科技英语的特点讲课版

1科技英语

EnglishforScienceandTechnology科技英语一，科技英语二2科技英语的特点科技英语中常见概念的英译科技英语翻译技巧科技英语一32.1专利说明书2.2标准文献（合同，招标文件）2

法律文体的英译科技英语二1.1科技论文的英译与写作1.2摘要的英译与写作1.3国际会议文献的英译与写作1

记叙文体的英译与写作4科技英语Ⅰ

EnglishforScienceandTechnologyemail:229478584@q电话Q:229478584主讲人：王彩丽1-12周24学时5课程教学目的

培养学生对科技英语语言的理解能力和应用能力，让学生学会科技英语阅读必须的技能和知识，使学生能够以英语为工具获取科技知识及其他有关的信息。6考核方式平时成绩20%，期末考试80%。7科技英语的含义

不同于普通英语；更不同于文学英语；也不完全等同于专业英语；

EnglishforScienceandTechnology

专门服务于理工科专业和各行业的科技人员。8科技英语与其它英语的区别文学英语：需了解美国文化背景，语言漂亮普通英语：以语法为主线，基础词汇科技英语：注重翻译技巧，严谨，忠于原

文，但不一定要直译，如:英文中的被动句←→中文中的主动句。9科技英语的重要性国际间的科技情报和资料交流；世界上科技杂志有六万多种，一半以上是英文刊物；各国科技人员学习的需要；交流的需要。10本课程的主要内容科技英语的特点12学时科技英语中常见概念的英译8学时科技英语翻译技巧4学时11科技英语的学习方法

科技英语阅读与普通英语的快速阅读的方法也有所不同，科技英语阅读要把准确理解放在首位，在准确理解的基础上提高阅读速度。和其他的英语能力一样，科技英语阅读能力，需要通过长期的实践才能获得，不可能一蹴而就，多读多练是提高科技英语阅读能力最有效的方法。121科技英语的特点1.1科技英语的特点概述

4学时1.2科技英语的特殊语法现象

4学时1.3科技英语中的一些常用句型4学时131.1科技英语的

特点概述一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点二、科技英语句法上的特点三、科技英语修辞上的特点14科技英语的基本特点为了了解科技英语的特点，我们先阅读下面一段关于许用应力的课文。

DespitethetestsdescribedinChapters11and12，materialsmaystillfailinservice，sometimeswithdisastrousresults(e.g.whenthefailureoccursinaircraft．bridges，ships，etc.).Totrytoavoidsuchdisastrousoccurring，thedesigneravoidsusingmaterialscontinuouslyattheirmaximumallowablestress.Thisisdonebyemployingafactorofsafety.Unfortunately，increasingthestrengthofacomponentintheinterestsofsafetynotonlyincreasestheinitialmaterialcosts，butalsotheoperatingcosts.Forexample，thestrongerandheavierthestructuremembersofanaircraft，thefewerpassengersitcancarryandthemorefuelitconsumes．Thereforeabalancehastobemaintainedbetweensafety，initialcostandoperatingcosts．Thedesignerisconstantlystrivingtoimprovetheformerwhilstreducingthelatter．15Allowableworkingstressistakenasaproportionoftheyieldorproofstress；thatis，thecomponentisonlystressedwithinitselasticrangewheninservice．Forexample,considerthescrewedfasteningshowninFig.1.l.Whenthenutistightenednormallytheboltisstretchedslightlyand，providingitisstressedwithinitselasticrange，itwillbehavelikeaverypowerfulspringandwillpullthejointfacestogetherveryfirmly．16IfthefasteningshowninFig.1.1isoverstressedbyapplyingexcesstorquetothenut(forexample，byextendingthelengthofthespannerwithatube)，theboltwillbestressedbeyonditselasticrange．Oncetheyieldstressforthebolthasbeenexceededitexhibitsplasticpropertiesandtakesapermanentsetthatis，itbecomespermanentlylengthened，the“springback”isseriouslyreducedandthejointfacesarenolongerheldfirmlytogether.Thusforcriticalassemblies，thedesignerwillseektocontrolthestressinthefasteningandassociatedcomponentsbyspecifyingthetorquetobeappliedtothenutasitistightenedbytheuseofa“torquespanner”settoaspecificvalue.17IfthefasteningshowninFig.1.1isoverstressedbyapplyingexcesstorquetothenut(forexample，byextendingthelengthofthespannerwithatube)，theboltwillbestressedbeyonditselasticrange．Oncetheyieldstressforthebolthasbeenexceededitexhibitsplasticpropertiesandtakesapermanentsetthatis，itbecomespermanentlylengthened，the“springback”isseriouslyreducedandthejointfacesarenolongerheldfirmlytogether.Thusforcriticalassemblies，thedesignerwillseektocontrolthestressinthefasteningandassociatedcomponentsbyspecifyingthetorquetobeappliedtothenutasitistightenedbytheuseofa“torquespanner”settoaspecificvalue.18

在文章结构方面，逻辑严谨，层次分明，复杂长句多；在用词方面，必然要用到专业术语和专业单词，以及词性变换多；在语法方面，非谓语动词多，较多地使用被动语态；另一个重要特点是采用图表等非语言因素表达思想。可以得出科技英语的特点：19★词性转换多英语单词有不少是多性词，如：Above■介词：aboveall(things)■形容词：fortheabovereason■副词：as(hasbeen)indicatedabove20■副词：travellight轻装旅行lightcome,lightgo易得易失Light■名词：inthelightof由于，根据

highlight(s)强光，精华

safetylight安全指示灯■形容词：lightindustry轻工业lightroom空房间lightblue淡蓝21一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点①专业词汇出现率低；②词义专一；③多来源于拉丁语和希腊语；④广泛使用缩略语；⑤前后缀出现率高22缩略语Abbreviation普通英语中的缩略语：i.e.即，etc.等，co.公司；科技英语中缩略语多为单位名称、设备名称，仪器，方法，药剂等，一般在上下文中有原型。如：英国电气工程师学会InstitutionofElectricalEngineers简称IEE美国科学情报研究所InstituteforScientificInformation简称ISI核磁共振NuclearMagneticResonance简称NMR聚丙烯酰胺PolyacrylamidePAM231.各种组织或机构的缩略词

APEC(AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation)

亚太经贸合作组织IOC(InternationalOlympicCommittee)

国际奥林匹克委员会ISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)

国际标准化组织OPEC(OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries)

欧佩克，石油输出国组织WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)世界贸易组织SOS村（SOSChildren’sVillage)

一种专门收养孤儿的慈善机构24太原理工大学？矿业工程学院？25太原理工大学？矿业工程学院？TaiYuanUniversityofTechnology（tyut)CollegeofMiningTechnology26

BBS(BulletinBoardSystem)电子布告栏系统或(BulletinBoardService)电子布告服务GPS(GlobalPositionSystem)全球定位系统GSM(GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications)全球移动通信系统CIMS(ComputerIntegratedManufacturingSystem)计算机集成制造系统DOS(DiscOperatingSystem)磁盘操作系统ITS(IntelligentTransportationSystem)智能交通系统NMD(NationalMissileDefense)国家导弹防御系统TMDE(Test,MeasureandDiagnosticEquipment)试验、测量与诊断设备NASDAQ(NationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersAutomatedQuotation)纳斯达克，<美>全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会2.表示各种系统的缩略词27CEO(ChiefExecutiveOfficer)首席执行官CFO(ChiefFinanceOfficer)首席财务官CIO(ChiefInformationOfficer)首席信息官COO(ChiefOperatingOfficer)首席运行官CTO(ChiefTechnologyOfficer)首席技术官CPA(CertifiedPublicAccountant)注册会计师MBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration)工商管理硕士MPA(MasterofPublicAdministration)公共管理硕士3.有关职务或学位的缩略词28

ATM(AutomatedTellerMachine)自动取款(出纳)机CBD(CentralBusinessDistrict)中央商务区GDP(GrossDomesticProduct)国内生产总值GNP(GrossNationalProduct)国民生产总值4.有关金融方面的缩略词29CET(CollegeEnglishTest)大学英语等级考试GRE(GraduateRecordExamination)

美国研究生入学考试PETS(PublicEnglishTestSystem)全国英语等级考试CETband4/6（CollegeEnglishTest)大学英语四六级考试5.有关考试方面的缩略词30AIDS(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)

获得性免疫功能丧失综合症，即艾滋病AM(AmplitudeModulation)调幅APC(aspirin,phenacetinandcaffeine;compoundaspirin;heat-relievingandpain-killingmedicineconsistingofaspirin,phenacetinandcaffeine)复方阿斯匹林API(AirPollutionIndex)空气污染指数CDMA(CodeDivisionMultipleAccess)码分多址，一种无线电发射和接受方式CD(CompactDisc)激光唱盘CIP(CataloguinginPublication)预编目录DIY(DoItYourself)

指自己动手装电脑，缝制衣服，做贺卡等6.其他方面的缩略词31DVD(DigitalVideoDisc)数字化视频光盘EMS(ExpressMailService)邮政特快专递EQ(EmotionalQuotient)情商IQ(IntelligenceQuotient)智商IT(InformationTechnology)信息技术OA(OfficeAutomation)办公自动化OEM(OriginalEquipmentManufacturer)

原始设备制造商PC(PersonalComputer)个人计算机PT(ParticularTransfer)特别转让IDCard(IdentityCard)身份证32SOHO(SmallOfficeHomeOffice)小型家居办公室SOS(SaveOurSouls;radiosignalonceuseduniversallytoappealforhelpesp.byashiporboat;rouble)国际上曾通用的紧急呼救信号，也用于

一般的求救或求助ST(SpecialTreatment)特别处理VIP(VeryImportantPerson)要人VOD(VideoonDemand)视频点播WWW(WorldWideWeb)万维网33前缀Semi-半，部分的Micro-小，微Thermo-热Auto-自，自身Semi-conductor半导体Semicircle半圆Microbiology微生物学Microchemistry微量化学Microelectronics微电子学Microfilm缩微胶卷Thermodynamic热力学的Thermometer温度计Autobiographic自传的Automat自动售货机Automation自动化34后缀-ance-ity-ment-ness-sion-tion-th(序)-ure-able-ible-ant-al-ic-ive-ous35二、科技英语句法上的特点①长句多；②大量使用被动语态；③常用形容词短语做后置定语；④使用非谓语动词的频率特别高。36★复杂长句多Factorieswillnotbuymachinesunlesstheybelievethatthemachinewillproducegoodsthattheyareabletoselltoconsumersatapricethatwillcoverallcost.语法分析符合汉语习惯以短代长，化难为易37Thereisanincreasingbeliefintheideathatthe“problemsolvingattitude”oftheengineermustbebuttressed(维持，支持，支撑)notonlybytechnicalknowledgeand“scientificanalysis”butthattheengineermustalsobeawareofeconomicsandpsychologyand,perhapsevenmoreimportant,thathemustunderstandtheworldaroundhim.38长句Thedevelopmentofindustrialtechnologylargelystrengthenshumanphysicalcapabilities,enablingpeopletoharnessmoreenergy,processandshapematerialseasily,travelfaster,andsoon

whilethedevelopmentofmicroelectronics

extendsmentalcapabilities,enablingelectronic“intelligence”tobecloselyrelatedtoawiderangeofproductsandprocesses.39长句Afurtherinferencewasdrawnbypascal

whoreasonedthat

ifthis“seaofair”existed,itspressureatthebottom(i.e.sealevel)wouldbegreaterthanitspressureupandthatthereforetheheightofmercurycolumnwoulddecreaseinproportiontotheheightabovesea-level.40★被动语态多科技英语1/3以上用被动句，但译成汉语不一定用被动语态例句：■Noworkcanbedonewithoutenergy.没有能量决不能做功.■Allsortsofnecessariesoflifecanbemadeofplastics.■Automobilesmaybemanufacturedwithcomputer-drivenrobotsorputtogetheralmosttotallybyhand.41Asoil

isfounddeepintheground,itspresencecannotbedeterminedbyastudyofthesurface.Consequently,ageologicalsurveyoftheundergroundrockstructuremustbecarriedout.Ifitisthoughtthattherocksinacertainareacontainoila“drillingrig”isassembled.Themostobviouspartofadrillingrigiscalled“aderrick”.Itisusedtoliftsectionsofpipe,whichareloweredintotheholemadebythedrill.Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipe

ispusheddowntopreventthesidesfromfallingin.Ifoil

isstruckacover

isfirmlyfixedtothetopofthepipeandtheoil

isallowedtoescapethroughaseriesofvalves.Explanationsoftheearth’smagneticfieldbasedontherotationofaliquidconductingcorealthoughfarfromcompletearegenerallyaccepted.用液态导电地心的旋转来解释地球磁场，尽管还很不完善，但正在获得普遍承认.43Non-mobilerobots,capableoflearningtoperformanindustrialtaskandthenofbeinglefttoperformittirelessly,areevennowinuseinindustrialplantsallovertheworld.★形容词短语作后置定语例句Allradiantenergyhaswavelikecharacterstics,analogoustothoseofwavesthatmovethroughwater.

所有的辐射都具有波的特征，与水中移动的波的特征相似。44★非谓语动词多■动名词■分词：现在分词和过去分词■不定式例句：Tobeatrueprofessionalrequireslifelonglearning要成为一个名副其实的内行，需要

学到老。Heatingwaterdoesnotchangeitschemicalcomposition.

把水加热并不会改变水的化学成分。Matterisanythinghavingweightandoccupyingspace.

任何具有重量并占有空间的东西都是物质。45Todaytheelectroniccomputeriswidelyusedinsolvingmathematicalproblemshavingtodowithweatherforecastingandputtingsatellitesintoorbit.Numericalcontrolmachinesaremostusefulwhenquantitiesofproductstobeproducedarelowormedium;thetapecontainingtheinformation