计算机文化-课件npchapter

ComputersandDigitalBasics

Chapter1Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics2ChapterContentsSectionA:AllThingsDigital一切皆数码（字）化SectionB:DigitalDevices数码设备SectionC:DigitalDataRepresentation数码数据表示SectionD:DigitalProcessing数字（码）处理SectionE:PasswordSecurity密码安全FastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse010100TheWebisjustanothernamefortheInternet.A010200Acomputer’soperatingsystemisatypeofapplicationsoftware.B010300Microcontrollersarespecialpurposemicroprocessorsthatcanbeembedded（嵌入）indevicessuchasrefrigerators,cars,andwashingmachines.A010400Abitisabinarydigit,suchasa1or0.A33Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse010500ASCII（美国信息交换标准代码：AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange）,EBCDIC

(广义二进制编码的十进制交换码：ExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode）,andUnicodeareusedtorepresentcharacterdata.A010600Amegabyte（MB）is1024bits.B010700Microprocessorsareatypeofintegratedcircuit.A010800C,COBOL,andJavaareexamplesofprogramminglanguages.A44Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse010900Acompilerconvertssourcecodetoobjectcode./编译器将源代码转换成目标代码A011000Thelistofcodesforamicroprocessor’sinstructionsetiscalledmachinelanguage./微处理器的指令集的代码列表被称为机器语言A011100Amicroprocessorholdsdataintheinterpreterregister./微处理器中寄存器保存数据的翻译.

B011200Adictionaryattackisavirusthathidesoutinthespellingcheckerforyourwordprocessingsoftware./字典攻击是一种病毒，隐藏在字处理软件的拼写检查器.

B收集好密码可能包含的字符串，然后通过各种方式组合。即相当于从字典中查密码，逐一验证！55Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics6AllThingsDigitalTheDigitalRevolutionConvergenceDigitalSocietyQuestion012100Computersandthedigitalrevolutionhavechangedourlivesinmanyfundamentalways.Ifyouwereonthefrontlinesofthedigitalrevolutionwhencomputerswerefirstdevelopedtobreakcodes（破解密码）

andcalculatemissiletrajectories（计算导弹轨迹）,youweremostlikelylivinginwhattimeperiod?计算机和数字化革命已经在许多基本方面改变了我们的生活。如果你在电脑最初被开发用破解密码和计算导弹轨迹的数字革命的最前线，你是最有可能生活在什么时间段？A.WorldWarIB.Theroaringtwenties咆哮的20年代C.WorldWarIID.The1960sChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics7Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics8TheDigitalRevolutionThedigitalrevolutionisanongoingprocessofsocial,political,andeconomicchangebroughtaboutbydigitaltechnology,suchascomputersandtheInternet/数字革命是一个由诸如计算机和互联网等数字化技术所带来的社会，政治和经济持续的变化过程Revolvesaroundaconstellationoftechnologies,includingdigitalelectronics,computers,communicationsnetworks,theWeb,anddigitization/这样的革命是围绕一个技术的星座来展开的，包括了数码电子学、计算机科学、通信网络科学、互联网和数字化等Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics9TheDigitalRevolutionDigitalelectronicsuseelectroniccircuitstorepresentdataToday,digitalelectronicdevicesincludecomputers,portablemediaplayerssuchasiPods,digitalcamerasandcamcorders（摄录一体机）,cellphones,radiosandtelevisions,GPSs（全球定位系统：GlobalPositioningSystem）,DVD（数字多功能光盘：DigitalVersatileDisc）andCD(激光唱片，光盘pactDisk)players,e-bookreaders,digitalvoicerecorders,andhandheldgamingconsolesTheDigitalRevolutionChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics10Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics11TheDigitalRevolutionThesecondphaseofthedigitalrevolutionmaterializedwhentheInternetwasopenedtopublicuseE-mailBulletinboards(电子公告系统-论坛)Chatgroups（聊天组）BlogsOnlinesocial

networks（在线社交网络）Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics12TheDigitalRevolutionAcomputernetworkisagroupofcomputerslinkedbywiredorwirelesstechnologytosharedataandresourcesTheWebisacollectionoflinkeddocuments,graphics,andsoundsthatcanbeaccessedovertheInternetCyberspaceisatermthatreferstoentitiesthatexistlargelywithincomputernetworks/网络空间是指一个主要是计算机网络内的实体存在术语，Digitizationistheprocessofconvertingtext,numbers,sound,photos,andvideointodatathatcanbeprocessedbydigitaldevices/数字化是将文本数字，声音，照片，视频转换成可被数字设备处理的数据的转换过程Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics13Convergence（交汇）Technologicalconvergence

（技术交汇）isaprocessbywhichseveraltechnologieswithdistinctfunctionalities（独立功能）evolvetoform（发展成）asingleproductConvergencetendstoofferenhancedfunctionality（增强功能）

andconvenience（方便性）Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics14DigitalSociety（数字化社会）Digitaltechnologiesandcommunicationsnetworksmakeiteasytocrossculturalandgeographicboundaries（文化与地理边界）Anonymous（匿名）Internetsites,suchasFreenet,andanonymizertools（匿名化工具）thatcloak（隐秘）aperson’sidentity,evenmakeitpossibletoexercisefreedomofspeechinsituationswherereprisals（报复）

mightrepress（遏制）itCitizensoffreesocietieshaveanexpectationofprivacy/自由社会的公民有一个期望的隐私Intellectualpropertyreferstotheownershipofcertaintypesofinformation,ideas,orrepresentations/知识产权是指某些类型的信息、创意或表达形式的所有权Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics15DigitalSocietyDigitaltechnologyisanimportantfactoringlobalandnationaleconomies,inadditiontoaffectingtheeconomicstatusofindividuals/数字技术在全球和国家经济的一个重要因素，除了影响个人的经济状况Globalizationcanbedefinedastheworldwideeconomicinterdependenceofcountriesthatoccursascross-bordercommerceincreasesandasmoneyflowsmorefreelyamongcountries/全球化可以被定义为全球各国经济的相互依存，而这样的依存是由于发生跨境（电子）商务的增加，资金流动更加自由所引起的Individualsareaffectedbythedigitaldivide,atermthatreferstothegapbetweenpeoplewhohaveaccesstotechnologyandthosewhodonot/个人受数字鸿沟的影响，数字鸿沟是指存在在那些已经获得数字技术的和那些还不曾获得数字技术的人们之间的差距Digitaltechnologypermeatestheverycoreofmodernlife/数字技术渗透到现代生活​​的核心Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics16DigitalDevicesComputerBasicsPersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputers/个人电脑，服务器，大型机和超级计算机PDAs(个人数字助理PersonalDigitalAssistant),Smartphones,andPortableMediaPlayers/个人数字助理（掌上电脑)，智能手机和便携式媒体播放器Microcontrollers/\微控制器Question012200Today,consumerscanchoosefromawidevarietyofdigitaldevices,includingpersonalcomputers,workstations,videogameconsoles,smartphones,iPods,andPDAs.Knowingthestrengths(长处)ofthesedeviceshelpsyoumaketherightchoice.Whatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweenvideogameconsoles,personalcomputers,andsmartphones?A.Videogameconsolesandsmartphonesarenotbeclassifiedascomputersbecausetheydon’thavestoredprogramcapabilitieslikerealcomputers.NB.Videogameconsolesandsmartphonesfillspecializedniches(壁龛)andarenotreplacementsforpersonalcomputers.YC.PersonalcomputersandsmartphonescanbeusedtoaccesstheInternet,whereasvideogameconsolescannot.YD.Personalcomputersandsmartphoneshavebettergraphicsthanvideogameconsoles.N1717Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics18ComputerBasicsAcomputerisamultipurposedevicethatacceptsinput,processesdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput,allaccordingtoaseriesofstoredinstructions(存贮的指令）Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics19ComputerBasicsComputerinputiswhateveristyped,submitted,ortransmittedtoacomputersystem/计算机出入就是键入、提交或传输到电脑系统的任何东西OutputistheresultproducedbyacomputerDatareferstothesymbolsthatrepresentfacts,objects,andideas/数据指的是事实，对象和思想的符号表示Computersmanipulate(操纵)datainmanyways,andthismanipulationiscalledprocessing（处理）CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)MicroprocessorChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics20ComputerBasicsMemory（内存）isanareaofacomputerthattemporarilyholdsdatawaitingtobeprocessed,stored,oroutputStorage（外存）istheareawheredatacanbeleftonapermanent（永久的）basiswhenitisnotimmediatelyneededforprocessingAfileisanamedcollectionofdatathatexistsonastoragemedium（介质）Theseriesofinstructions（指令序列）thattellsacomputerhowtocarryoutprocessingtasksisreferredtoasacomputerprogramSoftwareChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics21ComputerBasicsAstoredprogram（存储程序）meansthataseriesofinstructionsforacomputingtaskcanbeloadedintoacomputer’smemory/存储程序装置是指为一个计算任务而设计的可以被加载到计算机的内存中一系列指令Allowsyoutoswitchbetweentasks/允许你在任务之间切换Distinguishesacomputerfromothersimplerandlessversatiledevices/这是计算机与其他简单和通用性差的设备的主要区别之处Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics22ComputerBasicsApplicationsoftwareisasetofcomputerprogramsthathelpsapersoncarryoutatask/应用软件是一套可以帮助一个人完成某项任务计算机程序Theprimarypurposeofsystemsoftwareistohelpthecomputersystemmonitoritselfinordertofunctionefficiently/系统软件的主要目的是为了使计算机有效地发挥作用而设计的一套对计算机系统自身进行监控软件系统Operatingsystem(OS)/操作系统Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics23PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersApersonalcomputerisamicroprocessor-basedcomputingdevicedesignedtomeetthecomputingneedsofanindividual/一台个人电脑是一个基于微处理器的旨在满足个人的计算需求计算设备Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics24PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersThetermworkstationhastwomeanings:Anordinarypersonalcomputerthatisconnectedtoanetwork/一台连到网络上的普通个人电脑Apowerfuldesktopcomputerusedforhigh-performancetasks/一个强大的用于高性能计算任务的台式电脑Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics25PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersAvideogameconsole,suchasNintendo’s（任天堂）Wii,Sony’sPlayStation,orMicrosoft’sXbox,arenotgenerallyreferredtoaspersonalcomputersbecauseoftheirhistoryas

dedicatedgamedevices（专用的游戏设备）Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics26PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersThepurposeofaserveristoservecomputersonanetwork(suchastheInternetorahomenetwork)bysupplyingthemwithdataAmainframecomputer(orsimplyamainframe)isalargeandexpensivecomputercapableofsimultaneouslyprocessingdataforhundredsorthousandsofusers/一台大型机是一个庞大而昂贵的计算机，能够同时处理数百或数千用户数据Acomputerfallsintotheputercategoryifitis,atthetimeofconstruction,oneofthefastestcomputersintheworld/所谓超级计算机类是指在建造时它在世界上的最快的计算机之一Acompute-intensiveproblemisonethatrequiresmassiveamountsofdatatobeprocessedusingcomplexmathematicalcalculations/一项计算密集型问题是一个需要使用复杂的数学计算模型来处理大量的数据Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics27PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andputersChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics28PDAs,Smartphones,andPortableMediaPlayersAPDA(personaldigitalassistant)isapocket-sizeddigitalappointmentbook（名片录、约会登记表）withasmallqwertykeyboardoratouch-sensitivescreen,designedtorunonbatteriesandbeusedwhileholdingitAhandheldcomputerisessentiallyaPDAenhancedwithfeaturessuchasremovablestorage,e-mail,Webaccess,voicecommunications,built-incamera,andGPS/掌上电脑本质上是一个增强的PDA，带有移动存储，电子邮件，Web访问，语音通信，内置摄像头和GPS功能PDAs,Smartphones,andPortableMediaPlayersAsmartphone,whichinadditiontovoicecommunication,includesfeaturessuchasfullqwertykeypad,textmessaging,e-mail,Webaccess,removablestorage,camera,FMradio,digitalmusicplayer,andsoftwareoptionsforgames,financialmanagement,personalorganizer,GPS,andmaps/智能手机，它除了可以进行语音通信，还包括了QWERTY全键盘、短信、电子邮件、Web访问、移动存储、摄像头、FM收音机、数码音乐播放器和游戏软件、财务管理等功能，个人通讯录、GPS和地图等iPodsandsimilardevicesareclassifiedasportablemediaplayersbecausetheirmainstrengthisplayingmusic,showingvideos,andstoringphotos/iPod和类似设备被列为便携式媒体播放器,因为他们的主要用于播放音乐、视频、照片存储____________________________Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics2929Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics30PDAs,Smartphones,andPortableMediaPlayersChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics31MicrocontrollersAmicrocontrollerisaspecial-purposemicroprocessorthatisbuiltintothemachineitcontrols/微控制器是一种特殊用途的微处理器，被内置入它所控制的机器Microcontrollerscanbeembeddedinallsortsofeverydaydevices/微控制器可以被嵌入到各种日常设备中Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics32DigitalDataRepresentationDataRepresentationBasicsRepresentingNumbers,Text,andPicturesQuantifyingBitsandBytes/确定位和字节的量CircuitsandChips

/电路和芯片Question012300Whenyoushopfordigitaldevices,theircapabilitiesareoftentouted（兜售）intermsofspeedandcapacity.Supposeyou’reshoppingforaUSBFlashdrive.Afriendmendsonethat’s64GB.Whatdoesthatmean?A.Itoperatesat64gigabitspersecond.B.Itholds64billionbytesofdata./64,000,000,000bytes=64,000,000KBs=64,000MBs=64GBsC.Itholds64million0sand1storepresentdata.D.Ituses64-bitASCIIcodetoholddata.3333Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics34DataRepresentationDatarepresentationreferstotheforminwhichdataisstored,processed,andtransmitted/数据表示是指在其中的数据存储，处理，传输形式Digitaldevicesworkwithdistinctandseparatedata

/数字设备以离散的数据形式工作Analogdevicesworkwithcontinuousdata

/模拟设备以连续的数据形式工作Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics35RepresentingNumbers,Text,

andPicturesNumericdata/数字数据BinarynumbersystemCharacterdata/字符数据ASCII,ExtendedASCII,EBCDIC,andUnicodeDigitizingistheprocessofconvertinganalogdataintodigitalformat/数字化是将模拟数据转换成数字格式的过程Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics36DataRepresentation十进制484921Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics37QuantifyingBitsandBytes/位和字节的量Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics38CircuitsandChipsAnintegratedcircuit(computerchip)isasuper-thinslice/超薄薄片

ofsemiconductingmaterialpackedwithmicroscopiccircuitelements/显微镜可见的电路元器件DIP（Dualln-linePackage，双列直插式封装）,此封装形式在当时具有适合PCB（印刷电路板）穿孔安装，布线和操作较为方便等特点PGA（Pin-GridArray，引脚网格阵列）一种芯片封装形式，多用于CPU等的封装，缺点是耗电量大Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics39CircuitsandChipsTheelectroniccomponentsofmostdigitaldevicesaremountedonacircuitboardcalledasystemboard/大多数的数字设备的电子部件安装在一个称为系统板的电路板上Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics40DigitalProcessingProgramsandInstructionSets/程序和指令集ProcessorLogic/处理器逻辑Question012400Programmerswritecomputerprogramsforwordprocessing,displayingphotos,playingmusic,andshowingmovies.Whatprogrammerswrite,however,isnotwhatacomputeractuallyprocesses.Whyisthisthecase?A.Becauseprogrammersusuallywriteprogramsusinghigh-levelprogramminglanguages(高级编程语言)thathavetobeconvertedintomachinelanguage(机器语言)thatcomputerscanworkwith.B.Becauseprogramsarebasicallyoutlinesthatprogrammershavetofilloutusingopcodes.C.Becausehigh-levellanguagesaretoodetailedforcomputerstoprocess,soprogramswrittenintheselanguageshavetobesimplified.D.Becausecomputerprogrammersmaketoomanyerrorsforprogramstorunsuccessfully.4141Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics42ProgramsandInstructionSetsComputers,portablemediaplayers,PDAs,andsmartphonesallworkwithdigitaldataComputerprogrammerscreateprogramsthatcontroldigitaldevices.Theseprogramsareusuallywritteninahigh-levelprogramminglanguage/计算机程序员创建的程序，控制数字设备。这些程序通常用高级语言编写Thehuman-readableversionofaprogramcreatedinahigh-levellanguagebyaprogrammeriscalledsourcecode一个/由程序员用高级语言创建的人类可读的程序被称为源代码Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics43ProgramsandInstructionSets编译器-编译源代码成机器代码，可执行代码，然后执行解释器-解释执行指令，一句一句边解释边执行Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics44ProgramsandInstructionSetsAmicroprocessorishard-wiredtoperformisalimitedsetofactivities/微处理器通过用硬件连接的方式来执行一套有限的动作Alimitedcollectionofpreprogrammedactivitiesiscalledaninstructionset/一预先编程好的有限动作的集合称为指令集Eachinstructionhasacorrespondingsequenceof0sand1s/每条指令都有相应的0和1的序列Theendproductiscalledmachinecode/最终产品称为机器代码1sand0sChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics45ProgramsandInstructionSetsAnopcode(操作符

shortforoperationcode)isacommandwordforanoperationsuchasadd,compare,orjump（操作码是一个操作命令字）Theoperand（操作数）foraninstructionspecifiesthedata,ortheaddressofthedata,fortheoperation/一个指令中的操作数是指一个操作中的用于操作的数据或数据的地址Inthefollowinginstruction,theopcodemeansaddandtheoperandis1,sotheinstructionmeansAdd1(20131022讲)ProgramsandInstructionSetsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics46Sum=12+22+…Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics47ProcessorLogicTheALU(ArithmeticLogicUnit)isthepartofthemicroprocessorthatperformsarithmeticoperations/ALU（算术逻辑单元）是微处理器中执行算术操作的部分TheALUusesregisterstoholddatathatisbeingprocessed/ALU使用寄存器来保持将被处理的数据Themicroprocessor’scontrolunitfetcheseachinstruction,justasyougeteachingredientoutofacupboardortherefrigerator/微处理器控制单元读取每一条指令，就像你从橱柜或冰箱得到各每一种餐料成分一样Theterminstructioncyclereferstotheprocessinwhichacomputerexecutesasingleinstruction/术语指令周期是指在一个计算机执行一条单一的指令的过程Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics48ProcessorLogicChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics49ProcessorLogicChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics50PasswordSecurityAuthenticationProtocols/认证协议PasswordHacks/密码破解SecurePasswords/安全密码Question012500Securityexpertsstressthattheuseof“strong”passwordscanpreventidentitytheftandhelptokeepyourcomputerfilessecure.Whichofthefollowingpasswordsislikelytobethemostsecure?A.12345becauseitisallnumbers.B.Hippocampus,becauseitisalongandunusualword.C.Il2baomw,becauseitcombinesnumberswithanonsenseword.D.Football88,becauseitcombinesawordandnumbers.5151Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics52AuthenticationProtocolsSecurityexpertsusethetermauthenticationprotocoltorefertoanymethodthatconfirmsaperson’sidentityusingsomethingthepersonknows,somethingthepersonpossesses,orsomethingthepersonis/安全专家使用术语认证协议来指利用人所知道、所拥有、或是什么的人用来确定一个人的身份的任何方法Apersoncanalsobeidentifiedbybiometrics,suchasafingerprint,facialfeatures(photo),orretinalpattern/一个人也可以以他的生物特性被识别，比如指纹、人脸特征（照片）、或视网膜图案AuserIDisaseriesofcharacters—lettersandpossiblynumbersorspecialsymbols—thatesaperson’suniqueidentifier/一个用户ID是一系列字母的字符和数字或特殊符号组合，以此来形成一个人的唯一标识符ApasswordisaseriesofcharactersthatverifiesauserIDandguaranteesthatyouarethepersonyouclaimtobe/密码是一系列字符，他验证用户ID以保证你是你说的那个人Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics53AuthenticationProtocolsChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBa