大学英语写作知识与技巧

四级写作知识与技巧

2/1/20231（一）四级作文的考试要求1.考生应在30分钟内，根据题目要求及写作提纲或规定情节，图表等写出120字以上，语言比较规范的短文。2.要求“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点，表达清楚，文字连贯。句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。”2/1/20232（二）

四级作文的评分标准

作文满分为15分，阅卷标准共分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（8分）相似，即定为该分（8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分，则可以加一分，即为9分，或减一分，即为7分，但不得加或减半分。具体标准如下：2分—条理不清，思路混乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多为严重错误。5分—基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重的语言错误。2/1/202338分—基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分—切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分—切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错，文字运用较好。2/1/20234注：①白卷、作文与题目毫不相干，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给零分。

②字数不够应酌情扣分。如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句均不得计入所写字数。

③只写一段者，0-4分；两段者，0-9分（指规定三段的作文）。2/1/20235（三）四级作文通病分析通过对历年英语短文写作考生答卷的分析，考生写作时已具有较大的主动性和创造性。绝大多数考生都有一定的英语基础，也已经基本上掌握了表达自己观点和想法的词汇和语法知识。但从整体得分来看，多数考生短文写作成绩却不尽人意。分数主要集中在5-9分。2/1/20236考生普遍存在着普遍的问题是思维单调，例证堆切，简单罗例数据，片面描绘画面，缺乏主题提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在着教学过程中忽略了对学生书面表达能力的培养，学生缺乏适量的作文训练；另一方面，还有些考生对英语短文写作的考试要求不十分明确，靠背几篇范文，压几道题，抱着碰运气的态度，就仓促上阵。

2/1/20237（四）四级作文常见的十大症结1.大小写，标点符号，拼写错误;2.卷面不洁，字迹潦草，用铅笔写作；3.语法和结构错误，造成文章结构松散，脱节；4.代词，连接词或逻辑顺序词错用，而造成文章的逻辑混乱；5.用中文思维加英文翻译所造成的语句生硬，错误；2/1/20238

5.文不对题，部分跑题或主题不突出所造成的文章不切题现象。6.词汇量匮乏，文章中难见高分词汇；7.语法不通，复合句使用错误多且表达不清；8.句型单一、句子无变化，表达方式单调;9.不会正确使用常用套语，文章缺少层次感；10.作文普遍缺乏文采，打动人的杰作奇缺。

2/1/20239（五）考试作文类型及命题1.短文写作大致分为五种类型：A.记叙文(Narration)B.描写文（Description）C.说明文（Exposition）D.论说文（Argumentation）E.应用文（PracticalWriting）2/1/2023102.命题形式（主要有三种形式）A.

命题类作文：包括命题提纲式，命题提纲式附首段起始句，命题式附各段主题句等分支。B.

规定情景类：包括情景式给定标题的论说文和情景式给定标题的记叙文等。C.图表，图画类作文：包括无题提纲式图表类作文，无题提纲式漫画或图片类作文；命题提纲式图表类作文和命题提纲式漫画或图片类作文。2/1/202311实用的审题、构思方法1.审题：a。抓住给出的题目中的主题词，有哪些可以替换的表达b。抓住中文提纲（尤其是中间段）要点，判断是哪种类型的作文2.组织素材：要想尽快、高效地收集、罗列素材，可分两个步骤走：第一步，围绕文章的主题展开风暴式思考（Brainstorming),尽可能多地调集脑海中已有观点和词汇，可无序排列，但必须剔除不熟悉和不会拼写的部分；第二步，按提纲给出内容的重要性（当然是第二部分！），构思各个段落的要点，按照逻辑归属等标准，对素材加以筛选，按要点归类和排列，整理，以备写时用。2/1/202312文章总体构建1.合理布局篇章结构引言Introduction交代背景Background)点明主题Thesis概括性介绍文章的发展，内容和作者的观点正文Body主题句TopicS.拓展句SupportingS.总结句ConclusionS.详细具体地展开（叙述，论述，说明）文章的话题和作者的态度结论Conclusion小结Summary概括大意，重复要点，得出结论，提出建议2/1/2023132.写好引言，主体部分和结尾段落，尤其是主题句3.遵循科学的写作步骤，遵循不同类型的作文要求来逻辑构思要点，套用句型表达。A.审题B.组织素材C.撰写提纲D.行文E.修改与修订

2/1/202314段落的基本结构段落可以概括地定义为围绕一个主题而展开的一组相关的句子。这组句子是密切关联的信息组合，也是文字表达的一个基本单位。段落的中心思想通常有主题句概括，而主题句中提出的问题和论点要在段落中通过扩展句进行讨论与回答。段落常常有三部分构成：1.主题句（topicsentence)2.扩展句（supportingsentences)3.结尾句（concludingsentence)2/1/202315段落种类1.开头段：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，点明写作目的。吸引读者的兴趣与好奇心。2.中间段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是对文章主题进行解释和证明。3.结尾段：是简要地呼应前面段落的内容进行总结，点明主题，使文章的意思更明确，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。2/1/202316

generalintroductoryremarksIntroductionnarrowcontrollingideaBody

Topicsentence________________________________________supportingdetails(examples,reasonsorarguments)___________________________________concludingremarksconclusion

restatementofcontrollingideafinalstatement2/1/202317写好段落的方法和技巧

每篇文章有若干或多段落，每一个段落有若干或者许多句子。段落并非是句子的简单堆叠，而是有计划、有规则、有规律的系统性创作过程。段落的特征大致这样：一个主题句，一个中心思想（大意）、几个照应过渡词、几个或许多细节事实（扩展句）。请分析下面几段文字，找出主题句、过渡词语、基本事实或细节。

2/1/202318(1)Lifein2009willbemuchdifferentfromwhatitistoday.(2)Foronething,youwillsleeplaterbecauseyourjobwillstartlaterinthemorning.(3)Too,machineswilldomostofyourroutineworkforyou.(4)Also,youwilltraveltoworkonamovingsidewalk.(5)Furthermore,youwilltalktofriendsonacolorpicturetelephone.(6)Finally,youwilltakelongervacationsinmoredistantplacessincetransportationwillbemuchfasterandcheaper.

2/1/202319TheleadersofancientEgyptandEthiopiamademanyimportantcontributionstogoodgovernment.(2)NegroesinAfricawereamongtheearliesttoperfecttheartofmakingiron.(3)InWestAfrica,Tenkemenin,GongaMussa,andSonniAlimademanyimportantadvancesintheaeraofdefensiveandoffensivewarfare.(4)CertainlyAfricanshaveearnedtheirplaceinhistory.2/1/202320句子的安排英语短文写作是一种语言创作，虽不可能像数学有严格的公式可套用，但却可以找出一定的思路来遵循。第一段：引言句—扩展句—限制主题句第二段：主题句—扩展句—扩展句—扩展句—扩展句—段落小结；第三段：连接词+全文概括总结句—扩展句。当然这只是构成短文的基本思路，其中各段扩展句的数量在不同的文章可适当增减，以达到内容清晰，主题突出的目的。2/1/202321段落的扩展(1)主题句Ifindacademiclifeendlesslyfascinating.(2)扩展句Ifindtheclassstimulating,mostoftheprofessorsinteresting,thereadingandstudyingsatisfying,andthestudentdelightful.(3)扩展句Iconsiderabigassignmentalivelychallenge.(4)扩展句ButIliketheleisureactivitiesbestofall.Everystudentmayhavehisorherchoiceofactivity:athletics,music,theater,lectures,discussionsandstudentpolitics.(5)结尾句IbelievethevarietyunequaledanywhereelseandImaygotoschoolforalongtime.2/1/202322主题句写法示例1.Scienceandtechnologyconstitutetheprimaryproductiveforce.2.Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.3.WithoutInternetitisdifficulttoimaginemodernlife.4.Nowadays,collegegraduateshavemanyjoboptions.5.Asuccessfulinterviewdependsonthreefactors:jobrequirements,thequalificationandmannersoftheapplicant.2/1/202323常用于开头的短语、句式

(1)Withthe（rapidly）growingpopularityof（computers,/privatecars/,ourliveshasbeenconsiderablychanged）inChina，thequalityof

（2）Withthe（rapid）growthof（oureconomy/population)，manyproblemssuchas（watershortages/wasteofenergy/lackofprofessionalsandchaoticmanagement）arebeggingtosurface2/1/202324（3）Withthedevelopmentof（scienceandtechnology/marketeconomy），moreandmore/anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…（4）Currentlythereisawidespread/seriousconcernover(illegalpublication/drugabuse/negativeinfluenceofwesterncultures).（5）Nowadays,aheateddebated/discussionabout…isunderwayinChina.somepeoplebelievethat…,whereasothersarguethat…2/1/202325（6）Therearesomereasonsforowning(privatecars/personalcomputers).Tobeginwith,…Next,…Last,…Thereare,ontheotherhand,manyreasonsagainstit,First,…Second,…Finally,…（7）Therearemanyadvantagesanddis-advantagesin(owningacar).（8）Therearevarious/atleastthreeways/possibletechniques/problems/methodstodosomething2/1/202326（9）Smoking/Alcoholicbeverageshouldbebannedfromcollegecampusesfortoereasons.Thefirstreasonisthat…Thesecondreasonisthat…/Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…(10）Thepossiblesolutionsof(theenergycrisis/watershortages/thesesocialproblems)dependonthreefactors…（11）Thetwomajorreasonsresponsiblefor(therapideconomicgrowth/thewidespreadoffakeproducts)are…2/1/202327用于开“起”文章，常置于主题句前后的：

Atpresent;currently;first(ly);Firstofall;generallyspeaking;Ingeneral;lately;now;Recently;tobeginwith;Foronething…foranother;Ontheonehand…ontheotherhand2/1/202328WhenaskedaboutWhenitcomestoFacedwith…,Somepeopleclaim/think/argue/believethat…,but/whileothers…(differently)

Nowadaysthereismuch/generaldiscussionasto….

Withthedevelopment/improvement/growthof…,

2/1/202329Now,itiscommonly/widely/increasinglybelieved/thought/held/acknowledgethat…,

Accordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll,…

Haveyoueverthought/wondered…?

Suppose…

Asthesayinggoes,…

2/1/202330陈述或论证观点、看法（view，point，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步骤…（method，means，measures，step…）、因素（factor）、利弊、优缺点（advantage，disadvantage）时常用的词语、句式：

2/1/202331（1）引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语：…的原因有许多.Therearemanyreasonswhy……的原因如下；Thereasonswhy…areasfollows我的看法是…Myopinionisthat2/1/202332（2）展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语：

①、第一层次（首先）First，Firstly，Inthefirstplace，Firstofall，Tobeginwith，Foronething.

我的第一理由是…Myfirstreasonisthat…

主要因素是…Themainfactoristhat…2/1/202333②第二层次（其次）Second，Secondly，IntheSecondplace，Next，Then，Foranother，另一种方法是…Anothermeansof…istodo…第二种解决方法是…thesecondsolutionisthat…③第三层次（第三点）Third，thirdly，besides，inaddition，furthermore，whatismoreimportant

2/1/202334（3）总结性段落常用句式、词语：最后一点last，lastly，finally，inthelastplace，lastofall，inshort，inbrief简言之inaword，insummary，tosumup总之，inconclusion，onthewhole，altogether，inall因此，so，thus，hence，therefore。Consequently，fortheereasons2/1/202335结果，inconsequence，asaresult由此可见…itwillbeseenfromitthat如上所述，我们可以得出结论…ashasbeensaidabove，wecanconclude/makeaconclusion/drawaconclusion/reachaconclusioncometoaconclusionthat….2/1/202336（4）将事物的正反、好坏两方面，或者将两种不同事物进行比较，对比时常用的句式、短语：

然而while，whereas，but，however，nevertheless

尽管如此inspiteofthat，despiteallthis

但在另一方面butontheotherhand

与…相比in/byincomparisonwith…/ascomparewith…

2/1/202337对比之下by/incontrast

与…相反asopposedto…/insteadof…

相反onthecontrary，instead他们的区别如下Thedifferencesareasfollows；thedifferencescanbedescribedasfollows

A与B之间的不同在于…thedifferencesbetweenAandBis/liesin/exertsin/consistsin…；AisdifferentfromBin…2/1/202338表示原因的常用句型1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.5）Thereasonforthisisthat...6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat...2/1/202339例如：Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly，people’slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.2/1/202340表示好处的常用句型1）

Ithasthefollowingadvantages.2）

Itdoesusalotofgood.3）

Itbenefitsusquitealot.4）

Itisbeneficialtous.5）

Itisofgreatbenefittous.2/1/202341例如：

Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.2/1/202342表示坏处的常用句型1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.2）

Itdoesusmuchharm.3）

Itisharmfultous.

2/1/202343例如：

However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.2/1/202344

表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsb.todosth.2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.2/1/202345例如：Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon，computerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasonstosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.2/1/202346表示措施的常用句型

1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures.2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties.3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoingsth.4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with.2/1/202347例如：Thehousingproblemthatweareconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.2/1/202348表示变化的常用句型

1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.2）Agreatchangewillcertainlybeproducedintheworld’scommunications.3）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation.2/1/202349例如：Somechangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.Themajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseek.Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein，andfromfruitandvegetabletomilkforvitamins.2/1/202350表示事实、现状的常用句型

1）Wecannotignorethefactthat...2）Noonecandenythefactthat...3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat...4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin.5）However，that’snotthecase.2/1/202351例如：

Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution.Tosolvetheseproblems，wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution.Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment.2/1/202352表示比较的常用句型

1）ComparedwithA，B...2)A

and

B

has

several

points

in

common.

3)It

is

true

that

A

...

,

but

the

chief

faultB

(obvious

defects

)are

...

4)A

and

B

differ

in

several

ways.

5)The

advantages

of

A

are

much

greater

than

those

of

B.

6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.2/1/202353例如：Comparedwithcars，bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable.Firstly，theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum.Secondly，theydonotcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast，theycontributetopeople’shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise.2/1/202354表示例举的常用句型

1)

A

good

case

in

point

is

...

2)

As

an

illustration,

we

may

take

...

3)

Such

examples

might

be

given

easily.

4)

...is

often

cited

as

an

example.

2/1/202355表示数量的常用句型

1）Ithasincreased（decreased）from...to...2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800，000.3）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15％comparedwiththatofJanuary.

2/1/202356例如：Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandard，theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreased.再如：Fromthegraphlistedabove，itcanbeseenthatstudentuseofcomputershasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin20002/1/202357表示看法的常用句型

1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth.2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion.4）Somepeoplebelievethat...Othersarguethat...2/1/202358例如：Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Everyfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchanceofsuccessattheirrenewedendeavor.However，othersareeasilydiscouragedbyfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.再如：Do“luckynumbersreallybringgoodluck？Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonit.2/1/202359表示结论的常用句型

1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat...2）Itmaybebrieflysummedupasfollows.3）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat...

2/1/202360例如：Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthatexaminationisnecessary，however，itsmethodshouldbeimproved.2/1/202361部分常用套语

1）It’swellknowntousthat...2）Asisknowntous，...3）Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout.4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat...5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.2/1/202362例如：

Asiswellknowntous，itisimportantforthestudentstoknowtheworldoutsidecampus.Thereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays，thesocietyischanginganddevelopingrapidly，andthecampusisnolongeran“ivorytower.Ascollegestudents，wemustgetintouchwiththeworldoutsidethecampus.Onlyinthiswaycanweadaptourselvestothesocietyquicklyafterwegraduate.2/1/202363再如：

Doesitpaytobehonest？Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedaboutanddifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit.2/1/202364结尾写好结尾就是要使文章作到善始善终，使主题更加突出，使文章前后呼应，结尾要遵循简洁的原则，点到为止，不得拖拉，应避免节外生枝。在结尾部分不可出现与全文不一致的新话题。常用的结尾方式有:2/1/2023651.概括总结全文,提出解决方法(summary&solution)Tosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.Thegovernment,mostimportantofall,needstodrawupaneconomicpolicythatwillcreatemorejobopportunitiestoeasethemountingunemploymentcreatedbytherestructuringofthestatesector.Thelaid-offworkers,too,shouldadjustthemselvestothenewsituationbyarmingthemselveswithnewerknowledgeandskillstogettheadvantageinnewpositions.2/1/2023662.回答前面问题（answertothequestion)Personally,Ibelievethatparentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofsuchqualitiesasindependence,confidenceandcourageintheirchildren.Onlyinthiswaycanthechildrengrowup,fullyequippedtomeetwhateverchallengesthatlifemaypresent.2/1/2023673.提出建议（recommendation&suggestion)Inbrief,byrepeatingthissimplestep-by-stepprocess,youcanputasideyourfearsandwriteaclear,coherent,andconvincingessay.Allyouneediseagerness,perseveranceandcourageandapencilandpaper.2/1/2023684.给出预见(prediction)Ifpeoplestoppedtothinkbeforeacquiringpets,therewouldbefewerofcrueltytoanimals.Manytimes,itisthepeoplewhoadoptpetswithoutconsideringtheexpenseandresponsibilityinvolvedwhomistreatandneglecttheiranimals.Petsarelivingcreatures.Theydonotdeservetobeacquiredascarelesslyasonewouldacquireastuffedtoy.2/1/2023695.发人深省的问题（thought-provokingquestion)What,then,willhappeninthetwenty-firstcenturywhenmostofthepopulationwillbeoversixtyyearsold?Retirementpolicescouldchangedramatically.2/1/2023706.发出号召（callforaction)Therefore,tomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive,wemustmakethebestuseofeverydropofwaterandworkhandinhandtoprotectwaterresources.2/1/202371常用于结尾的短语、句式

（1）Itishopedthatweshouldplacemuchemphasison/paymoreattentionto…（2）Toconclude，wecanseethat（thebestway/thepossiblesolution）is…（3）Inshort，（shortagesofwater，decreaseoffertilefieldsandenvironmentalpollution）arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto（increaserainproduction）2/1/202372（4）Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakegreateffortsto…（5）Inaword，therearethreesuggestionswemustfollow，onlyinthiswaycanwe（achieveagreatsuccess）（6）Itistimeforustotakeanactivepartin…（7）Letusworkhandinhandinhandto（solvethesesocialproblems）2/1/202373结尾段常用的词语Therefore;Inshort;Finally;Insummary;Inaword;Onthewhole;Inall;Toconclude;Inbrief;Allthissuggeststhat…Inconclusion;Itcanbeconcludedthat…2/1/202374

根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语

常用的过渡词或短语（转承语的使用）2/1/202375

2/1/2023762.表示“承”接，一般用于段落中间，可举例，可用同义词说明，可进一步解释，补充内容。Furthermore;forexample;forinstance;Inaddition;inotherwords;likewise;Inparticular;inthesameway;meanwhile;moreover;namely;similarly;What’smore2/1/202377Thosewhohold….

Itistruethat…

Tobesure..

First/Firstly…

Themain/leading/underlying/root/primary/chief/essential….

2/1/2023783.表示“转”折，常用于段中：Incontrast;inspiteof;nevertheless;Onthecontrary;unlike;unfortunately;Whereas;although2/1/202379Itsoundslikeagood(attractive)idea(suggestion),buttheyfailtounderstand(see,notice

Thereisprobablyanelementoftruthinthearguments(ideas),buttheyignoreamoreimportant(basic)fact…

2/1/202380Closerexamination(analysis),however,suggests(shows)thatthisargument(claim,idea)maynotbeborneof(supported)bythefollowingevidence(facts,examples,statistics).

Close(careful)examination(analysis)ofthesearguments(ideas,suggestions),however,wouldreveal(suggest,prove)howflimsy(不足信的，不严密)(fallacious（靠不住的）,groundless（没有根据的）)theyare.

2/1/202381Howeverlogical(sound,forcible(有说服力))theseargumentsmaybe,theydon'tmakesense(onlyskimthesurfaceoftheproblem)when…isviewedtheotherway(takenintoconsideration).

Asopposedto(Contraryto)thewidely(commonly,generally)heldidea(belief,view),newstudies(facts)challenge(failtojustify)theopinion(view).

2/1/202382Good/Superior/Wonderfulas….,ithasitsowndisadvantages/itbringsitsownproblems.

Theymayberightabout…,buttheyseemtoneglect/failtomention/takeintoaccount…

Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportant/basicfactisignored/overlooked/neglected.

2/1/202383Itistruethat/Admittedly,butitisunlikely/doesn'tfollow/doesn'tmeanthat…

Thereisanelementoftruthinthesearguments/statements,buttheyignoreadeeperandmorebasic/essential/importantfact/factor…

Inmanycases,however,…

Asfaras..isconcerned,…

2/1/2023844.表示“合”，一般用于段落小结或引出结尾段：Aboveall;accordingly;asaresult;Consequently;inaword;thus;Insummary;tosumup;inconclusion;So;therefore;hence2/1/202385图表图画类作文图表和图画作文在近年出现的比率大，考生也应该对这两类作文形式加以关注。写作在考试形式上也越考越灵活，总体上放弃了机械做题，避免考生猜题、押题，每年出题都在求变，考生就应该把握题型规律，掌握模式化语言，以不变应万变。背范文、照搬句子在现在的写作考试中已经不那么有效了，但是如果能掌握写作的框架结构和精彩句型就能占据一部分优势，这些将构筑起一篇文章以及亮出它的“闪光点”，得到评卷老师的欣赏。

2/1/202386图表作文的写作要看清数据的变化，通过坐标和图表纵横比较说明事实，并且从表面看到实质，了解变化反映的深层意义。

图画作文的难点在于对图画信息的描述是否准确。然后要点破图画的寓意，分析背后的原因，这是文章的重头戏，所以在复习中就要多看些报刊文摘的图片，多关注社会热点也是很好的锻炼方式。2/1/202387图表式作文是四级考试中较难的一种作文类型。它要求考生根据图表所给出的信息，写出所要表达主题的作文。图表式作文最大的特点是所给的信息表达很集中，给人以一目了然之感。图表式作文一般可分三段来写：第一段描述出图表反映的总情况，用能充分说明主题的典型数据来描写。第二段对数字进行仔细的分析比较，归纳出增减速率并找出产生变化的原因。第三段写读图表后的想法和评论，从而得出自己的结论。2/1/202388图表图画类作文种类1.Tablebargraphlinegraph2.Graphandchartcirclegraph(piegraph)picturegraph2/1/202389table20022003TravelingabroadGoingtoseasideCampingVisitingfriendsinanothertownStayingathome417620252812167142031Total1001002/1/202390Bargraph

ChangesinChina’sForeignTrade2/1/202391Circlegraph(Piechart)2/1/202392Linegraph2/1/202393

picturegraph“GoodExample”

2/1/202394图表图画类作文写作技巧一.写作要旨1.弄清题意，看作文属于下面哪一种：A.单纯描述解释图表曲线，按图表所示内容如实表达，不加评论。B.通过叙述图表（或图画）中的内容和数字变化来分析原因，发表议论。2/1/202395二.遵照程序1.审题和分析图表曲线；描述图表，得出结论；2.紧扣主题句，将图表，数字变为信息；分析原因，发表议论；3.提出建议或得出结论。2/1/202396三.掌握技巧1.对表格，图形，数据。分类，横线，纵线及百分比等代表什么，要先弄清楚；2.适当运用描述图表的规范用语。3.学会看趋势，找规律；从整体看图表有何发展变化，找出特点，规律；4.注意用数字获取信息，将代表发展趋势的数字变为文字，并加以叙述；5.抓典型，讲原因，不需描述所有的信息；6.必须基于图表所给事实，按情理得出结论，做到自圆其说，具有说服力。2/1/202397图表作文的常用词

上升：increaseriseascendcoresurgegoupclimbmountlevelup下降:decreasefalldropdescenddeclinereducelessenleveldown平稳:stablesteadyremain/maintain/keep/bethesameas/similarto2/1/202398最高点:thehighestthetopthesummitthepeakthemost最低点:bottomlessleastrockbottom平均:meanaverage趋势:tendancytrendinclination预见:prediction达到顶峰:mountto

2/1/202399在***中占***:***gainthepercentageof有一个稳定的过程:astableperiodcanbeseen2/1/2023100第二段：说明段，Fromthe***/***illustrate***+一些内容，主要写以下几个方面：极点(极大，极小)，趋势，特别点(交点，转折点，相同点和一些在特定图上有意义的点)

第三段:Fromthechart,wemayhaveabasicunderstandingofthesituationof——凑字数用的！！

2/1/2023101一些表达：A.柱形图increaserisegoup/dropdecreasedeclineB.饼图***isdivided/sintoseveralparts***consumethelargestportion***accountingfor******(百分比)of***is******playaveryimportantrolein***C.线形图FromthispointDrop/increasedramaticallyamodest/rapidincrease2/1/20231021.以时间为比较基础的应抓住“变化”：上升，下降，或是波动，题中对两个或两个以上的变量进行描述时应在此基础上进行比较，如变量多于两个应进行分类或有侧重的比较，2.不以时间为比较基础的应注意对极点的描述

2/1/2023103图表作文的关键是要记住一些常用的词，因为图表无怪乎曲线图和柱状图，别的图表大都可以以此类推。

这些词整理一下包括：

increase

decreaserise

drop

grow

fall

shoot

up(非常得快)

decline

reach

a

peak

reach

a

number

fluctuate(wildly/mildly)

________

level

off,

to

stablize,to

maintain

a

trend

形容快慢的词：

rapid(ly)

*dramatical(ly)

*slight

*sharp(ly)

*gradual(ly)

*quick(ly)

*superising(ly)

2/1/20231042.分项目的总结在做这个之前，把“模板”说一下(主要针对菜鸟,应付考试时找不到东西说)第一段：The***(某种图，比如barchart,piechart或是curvegraph)show***(简单写写情况，比如“妇女受教育程度”，“美国能源利用”，这些一般可以在图下面的说明文字中找到),Fromthe***(某种土)wecanhaveaunderstandingof***(又是什么情况)注：第二句话是废话，是为了凑字数，字数够了的时候就可以不用了，当然写的时候注意表达方式的一些小改动2/1/2023105波动:fluctuatefluctuationriseandfallsupanddown占:occupytakeupaccountforgain而:whilehoweverwhereasontheotherhandactually/infact相比:bycontractonthecontrarylikewisecomparedwith

2/1/2023106写作模板——图表式作文

Itisobviousinthegraphic/tablethattherate/number/amountofYhasundergonedramaticchanges.Ithasgoneup/grown/fallen/droppedconsiderablyinrecentyears(asXvaries).AtthepointofX1,Yreachesitspeakvalueof…(多少).

2/1/2023107Whatisthereasonforthischange?Mainlythereare…(多少)reasonsbehindthesituationreflectedinthegraphic/table.Firstofall,…(第一个原因).Moreimportantly,…(第二个原因).Mostimportantofall,…(第三个原因).2/1/2023108Fromtheabovediscussions,wehaveenoughreasontopredictwhatwillhappeninthenearfuture.Thetrenddescribedinthegraphic/tablewillcontinueforquitealongtime(ifnecessarymeasuresarenottaken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).2/1/2023109图表图画类作文常用表达法描述图表内容：1.Accordingtothefiguresshowninthetable/graphwecansee/concludethat…2.Thegraphshows/tellsus/revealsthat…3.Asisshown/canbeseeninthechart…4.Thetableis/givesinformationabout…5.Thetablesrepresentthedevelopmentandchangesin..Inthepast10years.6.Afterconsideringtheinformationinthegraphwemightconcludethat…2/1/2023110描述增减变化1.Comparedwiththenumberof1999…Itstillincreasedby3896,withanincreasingproportionof2%.2.Thenumberof…grew/rosefrom…to…3.Theamountof…willrise/showatendencytoincrease.4.Thepopulationwillamountto1200millionin2000.…2/1/20231115.Noincreaseisshownin1965;thencameasharpincreaseofeightmillion.6.Aismore/lessexpensivethanB.7.A’sproductionwasmore/lessthanthatofB.8.In1990thenumberremainedthesame/droppedto2/1/2023112描述时间：1.Overtheperiodfrom1987to19942.Duringthepasthalfcentury3.Inthethreeyearsspanningfrom1985through19874.Between1987and19972/1/2023113图表图画类作文第一段写作公式：Itcanbeseenthat…

Fromthegraph(chart,curve,picture)…

Thegraphshowsthat…

Thestatisticsinthegraphindicates…

Youcanfindthetendencyinthechartthat…

2/1/2023114图表图画类作文第二段写作公式：Whatarethereasonsforit?

Thereareafewreasonsorways.

Theexplainingsare

Thesolutionsinclude…

First(ofall)alsosecond,inaddition,furthermore

…

从上面所讲中大家应该知道作文的套路，万变不离其中，再加上平时的积累，相信大家不会在作文中失分太多。

2/1/2023115图表图画类作文第三段写作公式：Then/Howevertome/forme/tomypointofview,

asfarasIamconcerned,

foronething,fortheother/foranother(thing)2/1/2023116温室花朵经不起风雨2/1/2023117Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:1）describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife2/1/2023118Thesetwopicturesarebothinterestingandinstructive.Fromthepictures,wecanseethataflo