构稳定，意义上相当于实义动词，常见四种形式：1).“及物动词+副词”相当于及物动词，可以用于被动语态，可接

宾语,如果宾语是名词，既可放在动词后，也可放在副词之后，

如果是代词，只能放在动词后。(handin,giveup,turnon,pickup…)。Shepickedthebookup.Shepickedupthebook.shepickeditup.

正误2).“不及物动词+副词”相当于不及物动词，不能用于被动态。(breakout,takeplace,growup,givein…..)Thewarbrokeoutin1980andlasted8years.3).“动词+副词+介词”相当于及物动词。(catchupwith,goonwithmakeupfor,runoutof…..)Theoldshouldkeepupwithtimes.4).“动词+名词+介词”相当于一个及物动词，由主动转化成被动存

在两种形式。(takecareof,payattentionto,makefunof……)Weshouldpaymuchattentiontowhathesaid.Whathesaidshouldbepaidattentionto.Muchattentionshouldbepaidtowhathesaid.3.时态呼应1).如果主句的谓语时态是现在时或将来时，从句可以根据需要选用时态。Iknowwhois(was,willbe,hasbeen)inchargeofthework.Iwilltellyouhowtheygot(willget)theinformation.2).如果主句谓语时态是一般过去时，则从句用过去相关时态。Ididn’tknowwherehewas.Ithoughtshewastakingabaththen.3).如果从句表示客观事实，真理，其时态用一般现在时。Theteachertoldthechildrenthatthesunisthecentreofthesolarsystem.4).为了表达思想的需要，特别是在定语从句和状语从句中，可以对时态进行调整，这时，时态不需要呼应。Themanwhospokeatthemeetingishisbrother.4.被动语态1).时态形式表一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amis+askedareamis+beingaskedarehas

+beenaskedhave过去was

+askedwerewas

+beingaskedwerehadbeenasked将来shall

+beaskedwillshall

+havebeenaskedwill过去将来should

+beaskedwouldshould

+havebeenaskedwould2).不及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动态Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.3).在主动态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾补是动词，动词前往往不带to，但是被动语态要带to。Isawherpassbythewindow.shewasseentopassbythewindow.4).及物动词短语转化成被动态时，要防止遗漏动词短语中的介词。Tomturnedontheradio.TheradiowasturnedonbyTom5).主动形式表示被动意义的词

感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义。Theflowersmellssweet.Theclothfeelsverysoft.误正

某些及物动词后加副词也可以表示被动意义，如wash,write,sell,read,play,clean,draw,keep等Thetypeofrecordersellswell.Thatkindofshirtwashedwell.want,deserve,need,require,stand,take,won’tbear和worth等词后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。Thebookisworthreading.Thecoatrequiresmentioning.(=Thecoatrequirestobementioned.)Thechildrenneedlookingafter.(=thechildrenneedtobelookedafter.)

成人学士学位英语辅导讲座主讲教师：许峰stephenxucz@东南大学远程教育第04讲5.虚拟语气虚拟语气是把动作当做一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”表达的是怀疑，忧虑，推测，假设，祝愿等。1).虚拟语气在条件句中的运用I.虚拟条件句Hewouldn’tfeelsocoldifhewereindoors.Themeetingwouldn’thavebeensosuccessfulifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations.条件从句结果从句与现在事实相反If+主语+动词过去式(be动词一律用were)主语+would等情态动词+动词原形与过去事实相反If+主语+had+过去分词主语+would等情态动词+have+过去分词与将来事实相反A式：一般过去式B式：were+不定式C式：should+动词原形主语+would等情态动词+动词原形

snowed

Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,Ishouldstayathome.

shouldsnowII.错综时间条件句虚拟条件句和主句动作发生时间不一致，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefilmlastnight.Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.III.无“条件”的虚拟语气表示无“条件”的词有with,without,butfor,incaseof,otherwise等Butforyourhelp,wecouldn’tsucceededUndersuchcircumstances,Iwouldhavedonethesame..2).虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用I.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,与现在事实相反，用were或动词的一般过去式；与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词或would(could)+have+过去分词，表示将来没有把握或不太可能的愿

望，用would（should…)+动词原形.Iwishshewerehere.Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.II.Ifonly后用虚拟语气,谓语动词用一般过去式表示没有实现的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望.译为“要是…就好了”Ifonlyshehadknownwheretofindyou.IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages.III.建议，命令类动词跟宾语从句时，从句要求用虚拟式，谓语动词为should+动词原形（should可省略).常见这类动词有suggest,order,demand,propose,command,insist,recommend等Sheinsistedthattheseats(should)bebookedinadvance.Iadvisedthatthedoctor(should)besentfor.

注：由这类动词转化而来的名词，其后跟有同位语从句和表语从句时，也要采用类似虚拟结构。Heissuedtheorderthatthetroops(should)withdrawatonce.

当上述动作做其他含义解释时，用陈述语气。Heinsistedthathewasnotinvolvedinthecase.IV.在表示惊讶，忧虑，不快，欢欣等感情色彩的句子结构中需采用虚拟式，should+动词原形指现在或将来发生的事情,should+动词完成式指已经发生的事情。It’spitythatheshouldleavesosoon.It’sdisgracefulthatsheshouldhaveactedlikethat.V.Itis(high,about)time…..句型要求用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况。Itisabouttimethatwewenttobed.Itishightimethatwewereoff.VI.在Forfearthat,in;orderthat,sothat,lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟式should(could,might)+动词原形，lest引导从句时，用should+动词原形。Heremindedhertwiceofitlestsheshouldforget.IwillmakeanoiseforfearthatIshould(might）disturbyou.Takeyourraincoatwithyouincaseitrains/shouldrain.VII.Wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadbetter,justassoon后的句子用虚拟式，用一般过去式，表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成式，表示一个过去的愿望。I’dratheryoupaidthemoneyyourself.I’drathershehadn’tdonethat.VIII.Asif(asthough)引导的方式或表语从句，有时用虚拟式。谓语用一般过去式，表示与现在事实相反。用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反，表示将来可能性不大，用could（would，might）+动词原形。Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.Shelooksasthoughsheweresick.Hetalksaboutpyramidsasthoughhehadseenthemhimself.Exercises:1.I’mgettingtireditistimewe_______home.(go)2.I’llphoneyouassoonasI__________thenews.(get)3.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn’tknowhe_________untilyesterday.(come)4.Healways_______withhiswindowsopen.(sleep)5.Ifeelasifmyhead______onfire.(be)6.WhenIwentdownstairs,they_________television.(watch)7.Bythetimethisletterreachesyou,I__________thecity.(leave)8.Hurryup,thetrain___________.(justcomein)9.Thegirl___________onthisessayfor20minutes,butshehaswrittenonlyaboutahundredwords.(work)10.Hesaidthattheboy__________muchprogresssincehecamehere.(make)wentgetwascomingsleepswerewere

watchingwillhaveleftisjustcoming

uphasbeenworkinghadmade11.ThetrainhadleftbeforeI______station.(reach)12.Wedidn’tfindourseatstillaftertheplay__________.(begin)13.Thebook______________intomanylanguages.(translate)14.Thework______________bythetimeyougetthere.(do)15.Shewasproudof__________totheballsponsoredbytheforeignoffice.(invite)16.Weareallupforyourproposalthatthediscussion_________(putoff)17.Withoutelectricity,there___________nomodernindustry.(be)18.Ifyou________theboatup,itwouldn’thavedriftedaway.(tie)19.IwishI_________hardwhileIwasyoung.(study)20.Hebehavesasifhe_______thisplace.(own)reachedhadbegunhasbeentranslatedwillhavebeendonebeinginvitedbeputoffwouldbehadtiedhad

studiedowned成人学士学位英语辅导讲座主讲教师：许峰stephenxucz@东南大学远程教育第05讲情态动词情态动词可以帮助实义动词构成限定性动词词组，常用情态动词有can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would)dare,need,must.意义及用法：1.Can可以表示许可(may在非正式场合替代词),可能性或能力。Youcanborrowtwobooksatatimefromthelibrary.Ican’tguesswhosebookitis.Canyoutype?注：1).can表示能力时，可以与beableto换用，但表示经过努

力而办到某个具体事情时，只能用beableto.Areyouabletotype?Afterstrivingfor6years,hewasabletoreachtheseashoreatlast.

2).could

具有can的各种功能外，还可以表示委婉客气的提出

问题或陈述看法。Couldyoucomealittleearlier?3).Can(could)+have+过去分词，用来表达推测，意思是“可

能”。Johncan(could)havebeenseriouslyhurtintheaccident.Hecouldn’thavebeenswimmingallday.2.May表示许可（正式场合）；可以做或可能发生的事，还可

以表示祝愿。Youmaytakethebookhome.Theymaynotbetheretoday.Mayourfriendshiplivelong.

注:1).may表示可能时不能用于疑问句，而要以belikelyto代

替。Ishelikelytowinthematch?2).May(might)aswell+动词原形。

这种结构用来建议或劝说某人采取某种行动，相当于hadbetterItisverylate,soyoumay(might)aswellgotobed.Maywell+动词原形“理应，有足够理由”Hemaywellbeproudofhisson.3).May(might)+have+过去分词，用于推测过去的行为。Shesaidthathemighthavemissedtheplane.3.Must表示必须,主观上认为有必要做某事（have

to表示客观需要）Imustlearnanotherlanguage.Ihavetolearnanotherlanguage.must还可以表示一种推断（肯定），must+have+过去分词表示对过去事情的推测。ThismustbeJim’spen.Shemusthavereadthebooksometimeinthepast.

4.need表示需要，做情态动词时后面不带to，做实义动词时后面带（to）。Heneedneverknow.Shedidn’tneedtocomeneed的否定式可以加完成体，表示“本不需要做而做了的事情”Sheneedn’thavecome.5.oughtto(should)+have+过去分词，表示本应该做而没有做的事情否定式表示本不应该做而作的的事情。Youshouldhavegivenhermorehelp.Yououghtnottohavetoldherthat.6.will和would

表示请求，would更委婉willyougivehertheletter?wouldyoupleasetellmeyourtelephonenumber?表示推测ItwillbeMr.smithknockingatthedoor?Itwouldbeaboutteno’clockwhenhelefthome.

Exercises:1.Ifyoudon’tliketoswim,you_______aswellstayathome.2.You_______havedonethosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.3.You______haveseenherinherofficelastFriday,shehasbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.4.Thissuitcaseistooheavy.______youpleasegivemeahand.5.Honor_____bemeasuredininchesorcountedlikemoney.6.NeedIbringmyluggagealong?Yes,you______.7.Youdon’thavetoringherup,she_____beat