川农专硕研究生特供 21世纪大学新英语读写译教程4课堂ppt(含答案)Unit5

Unit5 Happiness ProverbsandQuotationsTobetrulyhappyisaquestionofhowwebeginandnotofhowweend,ofwhatwewantandnotofwhatwehave. [Br.]RobertLouisStevenson 真正的幸福在于我们应怎样开头而不是怎样收场，在于我们所追求的而不是我们已收获的。

[英]罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森

Ifwecommandourwealth,weshallberichandfree;ifourwealthcommandsus,wearepoorindeed.

[Br.]EdmondBurke如果我们能支配我们的财富，我们就会富裕而自由；如果财富支配了我们，我们就会真正贫穷。

[英]

埃德蒙·伯克OutlineTeachingObjectivesPart1Lead-inPart2ReadingFocus—TextAPart3IntegratedExercisesPart4ReadingFocus—TextBPart5IntranetAssignmentsTeachingObjectivesEatinganddrinkingwillbringyouhappiness,butindulgingyourselfcanmeanthelossofslimfigureandyoumayevengetobesity.Isitbettertorestrainyourselfsoastobethinandsoberortoeatanddrinktoyourheart’scontent?TextAtellsusthattheshort-termselfisnotnecessarilyevilandweshouldnotdepriveourselvesofperfectlygoodpleasures.TextBadvocatesthathappinesscanbeboughtanyway,aslongaspeoplespendmoneyinasmartway.Readontoseeifthetextscanbringyousomenewunderstandingabouthappiness.1.Bylearningthisunitstudentswillbeabletograspthemainideaandstructureofthetexts,masterthekeylanguagepoints,newwords,grammaticalstructuresteachingobjectiveandtranslationskills.Andstudentswillalsobeabletoimprovetheiroralcommunicationskillsandreadingcompetencethroughperformingtherelevanttasks.WritingFocusinthisunitdealswithhowtowritegoodnarration.2.3.Lookatthepictureanddiscusswithyourpartneronthefollowingquestions.Lead-in1.Whendoyoufeelhappy?Howdoyoudefinehappiness?2.Doyouagreewiththestatementthathappinessiscreatedthroughself-awareness?3.Doyouthinkthathappinessisshort-lived?Whatdoyouneedifyouarelookingforlong-lastinghappiness?Lead-inB.ListeningPractice

Listentotheshortpassageabout“CultivateYourHappiness”.Pre-listeningTaskWhatkindofpersonisahappyperson?Exchangeyourviewswithyourpartnerabouthowtogainhappiness?Lead-inB.ListeningPracticePost-listeningtaskAnswerthefollowingquestions.1.Isthereanyonewhocanbehappyallthetime?2.Howdowegainourhappiness,accordingtothepassage?No,butsomepeoplearedefinitelymorefulfilledthanothers.________________________________________________Beoptimistic,followyourgut,makeenoughmoneytomeetyourbasicneeds,stayclosetoyourfamilyandfriendsandkeepsmiling.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.Isourhappinesslargelyinfluencedbywhathappenedtous?4.IntheUS,howmuchmoneyisconsideredtobeenoughtomeetpeople’sbasicneedsandmakethemfeelhappy?5.Whichwillmakeusfeelhappier,havingasuccessfuljoborkeepingacloserelationshipwithourfamilyandfriends?No,ourhappinessislargelyinfluencedbyhowwethink._____________________________________________【Script】$40,000ayear._____________Thelatterhasagreaterimpactonourhappiness.________________________________________【Script】CultivateYourHappiness

Happinessisn’tthethingthatallofusstrivetofindandkeep.Nobodyishappyallofthetime,butsomepeoplearedefinitelymorefulfilledthanothers.Studiesonwhatmakespeoplehappyrevealthatitdoesn’thavemuchtodowithmaterialgoodsorhighachievement.Ifyouappreciateyourlifeyouaresuretobeahappyperson!Firstly,beoptimistic.Accordingtotheresearchers,weeachhaveabaselinelevelofhappiness.Nomatterwhathappens,goodorbad,theeffectonourhappinessisonlytemporary.Ourhappinessislargelyinfluencedbyhowwethink.Secondly,followyourgut.Beforeyoumakeadecision,theoptionsyou’reweighingareprobablyverysimilar,andthedifferencewillonlytemporarilyaffectyourhappiness.Sonexttimeifyou’redowntotwoorthreeoptions,justpicktheonethatfeelsright,andgowithit.Thirdly,makeenoughmoneytomeetyourbasicneeds:food,shelter,andclothing.IntheUS,thatmagicnumberis$40,000ayear.Anymoneyyoumakebeyondthatwillhaveminoreffectsonyourhappiness.Fourthly,stayclosetofriendsandfamily.Weliveinamobilesociety,wherepeoplefollowjobsaroundthecountryandsometimesaroundtheworld.Wedothisbecausewethinkincreasesinsalarywillmakeushappier,butthefactisthatourrelationshipswithourfriendsandfamilyhaveafargreaterimpactonourhappinessthanourjobsdo.Fifthly,Smile.Sciencesuggeststhatwhenyousmile,whetheryoufeelhappyornot,yourmoodwillbeelevated.Sosmileallthetime!Allinall,beinghappycomesfromyourcapacityoffeelingdeeply,enjoyingsimplyandthinkingfreely.ReadingFocus-TextAFirstReadingReadthetextandthenanswerthequestionsintheleftmargin.〔Chinese〕长期快乐还是短期享乐TheLongandShortofItPaulBloom

IsitbettertobeahappypigorsadSocrates1?Howshouldonechoosebetweenhappinessandothervalues,suchaswisdom,morality,andpiety?Youhaveanangelononeshoulder,thedevilontheother—whodoyoulistento?1〔Note1〕Socrates(苏格拉底,469BC-399BC)wasaGreekphilosopherandteacherwholivedinAthens,Greece,inthe400sBC.HeprofoundlyalteredWesternphilosophicalthoughtthroughhisinfluenceonhismostfamouspupil,Plato,whopassedonSocrates’teachingsinhiswritingsknownasdialogues.Socratestaughtthateverypersonhasfullknowledgeofultimatetruthcontainedwithinthesoulandneedsonlytobespurredtoconsciousreflectioninordertobecomeawareofit.HiscriticismofinjusticeinAtheniansocietyledtohisprosecutionandadeathsentenceforallegedlycorruptingtheyouthofAthens.〔Chinese〕做一头无忧无虑的猪还是做悲天悯人的苏格拉底？人们应该选择快乐还是其他品质，例如睿智、高尚和虔诚？你的肩膀上一边是天使，一边是魔鬼——你会听谁的？

Oneoftheinsights

ofmodernhappinessresearchisthatthesearequestionsweoftendon’thavetoanswer.Whilehappinesscanclash

with

otherideals,thesurprisingfindingishowoftentheygo

together.Oneusuallydoesn’thavetodecide,forinstance,whethertobehappyortobegood.Weareconstituted

sothatsimpleactsofkindness,suchasgivingtocharityorexpressinggratitude,haveapositiveeffectonourlong-termmoods.Thekeytothehappylife,itseems,isthegoodlife,alifewithsustained

relationships,challengingwork,andconnectionstocommunity.YoucanbehappySocrates.2〔LanguagePoint〕“thesurprisingfindingishowoftentheygotogether”Here“how”,usedasaconjunctiveadverb,introducesapredicativeclause“howoftentheygotogether”.Theconjunctiveadverbhasthesameformwiththeinterrogativeadverb,butitisusuallyconnectedwithclausesorinfinitivephrases.e.g.Ididn’tknowhowthelittleboygothomealone.(conjunctiveadverb)Howlongagowasit?(interrogativeadverb)〔Chinese〕对于现代人快乐研究的结论之一就是这些问题其实我们不必去回答。尽管快乐和其他理念会产生抵触，但是令人惊喜的是，我们发现它们经常协调一致。例如，一个人不必决定是要快乐还是要善良。我们的本质结构使得一些简单的善意举动，比如捐款给慈善组织，或者表达感激都能给我们的长期情绪带来积极的影响。看起来快乐人生的关键似乎是美好的生活：拥有一段持久的情感关系，一份富有挑战的工作，以及和他人的联系。拥有这些，你就能成为快乐的苏格拉底。

Whilehappinesscanclashwithotherideals,thesurprisingfindingishowoftentheygotogether.Oneusuallydoesn’thavetodecide,forinstance,whethertobehappyortobegood.Whydon’twehavetoanswerthesequestions?

Butwhataboutshort-termpleasures,likeeatingcakes,drinkingbeer,orhavingsex?Herethereisoftenaclash.Thesefeelgood,butifyourlong-termgoalshavetodowithdieting,sobriety

orchastity,youmightregretthemlater.Sothereisadifferentdilemma:

Doyouliveagoodandhappylifeordoyousatisfyyourimmediateappetites?IsitbettertobeHappySocratesorHappyHomerSimpson?23〔Note2〕HomerJaySimpson(霍莫·杰伊·辛普森)isafictionalmaincharacterintheanimatedtelevisionseriesTheSimpsonsandfatheroftheeponymousfamily.HeisvoicedbyDanCastellanetaandfirstappearedontelevision,alongwiththerestofhisfamily,inTheTraceyUllmanShowshort“GoodNight”onApril19,1987.HomerwascreatedanddesignedbycartoonistMattGroening.HenamedthecharacterafterhisfatherHomerGroening.AfterappearingforthreeseasonsonTheTraceyUllmanShow,theSimpsonfamilygottheirownseriesonFox,whichdebutedDecember17,1989.HomeristheboorishfatheroftheSimpsonfamily.Withhiswife,Marge,hehasthreechildren:Bart,Lisa,andMaggie.HomerembodiesseveralAmericanworkingclassstereotypes:

heiscrude,overweight,incompetent,clumsy,lazyandignorant;however,heisalsofiercelydevotedtohisfamily.Despitethesuburbanblue-collarroutineofhislife,hehashadanumberofremarkableexperiences.〔Chinese〕但是短期的享乐，比如吃蛋糕、喝啤酒或者性生活，这些生活怎么样？这些乐趣经常会引发冲突。满足这些乐趣感觉很好，但是如果你的长期目标是跟节食、禁酒或贞洁相关的话，你过后可能会懊悔。于是又有了另一个两难的问题：你想要过美好快乐的生活呢还是满足你一时的欲望？是做快乐的苏格拉底呢还是做快乐的霍莫·辛普森？

Likeeatingcakes,drinkingbeer,orhavingsex.

Whatareshort-termpleasures?

Youcanseethisasaninternalbattlebetweentwoindividualsresidinginthesamebody:

onewhowantstobethin,soberandchaste,theotherwhowantstoeat,drinkandfornicate.It’sthelong-termselfwhoisprobablyreadingthisnow;thisistheselfthatchoosestogotothetherapist

andreadself-helpbooks,workingtothwart

theshort-termselfwhenitcomestolifeinthepresenceoftemptation.34〔Note3〕thisistheselfthatchoosestogotothetherapistandreadself-helpbooks,workingtothwarttheshort-termselfwhenitcomestolifeinthepresenceoftemptation:Facingtemptationsinthelife,thelong-termselfwillaskforhelpfromspecializeddoctorsorbooks,anditwillseekwaystoresistthedesiresoftheshort-termself.〔LanguagePoint〕“It’sthelong-termselfwhoisprobablyreadingthisnow;thisistheselfthatchoosestogotothetherapist...”Accordingtoageneralrule,“who”or“that”maybeusedassubjectofarestrictiveclauseforpersonalreference,and“which”or“that”fornon-personalreference.Butusagefavours“who”insteadof“that”assubjectforpersonalreference,and“that”insteadof“which”assubjectfornon-personalreference.e.g.Heisthemanwholivesnextdoortome.Hedrivesacarthatcantravel180milesanhour.〔Chinese〕你可以把这个问题视作是占据在同一具躯体内的两个自我之间的内部斗争：一个想要保持苗条、清醒和贞操，另一个却想要大吃大喝和纵欲。很可能现在是长期的自我在阅读这篇文章，这个自我在生活中面临诱惑的时候，它会选择去治疗专家那里或者阅读自助书籍，设法来阻止短期的自我

Thisistheselfthatchoosestogotothetherapistandreadself-helpbooks,workingtothwarttheshort-termselfwhenitcomes

tolifeinthepresenceoftemptation.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“aninternalbattle?”

Weshouldn’tunderestimatetheshort-termself,though.Itisnotnecessarilyevilandnotnecessarilystupid.Sometimesthelong-termselfshouldstayoutofitsway.45〔Note4〕Sometimesthelong-termselfshouldstayoutofitsway:Onsomeoccasions,thelong-termselfshouldnotinterferewiththeshort-termself.〔Chinese〕然而我们不应该鄙视短期自我。它并不一定就是邪恶的，也并不一定就是愚蠢的。有时候长期自我反而应该退让一旁。

Weshouldn’tunderestimatetheshort-termself,though.Itisnotnecessarilyevilandnotnecessarilystupid.Sometimesthelong-termselfshouldstayoutofitsway.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardtheshort-termself?

Admittedly,interventiondoessometimesmakesense.Peoplewhosuccumb

toshort-termimpulsesoftendoawfulthings,suchasdrivingdrunkorbeatinguptheirchildren.Theywouldbebetteroffiftheirlong-termselveshadcontrol,andcouldblockanddistracttheseshort-termchoices.Butoftenthesituationisflipped,andit’sthelong-termselfthat’smisguided.Itcanbecomecommittedtobeliefsystemsthathaveimmoralconsequences.5Terrorismandgenocide,forinstance,aretypicallydeliberatechoices,notactsofpassion;it’sthelong-termselfthat’stheguiltyone.Indeed,peopleoftenhavetoforcethemselvestocommitterribleacts;theyhavetoworktodefythenaturalandlegitimate

moralimpulsesoftheirshort-termselves.6〔Note5〕Itcanbecomecommittedtobeliefsystemsthathaveimmoralconsequences:Thelong-termselfoverwhelmedbyirrationalconvictionscanleadpeopletocommitimmoralacts.〔LanguagePoint〕“committerribleacts”Here“commit”means“doingsth.illegal,wrong,orfoolish”.“commit”iscommonlyfollowedbymurder,suicide,theftoranunforgivableerror,mitsuicide

commitburglary.〔Chinese〕诚然，有时长期自我的干涉确实有必要。屈从于短期冲动的人经常会做出一些恶劣的事，比如醉酒驾车或者虐待儿童。如果他们的长期自我具有控制力，能够阻止和打消这些短期的念头，他们的状况会有所好转。然而情况常常是恰恰相反的，正是长期自我误入了歧途。长期自我会服从于能滋生不良后果的信仰体系。例如，恐怖主义和种族屠杀并不是冲动的行为，而是典型的蓄意选择；这时，长期自我才是应受到谴责的。事实上，人们不得不时常逼迫自己干一些罪恶的勾当；他们不得不压制短期自我所产生的本能的、正当的道德冲动。

Evenputtingasideatrocities,sometimeswedepriveourselvesof

perfectlygoodpleasures,includingthoseinvolvingloveandcompanionship,becauseofthedecisionsofthelong-termself.6Thinkoftheworkaholicwhoneverseeshischildren,ortheanorexic

whodeniesherselfthepleasureoffood.7〔LanguagePoint〕“Thinkoftheworkaholicwhoneverseeshischildren,ortheanorexicwhodeniesherselfthepleasureoffood.”Itisanimperativesentence.Whenthecommandorinstructionisdirectedtothepartyspokento,weusethesecondpersonimperative,inwhichthepronoun“You”normallyneedn’tbeexpressed,unlesswewanttolendemphasistotheutterance.Compare:Takethatseat,andI’lltakethisone.Youtakethatseat,andI’lltakethisone.〔Note

6〕Evenputtingasideatrocities,sometimeswedepriveourselvesofperfectlygoodpleasures,includingthoseinvolvingloveandcompanionship,becauseofthedecisionsofthelong-termself:Besidesbreedingextremelyviolentbehaviour,sometimesthelong-termselfwillpreventpeoplefromenjoyingbeneficialpleasures,suchasloveandcompanionship.

Whatmotivatestheshort-termself?Someofitspleasuresareeasyenoughtoexplain:

sexandfoodandfriendshipareevolutionaryno-brainers,weenjoythembecausetheymotivateusinadaptively

usefulways.7Butothersaremoremysterious.8〔Chinese〕即使撇开暴行不谈，有时由于长期自我的决定，我们也会剥夺自身一些极其美妙的享受，包括爱情和天伦之乐在内。试想一下很少与孩子碰面的工作狂，或者拒绝享受美食的厌食者，你就会明白了。

Canyouguessthemeaningof“workaholic”and“anorexic”accordingtothecontext?Canyouguessthemeaningof“workaholic”and“anorexic”accordingtothecontext?〔Note7〕Someofitspleasuresareeasyenoughtoexplain:sexandfoodandfriendshipareevolutionaryno-brainers,weenjoythembecausetheymotivateusinadaptivelyusefulways:Themotivationsofsomepleasurescanbeunderstoodeasily.Sex,foodandfriendshiphaveevolvedintoinstinctiveandspontaneousbehaviourofhumans,andwefeelhappywiththembecausethesepleasurescanmakeusmoreenergeticintheirrespectiveways.〔Chinese〕那么短期自我的动机是什么呢？有些享乐是很容易解释的：性、食物和友情都逐步演变为自然而然的事，我们享受它们是因为它们以不同的方式有效地驱动着我们。但是其他的因素就更加难以理解了。

Asapsychologist,oneofmyfavouritepuzzlesisthemotivationtoexperiencepainandunpleasantness,somethingthepsychologistPaulRozin8hascalled“benign

masochism.”Thebestexamplesherearethepleasuresoftheimagination.Therearemillionswhopaytoseemoviesthatterrifythem,includingthosewithscenesofimaginativeandhorrifictorture.Othersprefersadnesstofear.Theyaredrawntothesuicidalprince,theyoungmotherdyingofcancer,theschoolbusandthecliff.Hundredsofyearsago,DavidHume9

marvelled

atthe“unaccountablepleasure”thatspectatorsofatragedyfeelfromsorrow,terror,andanxiety:“Themoretheyaretouchedandaffected,themoretheyaredelightedwiththespectacle.”9〔Note8〕

PaulRozin(保罗·洛詹)isapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofPennsylvania.Hiscurrentworkfocusesonthepsychological,cultural,andbiologicaldeterminantsofhumanfoodchoice.Rozinearnedabachelor’sdegreefromtheUniversityofChicagoin1956anddoctoraldegreesinbiologyandpsychologyfromHarvardUniversityin1961.In1963hejoinedthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofPennsylvania.Healsoservesasco-directoroftheschool’sSolomonAschCenterfortheStudyofEthnopoliticalConflict.〔Note9〕DavidHume(大卫·休谟,1711—1776)wasaScottishphilosopher,economist,historianandanimportantfigureinthehistoryofWesternphilosophyandtheScottishEnlightenment.HumeisoftengroupedwithJohnLocke,GeorgeBerkeley,andahandfulofothersasaBritishEmpiricist.Inthetwentiethcentury,Humehasincreasinglybecomeasourceofinspirationforthoseinpoliticalphilosophyandeconomicsasanearlyandsubtlethinkerintheliberaltradition,aswellasanearlyinnovatorinthegenreoftheessayinhisEssaysMoral,Political,andLiterary.〔LanguagePoint〕“Othersprefersadnesstofear.”Here“prefersth.tosth.”means“choosesth.ratherthansth.else;likesth.better”.Theformsofthetwoobjectsshouldkeepinconcord.e.g.Ipreferteatocoffee.

Ipreferwalkingtocycling.〔Chinese〕作为一个心理学家，我偏爱的谜题之一就是探索人们经历痛苦和不适的动机，心理学家保罗·洛詹曾把这种动机称为“良性受虐倾向”，而它的最佳示例就是想象的乐趣。数以百万计的人掏钱去看恐怖电影，包括那些带有令人毛骨悚然的、虚构的折磨场景的电影。比起恐惧来另一些人更加喜好悲伤。对于自杀的王子、死于癌症的年轻母亲、校车和悬崖这种电影，他们趋之若鹜。数百年前，大卫·休谟曾经惊诧于观看悲剧的观众从忧伤、惊恐和焦虑中所体会到的“难以言喻的乐趣”：越是催人泪下的情节，观众越能乐在其中。

Themotivationtoexperiencepainandunpleasantness.

Whatdoestheterm“benignmasochism”referto?

Whywouldwegetsuchdelightfromunpleasantness?Couldthisbesomeflawinthesystem,aperverse

mis-wiringofourbrains?10Somescholarsbelieveincatharsis

—thatnegativeexperiencesbuild

up,andultimatelyburstout,leavingusfeelingsated

andpurified.Butthisisalousy

theory.Waterpressureisapoormetaphorforintenseemotions,andit’sjustnottruethattheyhavethissortofcatharticeffect.Mostpeopledon’twalkoutofhorrormoviesfeelingcalmandsafe;tragediesdon’tleaveusgiddy

anduplifted.Negativeemotionsdon’tburstoutofus;theysimmer

within.10〔Note10〕

Couldthisbesomeflawinthesystem,aperversemis-wiringofourbrains?:Willthetendencyofderivingpleasuresfromunpleasantnessbeafaultinourmind,orastubbornerrorexistingintheconnectionsofourbrains?〔LanguagePoint〕“leavingusfeelingsatedandpurified”,itisanadverbialclause,denotingtheresultoftheverbs.Inthisclause,“leave”,usedasatransitiveverb,means“causeorallowsb./sth.toremaininacertainstate”;“feelingsatedandpurifies”isacomplementphrase,modifyingtheobject“us”.e.g.Leavethedooropen,please.Don’tleavehimwaitingoutsideintherain.〔Chinese〕为什么我们能从令人不快的事情中获得愉悦呢？这会不会是我们大脑中哪根偏执的经搭错了而导致的思维系统的缺陷呢？有些学者坚信这是一种“疏导法”——负面的经历逐渐累积，最终喷薄而出，使我们感到满足和净化。但是这个理论很牵强。把强烈的感情比作水压这个比喻并不恰当，而且事实上它们并没有这种疏导作用。大多数人在看完恐怖电影后并没有感到平静和安定；悲剧也没有使我们感到升华和飘飘然。负面的情绪没有喷薄而出，相反它们在我们的内心里骚动不安。

Somescholarsbelieveincatharsis—thatnegativeexperiencesbuildup,andultimatelyburstout,leavingusfeelingsatedandpurified.

Butthisisalousytheory.Howdosomescholarsexplaintheunaccountablepleasuresomespectatorsenjoyfromatragedy?What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardtheview?

Abetteridea,Ithink,isthatthesepleasuresreflectaformofsafepractice—or,touseamorecommonterm,aformofplay.Someplayisphysical:

Itisausefulskilltobeabletoattackanddefendyourselfskillfully,andyougetbetteratitthemoreyoupractice,butrealfightsareriskyandpainful,andsocertainanimals,includingus,areconstitutedtotakepleasureinplayfighting,goingthroughthemovesofcombatwithsomeonewelike,holding

back

sothatnobodyishurt.1111〔Note11〕...andsocertainanimals,includingus,areconstitutedtotakepleasureinplayfighting,goingthroughthemovesofcombatwithsomeonewelike,holdingbacksothatnobodyishurt:Itisaninstinctofsomekindsofanimals,includinghumankind,toenjoyimaginaryfightinggames.Throughthesegamestheycanexperiencetheintensivemovementofcombatwiththeirfavouritepartners,whileatthesametimethesituationisundertheircontrolsothatnoonewillbeinjured.〔LanguagePoint〕“andyougetbetteratitthemoreyoupractice”“Themore...themore”iscommonlyusedtodenotetwoparallelprocessesonaproportionalincrease.Inthisconstruction,thefirstpartconstitutesasubordinateclause,whilethesecondthemainclause.e.g.Yougetbetteratitthemoreyoupractice.=Whenyoupractice

more,yougetbetteratit.

TheolderIget,thehappierIam.=WhenIgetolder,Ibecome

happier.〔Chinese〕我认为，一个更加合理的观点是这些乐趣反映了一种安全做法——或者用一个更加常见的词语，一种游戏。有些游戏需要体力：有技巧地攻击他人和保护自己是一门有用的技巧，你操练得越多就越精通，但是真正的打斗却是危机四伏、痛苦不堪的。因此某些动物，包括我们人类，从本质上就热衷于打斗游戏，与我们钟意的拍档一起去经历搏击，而且当我们退出时，也没有人会受伤。

Thesepleasuresreflectaformofsafepractice—or,touseamorecommonterm,aformofplay.butrealfightsareriskyandpainful,andsocertainanimals,includingus,areconstitutedtotakepleasureinplayfighting,goingthroughthemovesofcombatwithsomeonewelike,holdingbacksothatnobodyishurt.Howdoestheauthorexplaintheseunaccountablepleasures?

Thenthereisimaginativeplay.Weuseourmindstoexplorealternative

worlds,anindispensableskillwhenitcomestoplanningforthefuture.Fromthisperspective,theappealofhorrorandtragedydoesn’tlieinthespecifics.12It’snotthatwehavetoprepareourselvesfortheriseoftheundeadorourfatherbeingbetrayedbytheQueen.Wearedrawntohorrorandtragedybecausetheyarecreativerepresentationsofworst-casescenarios,situationsthatwereallyneedtoworryabout,suchasbeingattackedbystrangers,betrayedbyfriends,experiencingthedeathofthosewelove,andsoon.12〔Note12〕

Fromthisperspective,theappealofhorrorandtragedydoesn’tlieinthespecifics:Fromthispointofview,thereasonwhyweareattractedbyhorrorfilmsandtragedyisnotthattheyaresituationswe’llhavetofaceinourreallife.〔LanguagePoint〕“It’snotthatwehavetoprepareourselvesfortheriseoftheundeadorourfatherbeingbetrayedbytheQueen.”Both“must”and“haveto”canbeusedtodenote“obligation”,buttheuseof“must”oftenimpliesthattheobligationisimposedbythespeaker,while“haveto”usuallyimpliesthattheobligationcomesfromobjectivecircumstances.e.g.HemustsayitinEnglish.(Iwanthimtodoso.)

HehastosayitinEnglish.(Becausehedoesn’tknowChinese.)〔Chinese〕其次就是虚拟的电影。我们用头脑去探索另一个世界，这是一种规划未来时不可或缺的技能。从这一观点来看，恐惧和悲剧的吸引力并不在于它们的特定情节。并不是说我们应当为死人复活或者我们的父王被王后背叛这种事做好思想准备。恐惧和悲剧之所以吸引我们是因为它们创造性地代表了可能会出现的最糟糕的状况，和我们真正所需要担忧的情况，例如被陌生人攻击，被朋友背叛，与我们所爱的人永别等等。

It’safascinatingquestiontomehowfarthis“safepractice”theorycanbepushed,whetheritcanexplainothermasochisticbehaviours,includingsocialandsexualones.13Butifitisrightatall,itwouldshowthatbeingahedonist

ismorecomplicatedthanitlooks.Evenseeminglyperversepleasureshavemeaning;theyhavebeenshapedbynaturalselectiontosolveproblemsthatwemightnotbeconsciouslyawareof.

Simplepleasuresaren’tthatsimpleafterall.13〔Note13〕

It’safascinatingquestiontomehowfarthis“safepractice”theorycan

bepushed,whetheritcanexplainothermasochisticbehaviours,includingsocialandsexualones:Asapsychologist,Iamcuriousaboutwhetherthe“safepractice”theorywillprovidereasonableexplanationsforpeople’sseekinghappinessfromcasesofsocialandsexualmaltreatment.〔LanguagePoint〕“thatwemightnotbeconsciouslyawareof...”Here“might”isusedtotalkabout“possibility”;inthissense,“may”and“might”areinterchangeable,andsuggestnodifferenceintimereference.Onlytheuseof“might”conveysgreateruncertaintyintone.〔Chinese〕“安全做法”这一理论到底有多有效，它是否能够解释其他包括社会的和两性的受虐举动，这对我来说是值得研究的课题。但是如果这个理论是正确的，它即表明做一个享乐主义者比（表面上）看起来更加复杂。即使是看似偏执的乐趣也存在意义；它们经由自然选择而成形，进而来解决我们可能还没有清楚意识到的问题。毕竟，简单的乐趣并不那么单纯。

Evenseeminglyperversepleasureshavemeaning;theyhavebeenshapedbynaturalselectiontosolveproblemsthatwemightnotbeconsciouslyawareof.Accordingtotheauthor,whyaren’tsimplepleasuresthatsimpleafterall?

Thisdoesn’tmeanthatweshouldbeindulging

in

them—perhapstherearebetterthingstodotodaythangotoahorrormovie.Butitdoessuggestthatweshouldhesitatebeforedismissingsuchdesiresasselfishorirrelevant.Perhapsthegoodlifedoesn’trequireconstantwarfare.Perhapspeoplearebetteroffiftheirmultipleselvesestablishatruce,respectingoneanother’sdifferentstrengths,andworkingtogethertosatisfysharedgoals.14〔LanguagePoint〕“Butitdoessuggestthatweshouldhesitatebeforedismissingsuchdesiresasselfishorirrelevant.”Thebe-subjunctiveiscommonlyusedinthat-clausestoexpressacommand,decision,suggestion,etc.Aftersuchverbsasdemand,order,propose,recommend,request,suggest,vote,etc,verbsintheobjectclausescommonlyuse“should+verb”,and“should”sometimescanbeomitted.e.g.Heorderedthatallbooks(should)besentatonce.

Weproposethatsomebodyneutraltakethechair.〔Chinese〕但是这并不意味着我们就可以沉溺于其中——也许今天有比去看恐怖电影更合适的事可以去做。但是它确实表明我们在摆脱（被标之为）自私自利或者不合时的欲望之前应该三思而后行。也许美好的人生并不需要频繁的战事。也许人们会生活得更好，如果人们的多重自我能够宣告停战，互相尊重彼此的不同特质，协同合作以达到共同目标。ReadingFocus-TextANewWordsandExpressions（标注*的为四级词汇；标注▲的为六级词汇,其余为超纲词汇。）piety/5paIEtI/n.

religiousdevotionandreverencetoGod虔诚

TheoldmanhasgreatpietytowardsGod.Shewaseminentforherpiety.▲insight/5InsaIt/n.

theactoroutcomeofgraspingtheinwardorhiddennatureofthingsorofperceivinginanintuitivemanner领悟

Thearticlegivesaninsightintothecauseofthepresenteconomiccrisis.Westudysciencetogaininsightintonaturallaws.texttextclashwithtocomeintoconflict;beinopposition冲突；抵触

Principlesoftenclashwithinterests.Theaccountoftheeyewitnessclashedwithpublishedreports.gotogethertobemutuallysuited,harmonize相配，协调

Loveandreasondonotgotogether.Thecolourofthecurtainwenttogetherwiththatofthewall.▲constitute/5kCnstItju:t/v.

tobetheelementsorpartsof;compose构成；