北京市2021-2022学年各区高三英语一模试题七选五专项汇编

北京市2021-2022学年各区高三英语一模试题七

选五专项汇编

专题04七选五北京市东城区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习(一)Whenyou'rebehindthewhedlstractio(分心)costlives.Neverthglessdriverstakeselfies,andrespondtotextmessages.(35)Smartphonesareoftenattherootofthesetragedies.AsBigTechsetsitssightsonmodernvehicles,it'sappropriatetoaskifit'stimetolimitattentio-sntealingtechnologythatdistractsthedriver.BigTechwantstotakeontheautomotiveindustry.Agnododitatigsrabbingbothattentioanndinformationfromusers.Atfirstt,hegoalofthesetechnologycompanieswastogiveawayservicesantocost,simplyattotracatcustomerbase.(36)Theirincreasingthirstforvaluableuserinformationhasledthemtotheautomotiveindustry,whereawholenewworldofdataawaits.Locationdata,frequentdestinations,passengerprefe-sruecnhcedsataisfoundinfamilycars.(37)Mobiletechiswalledofffromvehicleoperatingsystemsbysoftwarethatkeepsinfotainment(informationandentertainment)featuresawayfrom-ctrhietimciaslsiondrivingelectronicsI.fautomakersgiveuptheircoreoperatingsystemtotechpowerhouses,theywillessentiallybecomehardwaresupplierstoSiliconValley.(38)Theirresponsibiliitsytokeepattentionontheroad,providingvehicleinformationandasmallamountofentertainmentoptionswhilegettingpassengersfromplacetoplaceassafelyaspossible.Smartphonemakersanddigita-mlediaprovidersdon'thavethispriority.Theywanteyesontheirproducts,notontheroad.Withelectricvehictlreasnsformingthaeutoindustry,andartifinctiealligencemorecommonthanever,we'reatadangerousmoment.(39)Becausetheirhardwareiswrappedaroundfamilies,theyhaveadutytokeepthemsafe.Theonlywaytheycandothatistomaintaincontrolofthedriver'sseat.Thequality,safetyandsecuritywillmakeorbreaktrustinautomakers.Withoutit,carswillbesimplyonemoreintrusiveandriskymobiledevice.CarcompanieshaveprioritiesopposedtothoseofBigTech.Nowtheyexisttosellinformationabouttheiruserstoadvertisers.Theyenjoytheconvenienceandfunbroughtbymoderntechnology.Carmakersare,andshouldbe,themosttrustedtechnologycompaniesintheworld.Currentlyvideo-streamingservicesarestartingtobebuiltintocaroperatingsystems.Andoperatingsystemsandautonomous-drivingsoftwareareallgatewaysforthisinformation.Statisticsshowthatanaverageofeightpeopleadaydieinaccidentscausedbydistracteddriving.北京市西城区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习(一)TheTruthaboutYourMemoryWhatwouldyoubewithoutyourmemories?Howimportantisyourabilitytorememberthepastandtodrawonittohelpyouknowwhattodonext?I'llanswerforyou:It'srightuptherewithbreathingandeating.(35)However,mostpeopleknowlittleaboutmemory.AstudybyresearchpsychologistsDanielSimonsandChristopherChabrisaskedpeoplesimplequestionsaboutmemoryandthencomparedtheiranswerswiththoseofexpertsinmemoryresearch.(36)Forinstance.tothequestion“Istherea'videocamera'inyourhead?"63%ofpeoplesurveyedstronglyagreedormostlyagreedthathumanmemory"workslikeavideocamera,accuratelyrecordingtheeventsweseeandhearsothatwecanreviewandinspectthemlater."Noneoftheexpertsstronglyagreedormostlyagreedthatmemoryfunctionslikethat.Sohowdoesmemorywork?(37)Hemeanswellandwantstohelp,butthebesthecandoistellyoustories.Andlikeallgoodstorytellers,heeditsforimpact.efficiency,functionality,andclarity.Hetellsyouwhatheassumesyouneedtoknow.Healsomakeshonestmistakes-lotsandlotsofthem.Sometimeshejustgetsconfusedandleavesoutsomethingimportant.Hecouldevenincludeinaccurateinformationbyaccident.Inotherwords,thereisnoconsistentororderlysensetomemory.Amemorywillbehiddenawayandconnectedtoothermemoriesorconceptsinwaysthatarenotnecessarilypracticalorlogical.(38)Memoriescometousinawaythatissimilartohowarchaeologistsandpolicedetectivesusebitsofinformationtoconstructstoriesaboutpastpeopleandevents.(39)Fortunately,enoughhasbeenrevealedtoofferuswiseandsateguidancethroughdailylife.Yourmemoryisbestthoughtofashelpfulinput.Wedon'tneedtoremembereverydetailabouteverything.ATheresearchershadaverytoughtimeunderstandinghumanmemories.Thehumanbrainisstillamysteriousuniverseinmanyways,ofcourse.Aresearchshowsrecallingthepastcanchangethememoryofwhatreallyhappened.Theresultsshowhowfarremovedfromrealitythepublic'sbeliefsaboutmemoryarc.Onewouldthinkthatunderstandinghowmemoryworkswouldbeahighpriorityforallpeople.Iprefertodescribeitassomethinglikeanoldmansittingbyacampfiresomewheredeepinyourbrain.Thisiswhyaparticularsmellorsoundmaybringupamemoryeventhoughitwasn'timportantintheoriginalexperience.北京市海淀区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习（一）Howmuchtimedoyouspenddoingresearchbeforeyoumakeadecision?Therearepeoplewhogoovereverydetailexhaustivelybeforemakingachoice.(35)PsychologistscallWhysofthinkingacognitive偏i见s(atendenctowardaspecificmentalmistake.Tostudy“jumping”we,examineddecisio-nmakingpatternsamongmorethan600peoplefromthegeneralpopulationW.efoundthatjumpersmademoreerrorsthannon-jumpersonproblemsthatrequirethoughtfulanalysis.(36)InaquizaboutUScivics,theyoverestimatedthechancethattheiranswerswererightsignificantlymorethanotherparticipantsdid--evenwhentheiranswerswerewrong.Sowhatisbehind“jumping”P?sychologicalresearchercsommonlydistinguishbetweentwopathwaysofthought:automaticsystem,whichreflectsideasthatcometothemindeasily,spontaneouslyandwithouteffort,andcontrolledsystemincludingconsciousandeffortfulreasoning.Jumpersandnon-jumpersareequallyinfluencedbyautomaticthoughts.(37)Itisthecontrolledsystemthathelpspeoplecounterbalancementalbiasesintroducedbytheautomaticsystem.Asaresult,jumpersweremorelikelytoaccepttheconclusionsmadeatfirstblushwithoutfurtherquestioning.Alackofcontrolledthinkingisalsomorebroadlyconnectedtotheirproblematicbeliefsandfaultyreasoning(38)Amethodcalledmetacognitivetrainingcanbeusedtotargettheirbiases,whichcanhelppeoplethinkmoredeliberatively.Inthistraining,participanareconfrontedwiththeirownbiases.Theycanlearnaboutthemisstepsandotherwaysofthinkingthroughtheproblemathand.Ithelpstochipawayatparticipants'overconfidence.Ineverydaylife,thequestionofwhetherweshouldthinkthingsthroughorinsteadgowithourgutisafrequentandimportantone.(39)Sometimesthemostimportantdecisionwemakecanbetotakesomemoretimebeforemakingachoice.Happily,theremaybesomehopeforjumpers.Also,jumpershadproblemswithoverconfidence.Butafairnumberofindividualsarequicktojumptoconclusions.Itiscertainlypossibleforthemtooverthinkthingstotakeadecision.Weplantocontinuetheworktotraceotherproblemsintroducedbyjumping.Thejumpers,however,didnotengageincontrolledreasoningtothesamedegreeasnon-jumpers.Recentstudiesshowthatevengatheringjustalittlebitmoreevidencemayhelpusavoidamajormistake.北京市朝阳区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习(一)

FinancialEducation-AwarenessDilemmaPetsarelikeourfamilymembersandtheirgoodhealthissomethingthatisveryimportanttoallpetowners.Justasthepollutants,suchascarbonmonoxide(一氧化物)andcarbondioxideintheair,affectourhealth,thesesameenvironmentalnastiescanaffectourpetstoo.(35)57%ofdogsexposedtohigherpollutionlevelsdevelopedbraindiseasesandshowedsignsofneuroproblems.InamorerecentstudyfromthejournalofVeterinaryInternalMedicine,researchersfoundthatcatswithbreathingproblemsweremorelikelytoliveinhouseholdswithhigherindoorairpollution.Airpurifiershavebeenbroughtintouseinrecentyears.Theyworktoremoveharmfulchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)andotherenvironmentalpollutantsfromtheair.(36)Butaretheysafeforpets?Howcanweensurethattheyaren'tharmingourfurryfriends?(37)Thephysicalsafetyofusingamechanicaldevicearoundpetsiswhatwehavetopayattentionto.Airpurifierscomeinvariousshapesandsizes,fromsmalldesk-topunitstolarge,free-standingmodels.Intermsofphysicalharm,thereisanexistingriskofourpetbecomingtrappedintheelectricalwireofourairpurifier.Airpurifiersaredesignedtobeusedinthehomearoundchildrenandtheirinternalmechanismsshouldalsobesafefromsmalltailsofourpetsandotherpartsoftheirbodies.(38)Whethertheairpurifierimprovesordamagesthehealthofouranimalsisalsosomethingwehavetoconsider.Theairpurifiersaresafeforpets,butonlyiftheydonotproduceanyozone(臭氧)byproduct.(39)Weshouldalwaysstayawayfromtheonesthatproduceevenminimalquantities.Wearealwaysonthesafesidebypickingastandardairpurifierwiththeclassic3-stagefiltration(过滤)systemofapre-filter,HEPAfilterandcarbonactivatedfilter.Pickingthewrongairpurifiertypecanquicklymakethingsworseforourpets.Ontheotherhand,pickingthecorrectairpurifiercanleadtoabigincreaseinthequalityoflifeforthem.Atpresentmanyhomesareequippedwiththeseusefuldevices.Beforebuyinganairpurifier,weshouldkeeptwoaspectsinmind.Petownersalwayspaycloseattentiontothephysicalhealthoftheirpets.Eventhesmallestpetsshouldn'tbeabletoaccesstheinsidesofairpurifiers.Thisgreatlydependsonthetypeofairpurifierandaircleaningtechnologyused.Soalwayschecktheproductspecificationsandtrytofindamodelthatdoesnotproduceanycarbonmonoxide.A2008studypublishedinBrainandCognitionshowedthatdogs'brainswerenegativelyaffectedbytheheavypollutionlevels.北京市丰台区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习(一)Rethinkingobesity肥胖症)Inprinciple,itsoundssimple:eatlessandmovemore.Thisdietaryadvicefordealingwithobesityhasbeenaroundfordecades.(35)So,whyhasn'tthisapproachtoweightcontrolworked?Onepossibilityisthatwehaven'ttriedhardenough.Perhapswehavelackedthedisciplineandwillpowertomaintainhealthydietaryandexercisehabits—achallengemademoredifficulttodayforthosesurroundedbyinexpensive,tasty,highlyprocessedfoods.InarecentpapermycolleaguesandIquestionthebasicassumptionofwhethertakinginmorecaloriesthanyouburnreallyistheprimarycauseofobesity.Wearguethatwearedriventoovereatbecausewearegettingfatter.Thekeytohowthisworksinobesityisinsulin(胰岛素).Processed,rapidlydigestiblecarbohydrates(碳水化合物食品)raiseourinsulinleveltoohigh.Afewhoursaftereatingahigh-carbmeal,thenumberofcaloriesinthebloodstreamfallssuddenly,sowegethungriersooneraftereating.Thetwoopposingviewsofcauseandeffectinobesityhaveverydifferentimplicationsforhowtopreventandtreatweightproblems.Theusualapproachfocusesonhowmuchtoeat,withprescriptions(处方)fordailycalorieintake.Higher-fatfoodsmayhelpgetridofbodyfat,apossibilitysupportedbyclinicaltrialscomparinghigh-fatdietswithlow-fatones.Thiswayofthinkingmighthelpexplainwhycalorierestrictionusuallyfailslongbeforeapersonwithobesityapproachesanidealbodyweight.Alow-calorie,low-fatdietfurtherrestrictsanalreadylimitedsupplyofenergytothebody,worseninghungerwithoutaddressingtheunderlyingtendencytostoretoomanycaloriesinbodyfat.(39)Althoughmuchmoreresearchwillbeneededtotestthisidea,itistimetoquestionthebasicassumptionsaboutcauseandeffect,caloriesandweightgainthathavecontrolledourthinkingfordecades.Yet,worldwideobesityratesjustkeepgoingup.Inourview,theemphasisshouldbeplacedonwhattoeat.ItisimportanttocontroltheamountoffoodconsumedbyusObesityisadiseasethataffects650millionadultsworldwide.Orperhapstheproblemisthefocuson“caloriebalance”itself.Weightlossbecomesabattlebetweenmindandmetabolism.Thiscausesfatcellstotakeintoomanycalories,leavingfewerfortherestofthebody.北京市石景山区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习(一)MovetotheMusicMusichelpsusexercise,butwhydoesithavethiseffect?(35)Thefirstissimple:Musicdistractsus.Whenwelistentoasongwelike,ourbrainpaysattentiontothemusic.Forexample,afterweexercisefor20minutes,ourbodymightbetired.Butwemaynotfeelthisimmediatelywhilelisteningtomusic.Soweexercisealittlelonger.Musicalsomotivatesus.Whenweheardancemusic,forexample,wenaturallystarttomovetothebeat.Anupbeatsongalsoputsusinagoodmood,sowefeelhappier.Thisgivesusenergyandhelpsusexerciselonger.(36)Songsintherangeof120-140beatsperminute(BPM)arethebest,sayssportspsychologistDr.CostasKarageorghis.(37).ItsleadingresearcherFritzput61peopleinsmallgroups.Theyallthenexercisedtwice.Onetime,eachgroupworkedoutwhilelisteningtomusicforsixminutes.Anothertime,theyexercisedforsixminutesonspecialJymminmachines.ThenameJymminisacombinationof“jamming"and“gym.”Usingthesemachines,eachgroupmademusicastheymoved.Theexercisersbecamethecomposersandthemachinesbecametheirinstruments.Intheend,53ofthe61peoplesaidthesamething:TheyfeltlesstiredwhentheyexercisedontheJymminmachines.(38)HowdoesFritzexplainthis?MaybepeopledidbetterontheJymminmachinesbecausetheyhadmorecontrol,hesays.Peoplecreatedthebeat.Theycouldmakeitgofasterorslower.Also,theactivitywassocial.Eachgroupwasmakingmusictogetherandhavingfun.FritzbelievesthatJymminexercisemayhaveotheradvantages,too.(39)Forexample,itmaybeevenagoodwaytotreatdepression.Expertssaytherearetwomainreasons.Thisalsohelpsrelaxourbodyandbrain.Musicwithaquickandsteadybeatisgoodforexercising,Hewantstofindoutifitcanhelpwithmoreseriousconditions.Heexpectstotakeadvantageofittotapintopeople'spotential.Anewstudysuggeststhisisonlypartoftheexplanation,however.Whentheyexerciseandmakemusic,workingoutseemstobeeasier.北京市顺义区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习(一)AlternativemedicinehasbecomemuchmorepopularintheWestinrecentyears.Andtheyareturningtotreatmentssuchashomeopathy,yoga,andacupuncture(针灸)tocomplementorsometimesevenreplacethewesternmedicine.Acupunctureisbasedontheideathatenergyflowsthroughthehumanbodyalong12linesormeridians(经络)，whichendupattheorgansinthebody.Toremovetheblockage,anacupuncturistinserts(插入)veryfineneedlesintothebodyatpointsalongthemeridians.Thisstimulatestheflowofenergy,andrestoresthepatient'shealth.Acupunctureonlyreallybecamewell-knownintheWestinthe1970saspeoplebegantotravelmorefrequentlybetweenthetwoareasoftheworld.(37)Howeverinthelastfewyearsithasbecomemoreestablishedasanalternativetowesternmedicaltreatments,sinceclinicaltestshaveshownthatacupunctureiseffectiveforsomeconditions.(38)Manysportspeoplehaveexperimentedwithacupuncturewhenfightinginjury.MartinaHingis,thefamoustennisplayer,hadawristinjurycuredthroughtreatment,andNBAlegendKobeBryantalsousedacupunctureonhisleg.Itisalsousedtotreatdepression,stressandanxiety.(39)Inthepastsomepeoplehaveexperiencedallergicreactions,brokenneedlesandevenpuncturedlungswhilebeingtreated,althoughthisisveryuncommon.Thetreatmentisoftenusedtorelieveheadaches,dentalpain,etc.Illnessistheresultofablockageoftheenergyflowtotheseorgans.Thetreatmentisthoughttoincreasethebody'sresistancetoinfection.IntheFarEast,acupunctureisusedtotreatawiderangeofcomplaints.However,beforeyougo,checkiftheacupuncturistisqualifiedandregistered.Atfirst,doctorsintheWestoftendoubtedaboutthemedicalvalueofacupuncture.Itseemsthatpeoplearebecomingincreasinglyworriedaboutthesideeffectsofdrugs.北京市房山区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习(一)The24solartermswerecreatedthousandsofyearsagoinChinatoguideagriculturalproduction.TheyalsoreflectChina'srichhistorythroughtheseasonalfestivals,specialfoods,culturalceremonies,familygatheringsandevenhealthylivingtipsthatcorrespondwitheachsolarterm.(35)RainWatersignalstheincreaseinrainfallandriseintemperature.Withitsarrival,livelyspring-likescenerystartsblossoming:theriverwaterdefreezes,wildgeesemovefromsouthtonorthandtreesandgrassturngreenagain.(36)InnorthernChina,thespringdroughtiscommonandtheprecipitationofthisseasonaccountsforonly10to15percentofannualaveragerainfall.Atthistimeofyear,farmersbegintoploughtheirfields.It'stherighttimetoprepareforspringsowingwhenthedaygetswarmer.(37)DuringRainWaterperiod,extracareisneededtodealwithareturningcoldspellandhumidity,whichistheamountofwaterintheair.(38)Itisstronglyadvisednottotakeoffthethickcoatstooearlyandtokeepwarm,especiallytheelderlyandchildren.ThewetandhumidweatherduringRainWaterperiodisconsideredharmfulforpeople'sspleenandstomachaccordingtoChinesemedicalpractice.(39)PeopleinBeijingofteneatporridge(粥)cookedwithakindofChineseherbmedicinetoresistcoldandwetweather.Honey,datesandChineseyamarealsoverygoodnourishment(营养)toputintheporridge.WithRainWatercoming,insectsbecomemoreactive.Abowlofnutritiousporridgeisthebestchoicetonourishthebody.Therefore,RainWaterisconsideredasakeyperiodtowaterthefields.AccordingtoanoldChinesesaying,therainfallinspringisaspreciousasoil.ThetemperatureinmostofthebasinareasincreasesquicklyduringRainWater.Oneofthe24solarterms,whichisveryimportantinspring,iscalledRainWater.Thefastincreaseinairhumidityduetorainfallcanresultinlowertemperatureandwetweather.北京市延庆区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习（一）Dailylifehasitssatis，fascutcihonasstheperfectreplytoafriend's，textmessagethefirstafOekdrink,ortheunexpectedgift.Thatmomentwhenthemessof21s-tcenturyexistencedisappearsinto-jtuhdegmneonntalembraceofasoftbed.Somehowwehavepushedthispleasuretothebackofthequeue.AthirdofAmericanadultsreportsleepinglessthantherecommendedsevenhours.Manyofusfeelunde-rested.Forsome,theproblemismodernlife:-deomalilsst,staondscreens.36Nowthere'sincreasingevidencethatalackofsleepisassociatedwithhigherrofdepression,cancer,andotherproblems.ResearchpublishedintheEuropeanHeartJournalreportsthatheartdiseasewasloweramongpeoplewhowenttosleepbetween10pmand11pm,nomatterhowlongtheyslept.Butaftertheappearanceandriseofsleepingaids,issleepthenextpartofhumanexperiencethatwillbecomeincreasinglytracked,countedandcompared?WesighatLinkedInuserswhoclaimtowakeupat5amandlearnMandarinwhilemeditating冥想，沉思）.Butwhenpeopleovercommittosleepingvell,itcanbecounte-rproductive.InhisbodOvercomingInsomniaandSleepProbleiOxfordprofessorColinEspiewritesabout‘orthosomniaw'he,repeoplearesofocusedwithsleepingwellthattheybecometooanxioustodoso.Themarketingofsleepingaidsaddstothis.EspiesaysweeachhaveasleeppatternthatwefigureoutthroughtrialanderroGenetically,somehumansarelaSk灵鸟）andsomeareowls;thelarksmayjusthavebettercardiovascula血管的）health.Foranowltotrytofighttheirnaturalschedule,andsleepearlier,wouldn'tnecessarilyhelp.Basicsleepingadviceisnotablyconsistent,includingkeepingaregularpattern,cuttingbackonalcoholandcaffeineandtakingawayallbedroomdistractions.Insteadofjustloadingsleepadviceonindividualsw,ecouldintegrataespectsofitintopublichealth.Employerscouldbesensitivetothedifferentneedsoftheirworkers.Agoodnight'ssleepisaprofoundpleasureA.sfaraspossiblei,tshouldalsoremainasimpleone.Suchresearchisallwellandgood.Theriskisthatweignoretheproblem.Thentherearethosewhocan'tsleepwhentheytry.Forotherpeople,it'sthedemandsofworkorfamily.Butdoesanyofthesereallycomparetothejoyofgoingtosleep?Schoolscouldstartlatertocoincidewithchildren'sbodyrhythms.Stressingourselvesoutaboutalackofsleepcanworsentheproblem.北京市平谷区2021-2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习（一）Motivationisthedesiretoactinserviceofagoal.It'sthecrucialelementinsettingandattainingourobjectives.Someofthemostcommongoalspeoplemake—andthemostcommongoalstheystruggletomeet—aretoeathealthier,workoutmore,andsavemoremoney.Manytrapscanpreventpeoplefromachievingthosegoals,butpredictingthosechallengescanhelpachievereal