2022届全国新高考英语冲刺复习：介词

2022届全国新高考英语冲刺精品复习介词(PREPOSITION)一、分类1.简单介词指由一个单词构成的介词，简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、名词、连词等转变而来,常用的有:by,in,after,on,at,past,since,till,until,over,opposite,off,near,of,with,up,under,toward(s),through,like,from,for,down,during,except,but,beyond,between,besides,beside,beneath,below,behind,before,among,along,against,above,across,about,amid(st),onto,underneath,unlike,around,round,next,despite,than,save除之夕卜。Hewrotebycandlelight.他在烛光下写作。Shepausedinadmirationofthebeautifulview.她驻足观赏美景。Thegroundbeneathuswasabankcoveredwithgrass.我们脚下是长着青草的河岸。Thewinecanbedrunkbefore,duringandafterameal.这种酒在饭前、饭中及饭后饮用均可。Frombehindherdesksheheardthempassinginthegarden.她从书桌后听见他们从花园中走过。Theorchardisjustupthisroadaboutamilepasttheschoolonyourleft.果园就在这条路边，离左边的学校约有一英里远。月光下的散步—awalkinthemoonlight河对岸的村庄―thevillagebeyondtheriver山脚下的小溪一thestreamatthefootofthehill年轻时的梦想一thedreaminyouth地下的财宝一thetreasurebeneaththeground年逾古稀的老人一anoldmanpastseventy废墟中的野花—thewildflowersamidtheruins他身后的好名声一agoodnamebehindhim蓝天下的群山一themountainsagainsttheclearbluesky2同一介词可以与不同的动词搭配，不同的介词也可以与同一动词搭配HelivesbyShesatbyAcarranbyShewentbyTheycamebyHeenteredbyTheytravelledbyHeworkedbyThepricefellbyTheysellbybytheriver.他住在河边。iobythewindow.她靠窗坐着。bythem.-*辆车从他们旁边驶过。byhimwithoutsayinganything.她默默无言地从他身边走过。bythenearestroad.他们抄近路来。bythebackdoor.他从后门进入。byland.他们陆上旅行。byday.他白天工作。by3percent.价格下降了3%。bythepound.他们按磅出售。Theshipsailedonthesea.船在海上航行。Theshipsailedoutoftheharbor.船驶出码头。Theshipsailedintotheharbor.船驶进码头。Theshipsailedunderthebridge.船在桥下航行。TheshipsailedacrosstheAtlantic.船横渡过大西洋。Theshipsailedtowardstheisland.船驶向那个岛。Theshipsaileduptheriver.船驶向河的上游。Theshipsailedbytheriver.船靠岸行驶。Theshipsaileddowntheriver.船驶向下游。Theshipsailedpastthelighthouse.船从灯塔旁驶过。Theshipsailedagainstthewind.逆风行船。Theshipsailedbeforethewind.顺风行船。TheshipsailedforShanghai.船驶向上海。liTheshipsailedtothemouthoftheriver.船驶至U河口。Theshipsailedwiththetide.涨潮时开船。7.从“从……开始”看英语介词表述的精确性“从……开始,’无论是“从今天开始”、“从8点钟开始”、“从南京开始”,汉语中一个“从”字足矣,但这个“从”字绝不可一概译为英语的“from”。英语中介词的使用是非常严格而精确的，汉语中的同一个词往往要用不同的英语介词表述，试以“从”字为例。Thewintervacationbeginsfromtoday.寒假从今天开始。Themeetingbeganateighto'clock.会议从8点钟开始。Hebeganhiscareerbydoingoddjobs.他是从打零工开始起家的。Let'sbeginwiththislesson.让我们从这一课开始。ThemovementbeganatBeijing.这次运动是从北京开始的。OurschoolbeginsinSeptember.我们从9月份开学。Charitybeginsathome.行善从家庭开始。Herillnessstartedwithaslightfever.她的病是从轻微发烧开始的。Toprotecttheenvironment,startwithme.保护环境，从我做起。Themid-termexaminationwillbeginonMonday.期中考试将从星期一开始。TheexhibitionbeganonMarch15,2013.展览自2013年3月15日开始。Startingatage40,bloodpressureshouldbemeasuredeveryfivemonths.12从40岁开始，应该每五个月量一次血压。二、位置.介词通常位于名词或代词前Thebookisbeyondher.这本书她读不懂。Themanisbeneathcontempt.那人为人所不齿。Theretiredgenerallivedinasmallcastlethreemilespastthevillage.那位退役将军住在村庄过去三英里的一座小城堡里。.在某些结构中，介词可以放在句尾1在“介词+whom/which/what/whose”结构位于句首的疑问句中，介词常可放在句尾Whoisshetalkingto?她在同谁谈话？Whichhoteldidyoustayat?你住在哪家宾馆？Whichdeskdidyouputthebookon?你把书放在哪个桌子上了？2定语从句中位于that/whom/which之前的介词也可以放在句尾在这种情况下，关系代词可以省略。但介词不可放在that前面，而必须放在句尾，that可省略。例如：Sheistheteacher(whom,that)Ionceworkedtogetherwith.她是一位教师，与我做过同事。Thisisthekindoflife(that,which)heisusedto.他已习惯了这种生活。3某些wh-词引导的名词性从句中，关系代词为介词宾语位于从句句首时，介词应后置13Idon'tknowwhatyouaredrivingat.我不知道你是什么意图。Moneyiswhatheisbadlyinneedof.他急需的是钱。Iwonderwhoseroomhewasin.我不知道他在谁的房间里。Idon'tknowwhathelookslike.我不知道他长得什么样。4动词不定式作状语，需要介词同句中主语构成介宾关系时，介词应后置Thelakeissafetoswimin.在这个湖里游泳平安。Thetablelampisbrightenoughtoreadby.这个台灯很亮，看书没有问题。5动词不定式作定语，需要介词同动词不定式所修饰的名词构成介宾关系时，介词应后置Itisthekeytoopentheboxwith.这就是开那个箱子的钥匙。Inthosedaysheevendidn'thaveanymoneytobuyfoodwith.在那些日子里，他甚至连购买食物的钱都没有。Theypledgedtheirnewlyborrowedhouseforaloantodobusinesswith.他们以刚购置的房屋作为抵押，弄到一笔贷款来做生意。.在某些“（不及物）动词+介词”结构中,介词紧跟动词后在这种结构中，宾语不可放在动词和介词之间，只能放在介词后面。Thethiefbrokeintothehouse.盗贼闯进了屋子。Shelookedafterherbrother.她照看弟弟。Hetakesafterhismother.他像他母亲。（不可说Hetakeshismotherafter.)14三、介词的宾语1介词的宾语不仅限于名词和代词，还可以是其他词类或句子等(1)名词。例如：Thecarranintoawall,andtwomenwerekilled.汽车撞到了墙上，两人身亡。Ishallansweryouconcerningyourrequest.关于你的请求，我将给予答复。Theparkishometohalfoftheworld'spopulationofgorillas.这个公园是世界上一半大猩猩的家。Thatisabuildingconstructedofwood,metal,concrete,etc.那是一幢用木材、金属和混凝土等建成的建筑物。Humanaffairsareallsubjecttochangesanddisasters.人世间，事不由己，变迁灾祸，难以预料。Wewalkedthroughthewoodsunderaroofofleafyboughs.我们走过亭亭如盖的树林。Itwastowardssunsetonacoolautumnday.那是秋日一个微凉的黄昏。Theytrudgedwestward,dayandnight,overdustyroadsandroaringrivers,underhotsunsandcoldrains,throughgreenvalleysandwindywastelands.他们向着西方，艰苦跋涉，日夜兼程，走过尘土飞扬的道路，渡过咆15哮的河流，经受着烈日的曝晒和冷雨浇淋，穿过青翠的山谷和朔风怒号的荒原。(2)代词。例如：Sheisinterestedinit.她对此感兴趣。Whereverhewent,hecarriedthephotowithhim.他无论到哪里，都将那幅照片随身带着。(3)形容词。例如：Yourplanisfarfromperfect.你的计划远不完美。Ihaveadvisedhiminprivate.我私下劝过他。Inshort,Ihavedonemybest.总之一句话，我已经尽了全力。Thebridgeisanythingbutsafe.这座桥一点也不平安。in,from,but,near,insteadof等后可用形容词作宾语。(4)副词。例如：Shecamefromafar.她自远方来。Heshoutedfrombelow.他从下面喊叫。Wehavetrustedhertillrecently.我们直到最近还一直相信她。Ican'tseethetowerclearlyfromhere.我从这里看不清楚那座塔。Theyhaveneverseeneachothersincefiveyearsago.他们五年来一直未见过面。Shereceivedthemcoldlyinsteadofwarmly.她接待他们不热情，很冷淡。16(5)动名词。例如：Heinsistedondoingitthatway.他坚持要那样做。Shespentthemorninginreading.她把上午的时间用在了读书上。Heenteredtheroomwithouttakingoffhishat.他进了房间，没脱下帽子。Insteadofattemptingtosaveonespeciesatatime,theyaretryingtosaveacompletenaturalenvironment.他们努力拯救整个自然环境，而不是在一段时间内只力图拯救一个物种。Asforbeingadopted,Ihavenodesiretofindmyrealparents.我是养子，可我并不想去找我的生身父母。in,on,without,insteadof等后可用动名词作宾语。(6)不定式。例如：Hedidnothingbutcry.他只是哭个不停。Iwouldsoonerdiethanyield.我宁死也不屈服。Shecoulddonootherwisethan(to)wait.她只能等待，别无他法。Hecouldn'tdoanythingexceptwaitforthereply.他只能等待答复。Heknewbetterthantotrustthehypocrite.他很明智，不会相信那个伪君子的。but,besides,except,than等后可用不定式作宾语。⑺介词短语。例如：Sheoftenstudiestillaftermidnight.他常常学习到下半夜。Theycamefromacrosstheriver.他们自河对岸来。17Shereadtillintothenight.她读书到深夜。Thetemperaturedroppedtooverzerocentigrade.气温降到刚过零度。Hesuddenlyappearedfrombehindthedoor.他突然从门后面出现了。to,since,from,except,till,until,across等后可用另一个介词(短语)作宾语。(8)数词。例如：Innineoutoftenhewonftcome.他十有八九不来了。Thestudentswalkedthereintwosandthrees.学生们三三两两在那边走着。(9)疑问词+不定式。例如：Ihaveinformedherofwhentostart.我已经通知她何时动身。Thatdependsonwhichmethodtotake.那取决于采用何种方法。Theproblemofhowtogetenoughmoneyisdifficulttosettle.怎样弄到足够的钱的问题难以解决。(10)疑问词引导从句。例如：Hedoesnotcareaboutwhowillbepromoted.他不在乎谁将被提升。Ihavenoideaastowhathewilldothere.我不知道他将在那里做什么。Thatdependsonwhetherhehaspersistence.那取决于他有没有耐力。Sheaskedtobeinformedofwhichuniversitywasthebestforher.她请求被告知她上哪一所大学最好。Thenightwasdeadquietsave/exceptthatabirdflewfromtreetotreeoccasionally.18夜静极了，只有鸟儿偶尔在树间飞过°Igotmyselfatableatwhatwassaidtobethebestrestaurantintown.我在人称全城最正确餐馆定了一桌。（ll）that引导的从句。例如：IwouldgowithyoubutthatIamtoobusy.要不是太忙，我会同你一起去的。Sheisnothappynotwithstandingthatsheisrich.尽管很富有，但她并不幸福。Mandiffersfromotheranimalsinthatmancanlaughandspeak.人与其他动物的不同之处是人能说会笑。2介词后的其他结构Heisawayfromhomewithhischildrenalone.他不在家，孩子们孤苦伶仃。（名词+形容词）Withthesundown,nightcameon.太阳落了山，夜来临了。（名词+副词）Helefthomewithoutacentinhispocket.他离家时口袋里一个子儿都没有。（名词+介词短语）Hissuccessdependsonhim/hisworkinghard.他的成功取决于他的努力。（代词+现在分词）Theypartedfromeachotherwithoutawordsaid.他们一句话也没说就分了手。（名词+过去分词）Hewanderedaboutwithoutanythingtodo.他四外游荡，无所事事。（代词+不定式）19这些介词有静态和动态之分，或兼有两态。比拟:in—静态（在内）:readinthestudy在书房里读书into一动态（进入）：walkintothestudy走进书房across静态（在的另一边）：Thevillaisacrosstheriver.别墅在河对岸。across动态（从一边到另一边）：Aswanisflyingacrossthelake.一只天鹅正飞过湖面。alongside动态（在旁边，与一起）：Thechildrenranalongside,screamingfarewells.孩子们一边跟着跑，一边大声喊再见。alongside静态（在…旁边）：Hehadtwoacresoflandalongsideacherryorcharddownthevalley.他在山谷低处的樱桃园旁有两英亩土地。【提示】除near外，介词没有比拟级和最高级的形式。例如:Whocomesnearestherinwit?谁在智力上最接近她？Callmeagainnearerthetimeoftheparty.晚会快开始的时候，再叫我一声。Whydon'tyoumoveyourchairnearermine?你为什么不把椅子挪得离我近一些呢?Infactthiscomputercostnearertwothousanddollars.事实上，这台计算机差不多花了2,000美元。Shestayedlatewithalotofletterstowrite.她有许多信要写，待到很晚。（名词+不定式）Thenightwasbeautifulwiththemoonshiningbrightly.月亮朗朗地照着，夜色美极了。（名词+现在分词）Thesoldiersreturnedwithamanboundupinrope.士兵们返回了，带着一个用绳子捆绑的人。（名词+过去分词）HestayedtherethreeyearswithJimhisonlyfriend.他在那里待了三年，只有吉姆一个朋友。（名词+同位语）3值得注意的是，除了inthat,exceptthat,savethat,butthat,notwithstandingthat外，that引导的从句不可直接作介词的宾语，必须在介词和that之间加上先行词，一般是it你可以放心，你的需要会被满足的。Youcancountonthatyourneedswillbesatisfied.[X]Youcancountonitthatyourneedswillbesatisfied.[4]你尽管放心，他们会遵守承诺的。Wemaydependuponthattheywilldoastheyhavepromised.[X]Wemaydependuponitthattheywilldoastheyhavepromised.[V]incommon共同incommonwith与相同inearnest认真地20infull充分地/全部地fortheworse恶化/变坏forthebetter好转at(the)most至多inbrief/inshort简言之/总而言之forshort简称/缩写forsure/certain肯定地oflate最近atleast至少tothegood有好处/净增inbad(withsb.)失去欢心tothecontrary相反的/地at(the)longest至多/指日期intheright正确的/有理的tothefull尽量地/充分地inthered亏损/出现赤字onthewhole总的来说/大体上invain徒劳/无效onthesly偷偷地/秘密地intheopen在户外/公开地/在露天inthewrong错的farfrom+adjective远远不•…21intherough大体上/未完成forgood永久地/一^劳永逸地intheraw处于自然状态的/裸露的frombadtoworse越来越坏/每况愈下inparticular尤其/特别forbetterorworse不管好坏/不管怎么样at(the)latest最迟atone's/its+best...处于最……状态atlarge逍遥法外/一般的ofold昔日的/很久前intheclear按(两边之间的)内宽计算/无嫌疑/无罪/还清债务Thehallis50metersintheclear.大厅内宽为50米。Thesuspectisnowintheclear.那个涉嫌者已被解除了嫌疑。Heis200dollarsintheredthismonth.他这个月亏损200美元。Havingpaidthemoney,sheisnowintheclear.钱已还清，她现在不欠债了。Withthatbusinesshenetted1,000dollarstothegood.那项业务他净赚了1000美元。Theypledgedtostandtogetherforbetterorworse.他们发誓同风雨，共患难。Theprojectwillbefinishedinamonthatthelongest.这项工程最多一个月便可完成。22【提示】介词短语作另一介词的宾语是常见的语言现象，如:frombehindthehill从山后面tillafterdinner至U晚饭后sincebeforethewar自战前以来frombelowtheriver从河的下游frombehindthetree从树后面tillaftersunset太阳落山后fromamongthecrowd从人群中tillafterexamination至U考试后fromunderthetable从桌子下面uptoaboutmidnight大约到午夜tillaboutlastSunday直到大约上星期天tillaftersix直到6点钟后forabovetendays10多天frombeforesunrise从日出前fromamongthesebooks从这些书中fromoverthesea从海上frombehindthebookshelf从书架后面tillaftersunrise直到日出后frombeneaththedesk从书桌下面fromunderone'sspectacles从眼镜后面frombehindthecurtain从幕后23frombeforeWorldWarTwo自第二次世界大战前buyitatoverfivedollars用5美元多买它driveatfrom80to100milesanhour以每小时80英里到100英里的速度行驶bedonebyfromtentotwentystudents由10名至20名学生做的sellforundertwentydollars以低于20美元的价格卖Hishappiness,however,sprangfromwithinhimself,andwasindependentofexternalcircumstances.然而，他的欢愉乃出自深心，不受外界环境的影响。Akittensprangfromunderthebush.一只小猫从树丛里蹿了出来。比拟：Whatishedrawing?他在画什么？（what作动词宾语）Whatishedrawingon?他在什么上面画？（what作介词宾语：在上画）四、介词的句法功能介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分，构成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语（须后置）、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一介词的宾语，间或作主语等。例如：Heisamanofintegrity.他是个正直的人。（定语）Hereyesweretiredfromlongreading.由于长时间阅读，她的眼睛疲劳了。（状语）24Herentedaflatwithviewsovertheriver.他租了一套看得见临河风景的房间。（定语）Theskyscraperinthedistanceisafive-starhotel.远处那幢摩天大楼是一座五星级宾馆。（定语）BetweenthemanIhadbeenandthatwhichInowbecametherewasaverynotabledifference.在以前的我和如今转变了的我之间，出现了一个非常明显的不同之处。（状语）Toreachtheportofheaven,wemustsailsometimeswiththewindandsometimesagainstit.为了到达天堂的港口，我们势必有时顺风航行，有时得逆风行舟。（状语）Thesmellofthewetgardenwaftedinthroughthewindow.花园中湿润的气息从窗口飘了进来。Inallprobability,hewilldeclineyourinvitation.他极有可能谢绝你的邀请。（状语）Thedecisionisofgreatimportancetome.这项决定对我极为重要。（表语）Theyfoundthemachineinabadstate.他们发现那部机器损坏严重。（宾语补足语）Aprettygirlappearedfrombehindthecurtain.一个漂亮女孩从帘子后面出现了。（介词宾语）25Onpurposeornotonpurposeisofgreatdifference.故意还是无意区别甚大。（主语）Betweenfiveorsix（chairs）willbeenoughforthem.五六把（椅子）就足够他们用了。（主语）Aconceitedmanalwaysthinkshimselfaboveothers.自大的人总认为自己高人一等。（宾语补足语）Fromfreezingtoboilingis180degreesontheFahrenheitscale.在华氏温度表上从冰点到沸点相差180度。（主语）Neveratalossforaword,hewasanexcellentspeaker.他是个杰出的演说家，说起话来滔滔不绝。（状语）Beyondtheplainsthemountainswerebrownandbare.平原外的山峦，呈现出一片光秃秃的褐色。（状语）Theprofitofbooksisaccordingtothesensibilityofthereader.书本的益处取决于读者的感受力。（表语）Hundredsofnewproductsareondisplayintheshopwindows.商场橱窗里展出了数百种新产品。（表语）2627.以现在分词形式和过去分词形式结尾的介词这类介词由分词演变而来，常用的有：excepting除外，including包括，regarding关于，barring除……夕卜，concerning关于，touching关于,considering就••・・・而言,saving除夕卜,respecting关于,pending在期间/在以前，failing如果没有/假设无时,following在-以后，wanting无/缺，given如果考虑到。Iwanttoaskyouradviceconcerningoneortwoquestions.我想就一两个问题征求你的意见。Barringanylastminuteproblems,weshouldfinishthejobtonight.除非最后一分钟出问题，否那么今晚我们应该能完成任务。Theinvestigationwasreorganized,followingtheresignationoftheprimeminister.在首相辞职后，调查进行了重新组织。.合成介词这类介词由两个单词组合而成,凝聚力强，连写，已成为独立的单词，常用的有：into进入，outside在外，within在・内，without没有,throughout普及/贯穿，inside在内，upon在,alongside在旁边/沿着，notwithstanding虽然。Hegrewupovernightuponstartingschool.上学后，他一下子长大成熟了许多。Idon'tcarewhatyoudooutsideworkinghours.我并不在意你上班时间之外做什么。Throughouthiscareerhismainconcernshavebeenwithforeignaffairs.在整个职业生涯中，他主要从事外交事务。.短语介词短语介词是短语性的固定介词搭配，可以由“介词+名词+介词”，“介词+介词”，“介词+动词”，“形容词+介词”，“副词+介词”等构成，常用的有：outof从・・里面/从，中,butfor要不是，aheadof在・・・・・・・・・・前，accordingto根据，apartfrom除夕卜，alongwith同一起，becauseof由于/因为，togetherwith同一起，asto关于/至于，savefor除了，infrontof在•♦…前面，inplaceof代替，onbehalfof代表，nearto靠近，insteadof替代/而不，nextto紧靠旁边/贴近，onaccountof由于/鉴于，owingto由于/因为，asregards关于，withregardto关于，inregardto关于,priorto在前，inviewof考虑到，inspiteof尽管，inaccordancewith根据，bymeansof用/依靠，asfrom自起，asfor至于，apartfrom除外/假设无，exceptfor除外，asconcerns关于，ascomparedwith同・・・・・・・相比，forwantof因为缺乏，atthecostof以为代价，overagainst在・・・・.对面/正对着，downto下至/直至，awayfrom离开，irrespectiveof不顾，withaviewto旨在/目的是，onthepointof正要•♦…之际，intheeventof如果发生/万一,forthesakeof为了，bywayof经由/通过，upto一直至U，thanksto由于/多亏，previousto先于，dueto由于，devoidof毫无・・・•的，inreturnfor作为的报答/交换,withtheexceptionof除了，inbetween在之间,withoutregardto不考虑，不顾。Marywasclosetotears.玛丽快要落下泪来了。Thevillagewasuncomfortablyclosetotheriver.这个村庄靠近河流，令人不安。Heknewthathewasupagainstapowerfulpoliticalforce.他明白自己遇到了强大的政治势力。Shecontinuedtocareforherfatheruptillthetimeofhisdeath.她一直照顾父亲直到他去世。Thecountryroadaheadofuswasrathermuddy.我们前面的乡村道路泥泞不堪。Hegotalotoffunoutofsweepingdeadleavesintheyard.他觉得清扫庭院中的枯叶挺有乐趣。Henryalwaysdoeswhateverhepleaseswithoutregardtothefeelingofothers.亨利做事总是随心所欲，从不考虑别人的感情。Differentmethodsareuseddependingonwhatresultsarerequired.根据所需的结果采用不同的方法。InbetweenschoolanduniversityIdidatwo-monthcrashcourseinspokenEnglish.在中学毕业后到上大学之前这段时间，我上了两个月的英语口语速成班。Mrs.Newmanwascomposed,eager,andontopofeverysituation.纽曼夫人沉着而热情，凡事都能应付自如。Atlength,saveforanoccasionalrustle,thewoodenhutwassilent.终于，小木屋里安静下来了，只有偶尔发出的沙沙声。要注意的是，短语介词中的搭配都是固定的，不可随意变更，如bymeansof不可说成bymeansto。【提示】短语介词不同于介词短语。短语介词是用作介词的短语（如withaviewto）,不可独立使用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等；介词短语是由介词+宾语构成的短语（如withaviewtobuyingacar）,本身可作句子成分，如作定语、状语等，可独立使用。比拟：Theylivedamongthehills.他们住在山中。（amongthehills是介词短语，作状语）Iwillhelpyouforthesakeofourfriendship.为了我们的友谊，我是愿意帮助你的。（forthesakeof是短语介词，forthesakeofourfriendship是介词短语，作状语）I'lltakethisoneforwantofabetter.没有更好的，我就拿这一个。（forwantof是短语介词，forwantofabetterone是介词短语）.介词和副词英语中，有少量介词和副词同形。短语动词中假设有这类双重词性的词,有介词宾语者为介词，无介词宾语者为副词。比拟。ff:Theweddingisoff.婚礼取消了。Hetookadayoff.他休息了一天。Thetownisonlytwomilesoff.小城就在两英里之外。Sheturnedoffintoasideroad.她拐进了一条岔道。Thepricewasalready20%off.价格已打了八折。Thejokedidn'tquitecomeoff.那个笑话没有得到预期效果。Thecollegeentranceexaminationisonlythreed