大学英语《说明文写作》教程

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说明文写作一、概述二、写作方法及例子三、图表作文一、概述

说明文是描述某一事物、事由或过程的文章。它用于说明客观事物的特点和性能，或介绍某种操作的程序，或解释某些抽象概念，或阐明某种科学原理、自然现象等，完全是就事论事的描述，所以也称技术性的描写文。词典、教材、论文、实验报告、甚至广告等都属这类文体。二、写作方法及例子1、下定义（definition）像词典那样直接地给字或词下定义，也包括进一步通过举例、对比、比喻逻辑推理等写作方法解释事物，使读者对事物的特点有更全面的了解。例：

Ambitionmeansthegoalinourlife.Tohaveone’sambitiondoesnotnecessarilymeantobecomeoneofthechiefstateleaders.Thisisnottherealsenseoftheword.Trueambitionencouragesusalwaystolookforwardandnottolosehopeinfaceoffailure.Ambitiondiffersfrompersontopersonandeveryonehashisownambition.Yetnoteveryoneofuscansucceedinwhatwedesiretodo.2、举例子（Illustration）。例：

Americansvaluemanuallabor.Theyhavegreatrespectforcraftsmanship.ManyAmericansprefercrafthobbies.Forexample,somebuildsmallboatsintheirleisuretime.Othersmakenewfurnitureorrefinishantiquefurniture.Othersenjoygardeningorpainting.Manylow-incomeAmericanfamilieshavebeautifulfurnitureorpaintingsorpotteryorboats.Theymakethesethingsandtheyareproudoftheirmanualskill.Infactsomepeoplearereallyveryhandy.3、分类（Classification）。把事物分作若干类型并说明或描述各事物的特点和差异。例：

Allmatterisinoneofthethreestates.Itmaybeinthestateofagas,aliquidorasolid.

Asolidhasdefiniteshapeanddefinitevolume.Aliquidhasdefinitevolume,butithasnodefiniteshape.Itmayflowortaketheshapeofitscontainer.Agaschangesnotonlyinshapebutalsoinvolume,foritexpandsandcontractseasily.4、比较（Comparison）和对照（Contrast）比较和对照在英语写作中应用非常广泛。一般来说，比较时指对人或事件之间相同点进行分析；对比是对人或事物之间的不同点进行比较。不过在很多情况下，这两种方法不能截然分开。例：

Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.

Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.5、因果分析（CauseandEffect）。指分析某一事物或现象的前因后果。有的文章以分析原因为主，有的文章以说明造成的结果为主，一般说来，不存在单独表示原因或结果的文章。例：

Climateaffectsthecultureofacountry.Menmustlearntolivewithinthelimitationsoftheirenvironment,andclimateisanimportantpartofthephysicalenvironment.Lifeinatropicalcountryislessstrenuousandmorecasualthanitisinatemperateone.Menworkshorterhoursandlessvigorouslyinahotclimate.Theycnnotplayhardeither.Theytireeasily.Theycanrelaxbyreading,bysippingcooldrinks,orbylisteningtosoothingmusic.Theymusttrytoconservetheirenergy.ThewisestoneslearntorespectthedemandsofNature.6、叙述过程（ProcessAnalysis）。例：如何做汉堡包

Makinghamburgersisreallyverysimple.Allyouneedisapoundofmincedbeef,whichyoumixwiththeotherthings–saltandpepper,ateaspoonofmustard（芥末）,andaneggaswell.Youbreaktheegginabowl,andmixallthethingstogetherwithafork.Whenitissmoothandwell-mixed,makeroundhamburgersfromthemixture,androlltheminsomeflour.Thenyouneedafryingpanandsomeoil.Frythehamburgersonbothsidesforabout15minutes,untiltheyarereallybrown.Whentheyareready,getsomesoftbreadrollsandcuttheminhalf.Putthehamburgersinsidethemandeatthemassoonaspossible.(实际上，人们写作说明文的时候，一般常采用综合法，在一篇文章中同时交叉使用两种或两种以上的方法，使文章表达得更完整、更有力。)三、图表作文1、定义2、特点及要求3、技巧4、两种类型5、例文6、写作练习1、定义

图表作文是采用统计数据表(table)，坐标曲线(graph)或圆形饼图(piechart)等资料数据来阐述论题的作文。也是科技文献中常用的一种表达手段。2、特点及要求

图表作文利用图象，表格和曲线图作为作文提示，并以此为依据要求考生用简洁生动的语言，把图表中给定的信息完整而又准确地表达出来。图表作文不但要求作者具有一定的英文写作能力，而且要求具有较强的观察力，分析力和充分的想象力。3、技巧

无需一条不漏地将数据资料加以描述，而是选择有典型性和代表性的重点数据，同时要注意文章的整体结构，详略得当。4、两种类型Type1:要求客观陈述图表信息内容的作文侧重对比分析和说明资料数据之间的关系上。最后分析和查找出规律，归纳得出结论。Type2:要求深入分析原因内容的作文先阐述图表数据所反映的问题。进而筛选出有关的数据资料进行深入的分析讨论，分析原因。最后找出解决问题的方法。5、例文Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan100wordsonChangesinPeople’sDiet.Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:(1)statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears;(2)givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;(3)drawyourownconclusions.YearFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruitandvegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%Sample:

Ascanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeople’sdietovertheperiodfrom1986to1990.Theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedby4%,whiletheconsumptionofhighqualityfood,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreasedsteadily.Therearechieflytworeasons,Ithink,forthechanges.Intheolddays,peoplecouldnotoftenaffordmeatandmilkwhosepricewasonlywithinreachofwell-to-dofamilies.Butnow,withtheimprovementoflivingstandard,mostpeoplehaveenoughmoneytobuythem.Andpeopleoftodayalsopaymoreattentiontonutrition.Theywanttoeatnotonlymorebutalsobetter.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietstructurewhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth.

Inshort,withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandard,changesintheirdietwillbemoreobviousandgreat.Shiningpoints:overtheperiodfrom1986to1990,suchasmilkandmeat,well-to-do,paymoreattentionto,notonlymorebutalsobetter,dogoodto,moreobviousandgreat,评论：Score:14主题鲜明，论点明确，切中题意，内容丰富，思想表达清楚，连贯。6、写作练习ABoominAdultEducation

Fromthegraph，weknowthestatisticsoftheadulteducationparticipationandtheincreasingnumberoftheparticipantsinXcity．In1985therewereonlyeightythousandpeopletakingpartintheadulteducation，butin2000thenumberhasgrowntotwomillionfourhundredthousandpeople．Obviouslytherearemoreandmorepeoplewhohopetogetadvanceddegreesandgainmoreknowledgeaftertheybegantowork．

Therearemanyreasonsresponsibleforthegreatchange，andthefollowingarethetypicalones．Foronething，it'sduringtheworkthatpeoplebegintorealizewha