语言学复习题及答案x

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！Choosethebestanswer.1.LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanA.contactB.communicationC.relation2.StudytheD.communityfollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn'tit?Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.一A.EmotiveInterpersonalB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.3.referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole4.dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsD.ComparativelinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics5.answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics6.sentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationPitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonD.voice7.Conventionallyaisputinslashes(//).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme8.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemes_D.allophonesTheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas9._A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvula10.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centering11.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophonesWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeech12.sounds?A.AcousticphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove13.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]B.[m]WhichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtotheC.[b]D.[p]14.characteristicsofvowels?A.[i:]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]15.vibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantWhatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsare16.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas.A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwords17.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivationalTherearemorphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six18.19.20.InEnglish-iseand-tionarecalled.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesD.stemsThethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formationisawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfrom21.alreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.addition22.23.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof.A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blendingThewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymy24.Thestemofdisagreementsis.A.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeD.disagreementAllofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor.25.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorph26.Thesentencestructureis.A.onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical27.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageareinnumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite28.Therulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational29.Asentenceisconsideredwhenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical30.Aintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator31.Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.A.recursive_B.grammaticalC.socialD.functional32.PhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandA.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.33.Theheadofthephraseheomtyis.A.thecityB.RomeC.cityD.thecityRome34.Thephrase"ontheshelf'belongstoconstruction.A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinate35.Thesentence"Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves."isasentence.A.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complex36.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby.A.Plato_B.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth37.“CanIborrowyourbike?""Youhaveabike.,,A.issynonymouswithC.entailsB.isinconsistentwithD.presupposes38.dissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisisawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbeC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis39.“Alive,and"dead”are.A.gradableantonymsB.relationalantonymsD.NoneoftheaboveC.complementaryantonyms40.dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense41.referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy42.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled.A.homonymsB.polysemiesC.hyponymsD.synonyms43.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningisconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context44.Asentenceisaconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalconceptualC.mentalD.45.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n).A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive46.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil.A.inthelate50'softhe20thecentury_B.intheearly1950'sC.inthelate1960'sD.intheearly21stcentury47.istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact48.isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.49.A.SyntaxB.GrammarC.MorphologyD.Morpheme50.areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.Sentences51."-s"intheword"books"is.52.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.aroot53.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:affixand_boundroot.54.Thetheoryofconditionexplainsthefeetthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.55.referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy56.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeatures57.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningisconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context58.Asentenceisaconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalconceptualC.mentalD.59.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n).A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive60.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.65.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil.A.inthelate50'softhe20thecenturyB.intheearly1950'sC.inthelate1960'sD.intheearly21stcentury66.istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactD.AperformativeactC.Aperlocutionaryact67.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeisA.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething'sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs68.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer.A.intheirillocutionaryactsB.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforceD.intheireffectbroughtabout69.isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrincipleB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrinciple70.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicatures71.Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedas''fatherofmodernlinguistics,,isA.FirthB.SaussureC.HallidayD.Chomsky72.ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof.A.functionB.meaningC.signsD.system73.TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsisA.BoasB.SapirC.BloomfieldD.Harris74.Generallyspeaking,thespecifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure.A.SlotB.ClassC.RoleD.Cohesion75.GrammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussingIndo-Europeanlanguages.A.TraditionalB.StructuralC.FunctionalD.Generative76.GrammarstartedfromtheAmericanlinguistSydneyM.Lambinthelate1950sandtheearly1960s.A.StratificationalB.CaseC.RelationalD.Montague77.InHalliday'sview,thefunctionisthefunctionthatthechildusestoknowabouthissurroundings.A.personalB.heuristicC.imaginativeD.informative78.Therhemeinthesentence"OnitstoodJane,,is.A.OnitB.stoodC.OnitstoodD.Jane79.Chomskyfollowsinphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.A.empiricismB.behaviorismC.relationalismD.mentalism80.TGgrammarhasseenstagesofdevelopment.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixII.Explainthefollowingterms,petenceCompetence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker'sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.3.SynchroniclinguisticsSynchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.4.SoundassimilationSoundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.5.AllomorphAllomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.6.phonology7.SyntaxSyntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.8.referentialtheory9.PerformativePerformative:Inspeechacttheoryanutterancewhichperformsanact,suchasWatchout(=awarning).10.LocutionaryactLocutionaryact:Alocutionaryactisthesayingofsomethingwhichismeaningfulandcanbeunderstood.11.phonetics12.ComplementarydistributionComplementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.13.displacement14.sociolinguisticssociolinguistics:Definedinitsbroadestway,sociolinguistics,asubdisciplineoflinguistics,isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Itisconcernedwithlanguagevariation,languageuse,theimpactofextra-linguisticfactorsonlanguageuse,etc.15Phoneme20assimilation21synonymy22semanticsIII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.1.modificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.T2.TwosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameTheairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefbrtheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.T3.4.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.FInmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.F5.6.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.FInflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.F7.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.F8.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.T9.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.F10.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.11.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.F12.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.T13."Itishot.,,isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.T14.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.T15.Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.F16.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.F17.UtterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentencesF18.SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.F19.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.T20.communicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.F21.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.FLanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,theAllthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.FOnlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.F22.23.24.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.FIV.Fillintheblanks.1.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof_verbalcommunication.2.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.3.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionismetalingualfunction.4.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa_diachroniclinguistic.study.5.Consonantsoundscanbeeithervoiced.or_voiceless_,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.6.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causingfriction.7.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__tongueandthelips.8.InEnglishthereareanumberofdiphthongs,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.9.Phonemesisthesmallestlinguisticunit.10.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectontheairstream__comingfromthelungs.11.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswithvocabulary.12.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorheme.、13.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe_morphemelevel.14.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda_derivative,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalledacompound.=15.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhich=containsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.16.Asubjectmaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.17.A_complexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.18.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledanembeddedclause.19.Majorlexicalcategoriesare_opencategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.20.ThetheoryofCaseconditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.21.Semanticscanbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.22.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.23.Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.24.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.25.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledhomophones.26.ThePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleof_synchronicLinguistics.27.ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetween—phoneticsandphonology.28.ThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwasJ.R.Firth.29.Halliday'sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent,andthetheorybehindhisFunctionalGrammaris_systemic.30.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisa(n)_sociologicallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.31.Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsofdistribution.32.InthehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theperiodbetween1933and1950isalsoknownas_BloomfleldianAge.33.DescriptivisminlanguagetheoriesischaracteristicofAmerica.34.ThestartingpointofChomsky'sTGgrammarishisinnatenesshypothesis.35.ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements,thatisahypothesis-maker,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.V.GivethedescriptionofthefollowingconsonantsandvowelsinEnglish[p][b][s][z][d][k][1][t][m][h][g][j][u：][e][：][i:][o:][^]：][a:]3VI.Drawatreediagramofthefollowingsentences.1.Theboyatetheapple.2.Mothergaveadolltomysister.3.Mothergavemysisteradoll4.Ireadainterestingbook.VII.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Thefollowingconversationalfragmentsistosomedegreeodd.TowhatextentcantheoddnessbeexplainedbyreferencetoGricesCPandwhat9extentcantheoddnessbeexplainedbyreferencetoGricesCPand,maxims?A:Whenisthebuscoming?B:Therehasbeenanaccidentfurtheruptheroad.Yes,Biscooperative.Onthefaceofi