雅思考前强化练习题2022

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readingpassage2

youareadvisedtospendabout20minutesonquestions14-25whicharebasedonreadingpassage2,themuangfaaiirrigationsystemofnorthernthailand.

questions14-19

readingpassage2has7sections.

choosethemostsuitableheadingforeachsectionfromthelistofheadingsa-lbelow.writetheappropriatelettera-linboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.

n.b.therearemoreheadingsthansections,soyouwillnotuseallofthem.

listofheadings

aritualsandbeliefs

btopographyofnorthernthailand

ctheforestsofnorthernthailand

dpreservingthesystem

eagriculturalpractices

fvillagelife

gwaterdistributionprinciples

hmaintainingnaturalbalances

istructureoftheirrigationsystem

jusersrights

kusersobligations

lcommunitycontrol

14.section1

15.section2

16.section3

17.section4

answer

examplesection5a

18.section6

19.section7

themuangfaaiirrigationsystemofnorthernthailand

section1

northernthailandconsistsmainlyoflongmountainchainsinterspersedwithvalleybottomswherestreamsandricefieldsdominatethelandscape.mostoftheremainingforestsofthenortharefoundathigheraltitudes.theforestsensureregularseasonalrainfallforthewholeareaandatthesametimemoderaterunoff,sothatthereiswaterthroughouttheyear.

section2

thelowlandcommunitieshavedevelopedanagriculturalsystemadaptedto,andpartiallydetermining,thedistinctiveecosystemsoftheirareas.practicingwet-riceagricultureinthevalley-bottoms,thelowlandersalsoraisepigs,ducksandchickensandcultivatevegetablegardensintheirvillagesfurtheruptheslopes.rice,beans,cornandnativevegetablesareplantedinhillfieldsabovethevillages,andwildvegetablesandherbalmedicinesaregatheredandwildgamehuntedintheforestshigherupthehillsides.theforestsalsoserveasgrazinggroundsforcowsandbuffalo,andareasourceofwoodforhouseholdutensils,cookingfuel,constructionandfarmingtools.fisharetobefoundinthestreamsandintheirrigationsystemandwet-ricefields,providingbothfoodandpestcontrol.

section3

initsessentials,amuangfaaisystemconsistsofasmallreservoirwhichfeedsanintricate,branchingnetworkofsmallchannelscarryingwaterincarefullycalibratedquantitiesthroughclustersofriceterracesinvalleybottoms.thesystemtapsintoastreamabovethehighestricefieldand,whenthereissufficientwater,dischargesbackintothesamestreamatapointbelowthebottomfield.thewaterinthereservoiratthetop,whichispertedintoamainchanneliammuangandfromthereintothedifferentfields,isslowedorheldbacknotbyanimperviousdam,butbyaseriesofbarriersconstructedofbunchesofbambooorsaplingswhichallowsilt,soilandsandtopassthrough.

section4

waterfromtheiammuangismeasuredoutamongthefarmersaccordingtotheextentoftheirricefieldsandtheamountofwateravailablefromthemainchannel.alsoconsideredaretheheightofthefields,theirdistancefromthemainchannelandtheirsoiltype.thesizeanddepthofside-channelsarethenadjustedsothatonlytheallocatedamountofwaterflowsintoeachfarmersfield.

section5

ritualsandbeliefsconnectedwithmuangfaaireflectthevillagerssubmissionto,respectfor,andfriendshipwithnature,ratherthananattempttomasterit.inmountains,forests,watershedsandwater,villagersseethingsofgreatvalueandpower.thispowerhasafavourableaspect,andonethatbenefitshumans.butatthesametime,ifcertainboundariesareoversteppedandnatureisdamaged,thespiritswillpunishhumans.therefore,whenitisnecessarytousenatureforthenecessitiesoflife,villagerstakecaretoinformthespiritswhattheyintendtodo,simultaneouslybeggingpardonfortheiractions.

section6

keepingamuangfaaisystemgoingdemandscooperationandcollectivemanagement,sometimeswithinasinglevillage,sometimesacrossthreeorfourdifferentsubdistrictsincludingmanyvillages.therulesorcommonagreementsarrivedatduringtheyearlymeetingamounttoasocialcontract.theygovernhowwateristobedistributed,howflowistobecontrolledaccordingtoseasonalschedules,howbarriersaretobemaintainedandchannelsdredged,howconflictsoverwaterusearetobesettled,andhowtheforestaroundthereservoiristobepreservedasaguaranteeofasteadywatersupplyandasourceofmaterialstorepairthesystem.

section7

thefundamentalprincipleofwaterrightsundermuangfaaiisthateveryoneinthesystemmustgetenoughtosurvive;whilemanypatternsofdistributionarepossible,nonecanviolatethisbasictenet.onthewhole,thesystemsalsorestontheassumptionthatlocalwateriscommonproperty.noonecantakecontrolofitbyforce,anditmustbeusedinaccordwiththecommunalagreements.althoughthereareinequalitiesinlandholding,hegradualprocessofopeningupnewlandanddiggingconnectingchannels,eachlocalhouseholdoftenendsupwithscatteredholdingsoverthewholeirrigationareas.unlikemodernirrigationsystems,underwhichthemostpowerfulpeoplegenerallyendupclosesttothesourcesofwater,thisarrangementencourageseveryonetotakecarethatnopartofthesystemisundulyfavouredorneglected.

questions20-23

thechartbelowillustratestheagriculturalsystemofthelowlandcommunities.

selectwordsfromreadingpassage2tofillthespacesinthechart.useuptothreewordsforeachspace.writeyouranswersinboxes20-23onyouranswersheet.

areaactivity

example

forests

grazingcows,buffalo

forests

hillfields

villages

valleybottomgathering20,hunt