分词结构(全)语言难点

分词结构I.非限定性动词的比较.比较不定式和名词性的动词-ing形式作宾语1）有些动词即可带名词性的动词-ing,也可带不定式作宾语，但所表达的意思不同。a.在forget,remember,regret等动词后面，-ing形式表示已经发生的动作，不定式表示要发生的动作。Hehasforgottenmeetingherlastyear.（他忘了去年曾经见过他。）Hehasforgottentomeether.（他忘了要去见她。）try带-ing形式表示“试一试”带不定式，表示“设法”TrypressingthegreenbuttonandseeifthemachinewillstartHetriedtodothesuminhishead.mean带-ing形式表示“意味着”带不定式，表示“企图、打算”。Successmeansworkingveryhard.Johnmeanttodrivethere,buthiscarbrokedown.chance带-ing形式，表示“冒险试试”带不定式，表示“碰巧”。DickchancedclimbingMountJolmoLungmawithoutcarryingtheoxygencontainer.Tomchancedtofindhislostbikeinfrontofastore.goon,leaveoff,quit,stop后面的-ing形式是宾语，不定式是状语，表示目的。Hewentonworkinginspiteofthenoisearousedhim.（尽管周围的噪音很大，他仍不停的工作。）Hegaveusabriefingandwentontoshowusroundthecampus.（作了简短介绍后，他接着带我们参观校园。）Advise,allow,encourage,permit,recommend,authorize,forbid等动词后带-ing形式作宾语，带不定式作宾语补语。Mr.Smithdoesn’tpermitgoingtosleepinclass.Mr.Smithdoesn’tpermithisstudentstogotosleepinclass.understand直接带-ing形式作宾语，也带“特殊疑问词+不定式”作宾语。Ican’tunderstandyourreadingtheboringnovel.Ican’tunderstandhowtodivideanumberbzyero.注：在demand,deserve,need,require,want等动词后，作宾语的名词性-ing形式表被动。Requiredoing/tobedoneCf：beworth（adj.）doing/tobedone.比较不定式、动词-ing和ed形式作宾语补语1）不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语补语的区别Iheardhimtalkingtohismother.（-ing表示正在进行）Ihearhimtalktohismotherforanhour.（不定式表示完成的动作全过程）有时用不定式和-ing形式作宾补都可以，意义差别不大。Whenhewasaboy,helikedtowatchcarscoming/comeandgoing/gointhestreet.2）动词-ing与-ed形式作宾语补语的主要区别Canyougetthecargoing?（表示主动的动作）Davidwillgetthecarwashed.（表示被动的动作）少数几个不及物动词-ed形式作宾补表示完成的动作。这类词常见的有：catch,discover,feel,find,get,have,hear,keep,leave,make,notice,see,smell,watch等.比较不定式、动词-ing和-ed形式作定语1）不定式、动词-ing和ed形式作定语的主要区别Thesearetheletterstobesentoutthisafternoon.（不定式表示即将发生的动作）Thewomansendingherchildrentoschoolismyhistoryteacher.（-ing形式表示正在发生的动作）We’vemetthedoctorssenttoworkherebythecityhospital.-e（d形式表示已发生的动作）.动词-ing和-ed形式作定语的主要区别Imsogladtohearyourencouragingremark^.remarksthatareencouragingme.）表示主动，正在进行hinaisadevelopingcountry（countrythatisdeveloping.表示主动，正在进行Thiswordisoftenusedinspokennglish.（nglishthatisspokenfe）^动ickupthebrokenvase.（vasethathasbeenbroken.表被动，完成的动作注：a.单个动词-ing或ed一般放在被修饰名词前。b.有些动词-ed形式既能前置也能后置，意义不同：Inoticedaconcerned（关切的）lookinhiseyes.Allpartiesconcerned（有关的）willbepresentWemustmakeareplywithinthegiven（指定的）period.Shedoesntliketheblousegive^f给予的）byheraunt.Thisisaninvolved（复杂的）sentenceAllpeopleinvolved（有牵连的）havebeenquestioned.Thestoresellsused（旧的）booksonly.Thetextbooksused（所采用的）areallup-to-date.c.如果形容词从句和主句时态不一致，则不能用动词-ing形式短语代替形容词从句。如：TheyoungmanwhosatbetweenJohnandMaryyesterdaywillcometoourpartytomorrow.Theyoungmansitting（不能用sitting）betweenJohnandMaryyesterdaywillcometoourpartytomorrow.谓语动词是be或含有情态动词的形容词从句也不能用动词-ing性式短语替代Thosewhoarelatearenotallowedtocomeintoclassroom.ThosewhobeinglatearenotallowedtocomeintoclassroomWillyoufindaworkmanwhocanrepairtheTV?WillyoufindaworkmanrepairingtheTV?4.比较不定式、动词-ing和-ed形式作状语。1）不定式和动词-ing形式作状语的区别a.不定式通常表示意想不到的结果，-ing形式则没有这种意思。Hejumpedintothepooltosaveachildonlytobreakhisownleg.（意外地折断了腿）Hejumpeddownfromtheburninghouse,breakinghislegs.b.不定式经常用在形容词后面表原因Hewashappytoseehisparentsingoodhealth.Hewassurprisedtomeetahighschoolclassmateinthemountainvillage.2）动词ing和-ed作状语的主要区别a.ing形式含有主动意思Seeingthateveryonewasbendingoverhis/herbook,westoppedtalkingandbegantostudy.b.动词ed形式含有被动意思或表状态Seenthroughtheeyesofayoungfriend,Einsteinwasasimple,modestandordinarymanGreatlyinterested,Iaskedhimtoshowmehowtocomposeasongwiththecomputer.注：1.用作状语的动词-ing或-ed形式短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致，否则就成为无依附结构——悬垂修饰Waitingforabus,astonehitme.Madeofplastic,Ididn’texpectthechairswouldbethatstrong.另：可接受的独立成分：generallyspeaking,takenasawhole,tosaytheleast注2.独立结构(独立主格)：就是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。n./pron.+分词(-ing和-ed)/不定式/名词/代词/形容词/副词/介词短语，通常在句中作方式，时间，原因，条件等状语或状语从句作用，主要用于书面语。Anumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometoholdhisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.Jimclimbedslowlyupthecreakingsteps,hiscourageslippingawayateverystep.Therebeingnothingelsetodo,weleft.Hisvoicedrownedbythenoise,thespeakerinterruptedhislecture.Hewentoff,guninhand.Thefloor(being)wetandslippery,westayedoutside.Themealover,prayerswerereadbyMissMiller.Allthingsconsidered,thehousewasagoodbuy.有时带主语的动词-ing或-ed形式可用介词with引导Withthetemperaturefallingsorapidly,wecouldn’tgoonewiththeexperimen.tTheschoolwithariverflowinginfrontofitislocatedinascenicarea.with引导的独立结构：With+名词/代词+不定式Heknewthatwithhimtohelpher,shecouldandwouldsucceed.with+名词/代词+动词-ing形式Withhissatcheltrailingbehindhim,thesmallboyranpast..with+名词/代词+动词-ed形式Withthequestionsettled,theywerehappyandrelaxed..with+名词/代词+介词短语Withchalkinonehandandatextbookintheother,theprofessorrestedagainsttheblackboard..with+名词/代词+形容词Althoughtheysatwithdoorsandwindowsopen,theywereoverpoweredbyheat..with+名词/代词+副词Hewentoutwithnohaton.以上由with引入的“独立结构”本身带有逻辑主语。这种结构可以使句子紧凑，形象具体描述生动，通常用于正式的文学体裁，口语中较为少见。补：动词-ing和-ed形式作状语的句法功能1)表示时间，一般放在句首，有时放在句中，前面加when/while/until等词时也可放在句末Turningaround,shesawTomintears.=Whensheturnedaround,shesawTomintears.在ing形式所表示的动作之后，紧接着发生了谓语动作，有“一……就”的意思。Igottoknowhimwhileworkinginthefactory.Theysangwhileworking.Seenfromadistance,themountainlookedlikeanelephant.（=whenitwasseenfromadistance,themountainlookedlikeanelephant.）Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereportedatonce.表示原因：一般放句首，也可放在句中或句末。Beingill,hecouldn’tgotoclass.Tonyatethecakeup,notwantingtoshareitwithCarl.Seriouslyinjured,Allenwasrushedtothehospital.Manyofus,beingsoexcited,couldnotgotosleep.3）表让步：常由although/though,evenif/though等连词引入，一般放在句首Althoughworkingveryhard,hefailedtoturninhisresearchpaperontime.Evenifcomingbythesubway,you’llneed45minutestogethere.Althoughgiventhebestmedicalcare,hedied.4）表条件：一般放句首Ifgoingtherebyplane,we’llhavetopaytwiceasmuch.Unlessaskedtoanswerquestions,thepupilswerenotsupposedtotalkinMrs.Smith’sclass.（If）leftintherain,apieceofironbecomesrusty.5）表结果：一般置句末，前面可加so,thereby,thus等副词。Thewarwentonforyears,killingthousandsuponthousandsofpeople.Thefarmersusedanewinsecticide（农药）,thusraisingtheaverageyieldby15percent.6）表伴随情况或方式：相当于另一个分句，一般放句末，有时也放句首或句中。Hesatinanarmchair,watchingTV.Singingandlaughing,thepupilscameintotheroomWewenthomeexhausted.EinsteinwatchtheYo-Yoindelight,tryingtodeducetheoperatingprinciple..比较不定式、动词-ing和-ed形式作主语补语1）不定式和动词-ing形式作主补时意义区别不大ThemostdifficultjobistocleanthegreasykitchenThemostdifficultjobiscleaningthegreasykitchen2）动词-ing和-ed形式作主语补语Thegamesoundsinteresting（表主语的特征，常用于事物）Iaminterestedinthegame.（表主语的状态，常用于人）常见的作主语补语的动词-ing和-ed形式有：amused,amusing,astonished,astonishing,bored,boring,charming,complicated,confused,confusing,crowded,delighted,devoted,disappointed,disappointing,discouraged,discouraging,frightened,frightening,frustrated,frustrating,interested,interesting,married,missing,pleased,promising,puzzled,shocked,shocked,surprised,surprising,tired,tiring,upset等。.比较不定式和名词性的动词ing形式作主语有时不定式和名词性的动词-ing形式作主语在意思上区别不大Toknow/KnowingallaboutEnglishisonething;toknow/knowingEnglishisquiteanother.Itisimpossibletoget/gettingtherebeforedark.但在一些固定结构中不能换名词性动词-ing形式常与beworth,havedifficulty（in）,itbenogood/use/worthwhile,therebenoneed/nopointin,how/whatabout,what’sthepointof,what’stheuseof等词组连用。IX.非限定性动词不定式1）不定式不带to的使用a.在情态助动词之后b.在半助动词之后：Youdbetterhavethatbadtoothpulledout.c.在情态成语之后：wouldrather/wouldsooner/would（just）assoon（宁愿）；may/might（just）aswell（不防，可以）,cannotbut/cannothelpbut（不能不，不由得不）等情态成语之后d.在ratherthan/soonerthan（宁可而不）之后Ratherthancausetrouble,heleft.Soonerthanmarrythatman,shewouldearnherlivingasawaitress.当ratherthan/soonerthan出现在句中其他位置时,其后不定式既可带也可不带toHedecidedtowriterratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.在“主动词+主动词”固定搭配的第一主动词之后这里的第二主动词指的就是不带to的不定式，常见搭配有：makebelieve（假装），makedo（with/on）（凑合，将就，靠维持），letdrop/letfall（有意无意说出），letfly（at）（发出，射出），letslip（无意说出，错过机会），letgo（of）/leavegoof（放开，放手）,heartell（of）（听说），（let）gohang（见鬼去吧，才不在乎）等。Let’smakebelievewehaveamilliondollars.Wehadn’ttimeforluncheon,butwemadedowithsandwiches.Theyarenotrich,buttheymakedoonwhattheyhave.Heletfallahintofhisintentions.Don’let’tgo（of）thehandle.MakethatdogleavegoofmycoatThegirlletslipthatshehadbeenawitnesstotheaccident.JohnletflyatorrentofabuseatmeIve’heardtellofhim.在“使役动词+宾语”之后:let,make,haveg.在“感觉动词+宾语”之后：see,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch等感觉动词+宾语之后h.在“haveknown+宾语”之后Haveyoueverknownhimtellalie?i.在help（或help+宾语）之后，既可用不带to不定式，也可用带to不定式。j.在介词except/but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后通常用不带to不定式，否则带toTheydidnothingexceptwork.There’snochoicebuttowait.以此类推，在SVC句型中，如果主语部分有动词do的某种形式，则主语补语的不定式也是既可带也可不带to.Whathewilldois（to）spoilthewholething.Allyoudonowis（to）completetheform.TheonlythingIcandonowis（to）goonbyhimself.Thethingtodonowis（to）clearupthismess.TheleastIcandois（to）driveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.k.在why/whynot?之后l.在其他一些习惯用法中，如在go,come,try等动词之后可接不带to不定式：Gopost（goandpost）aletterforme.Imustgotelephone.ComelookComehaveachatwithme.TryeatalittleI’lltryhelphim.m.onlytodo弓［出的结果状语：Hehurriedtothehouseonlytofindthatitwasempty.2）当两个带to不定式由and或or连接时，第二个不定式符号常可省略：Iintendtocallonhimanddiscussthisquestionagain.若两个并列的带to不定式有对比含义，第二个不定式符号不能省。Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.（存在还是毁灭，适合要考虑的问题。）Ihaven’tdecidedtogohomeortostayatschoolthissummer.在不用并列连词的情况下，第二个不定式符号也不能省:Pleasegototheseasidetoswim,togetsuntanned.当三个或三个以上带to不定式构成排比结构时，所有的不定式符号均需保留：Readnottocontradictorconfute;nottobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.3）不定式符号to与介词to的辨别动词+介词to：addto,agreeto,adhereto,admitto,alludeto（暗示）,amountto,attendto,attestto,bowto,clingto,cometo,correspondto,confessto,consentto,contributeto,objectto,getto,pertainto,reactto,resortto,revertto,referto,relateto,submitto,succeedto,stickto,swearto,taketo,trustto,witnessto,yieldto等动词+名词/代词+介词to:ascribeto,applyto,attributeto,abbreviateto,accustomto,confineto,committo,devoteto,dedicateto,oweto,preferto,reconcileto,reduceto,resignto等动词+-ed分词+介词to:beaccustomedto,beabbreviatedto,bereducedto,beresignedto,bereconciledto（甘心于，顺从）,bedevotedto,begivento,（喜好，癖好），beusedto等动词+副词小品词+介词to:getroundto,（找到时间做某事），getdownto,getnearto,faceupto,feelupto（有条件/适合做某市），lookforwardto等形容词+介词to:adjacentto,averseto,deafto,equalto,loyalto,preferableto,similarto,superiorto,sensitiveto,tantamountto等名词+介词to:obstacleto,limitto,aidto,abjectionto,indifferenceto,keyto,answerto,hindranceto（阻碍）等以介词to结尾的复杂介词：accordingto,asto,owingto,preliminaryto,preparatoryto,previousto,priorto,thinksto,inadditionto,inrelationto,withaviewto,withaneyeto等4）只能带不定式的动词：agree,aim,apply,arrange,choose,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pledge,prepare,pretend,profess,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,swear,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow等2．-ing分词1）只能带-ing分词的动词：admit,acknowle