《实战整合营销学》完整讲稿ile

ComputerOperatingSystemsFANGDingyi(房鼎益)DepartmentofNetworking&CommunicationEng.TEL:88308273(lab);88308114(O)Email:dyf@WordsbeforetheCourse:Textbook:OperatingSystems—InternalsandDesignPrinciples

(3irdor4thedition)，WilliamStalling,PrenticeHall/清华大学出版社;魏迎梅等译，电子工业出版社出版WordsbeforetheCourse:Grade:30%(10%presentation+10%homewwork+10%project)+

30%(midtermexam)+40%(finalexam)Claimoftheexam:allquestionareinEnglishWordsbeforetheCourse:Referenceboobs（inChinese）:1.《计算机操作系统》,骆斌等著，高等教育出版社；2.《计算机操作系统》,孙雅如、房鼎益著，西电出版社；

3.《计算机操作系统》,汤子赢等著，西电出版社；4.《计算机操作系统》,何炎祥等著，清华大学出版社；ComputerSystemOverviewChapter1OperatingSystemExploitsthehardwareresourcesofoneormoreprocessors(充分利用处理机资源)Providesasetofservicestosystemusers(提供方便用户使用的服务)ManagessecondarymemoryandI/Odevices(管理外存与外设)BasicElementsProcessorMainMemoryreferredtoasrealmemoryorprimarymemoryVolatile(易挥发的—掉电后内容丢失)I/OmodulessecondarymemorydevicescommunicationsequipmentterminalsSystembuscommunicationamongprocessors,memory,andI/OmodulesTop-LevelComponentsProcessorRegistersUser-visibleregistersEnableprogrammertominimizemain-memoryreferencesbyoptimizingregisteruseControlandstatusregistersUsedbyprocessortocontroloperatingoftheprocessorUsedbyoperating-systemroutinestocontroltheexecutionofprogramsUser-VisibleRegistersMaybereferencedbymachinelanguageAvailabletoallprograms-applicationprogramsandsystemprogramsTypesofregistersDataAddressIndexSegmentpointerStackpointerUser-VisibleRegistersAddressRegistersIndexinvolvesaddinganindextoabasevaluetogetanaddressSegmentpointerwhenmemoryisdividedintosegments,memoryisreferencedbyasegmentandanoffsetStackpointerpointstotopofstackControlandStatusRegistersProgramCounter(PC)ContainstheaddressofaninstructiontobefetchedInstructionRegister(IR)ContainstheinstructionmostrecentlyfetchedProgramStatusWord(PSW)conditioncodesInterruptenable/disableSupervisor/usermodeControlandStatusRegistersConditionCodesorFlagsBitssetbytheprocessorhardwareasaresultofoperationsCanbeaccessedbyaprogrambutnotalteredExamplespositiveresultnegativeresultzeroOverflowInstructionExecutionTwostepsProcessorreadsinstructionsfrommemoryFetchesProcessorexecuteseachinstructionInstructionCycleInstructionFetchandExecuteTheprocessorfetchestheinstructionfrommemoryProgramcounter(PC)holdsaddressoftheinstructiontobefetchednextProgramcounterisincrementedaftereachfetchInstructionRegisterFetchedinstructionisplacedintheinstructionregisterTypesofinstructionsProcessor-memorytransferdatabetweenprocessorandmemoryProcessor-I/OdatatransferredtoorfromaperipheraldeviceDataprocessingarithmeticorlogicoperationondataControlaltersequenceofexecutionCharacteristicsofaHypotheticalMachineExampleofProgramExecutionDirectMemoryAccess(DMA)I/OexchangesoccurdirectlywithmemoryProcessorgrantsI/OmoduleauthoritytoreadfromorwritetomemoryRelievestheprocessorresponsibilityfortheexchangeProcessorisfreetodootherthingsInterruptsAninterruptionofthenormalsequenceofexecutionImprovesprocessingefficiencyAllowstheprocessortoexecuteotherinstructionswhileanI/OoperationisinprogressAsuspensionofaprocesscausedbyaneventexternaltothatprocessandperformedinsuchawaythattheprocesscanberesumedClassesofInterruptsProgramFlowofControlWithoutInterruptsProgramFlowofControlWithInterrupts,ShortI/OWaitProgramFlowofControlWithInterrupts;LongI/OWaitInterruptHandlerAprogramthatdeterminesnatureoftheinterruptandperformswhateveractionsareneededControlistransferredtothisprogramGenerallypartoftheoperatingsystemInterruptsSuspendsthenormalsequenceofexecutionInterruptCycleInterruptCycleProcessorchecksforinterruptsIfnointerruptsfetchthenextinstructionforthecurrentprogramIfaninterruptispending(待解决的),suspendexecutionofthecurrentprogram,andexecutetheinterrupt-handlerroutineTimingDiagramBasedonShortI/OWaitTimingDiagramBasedonShortI/OWaitSimpleInterruptProcessingChangesinMemoryandRegistersforanInterruptChangesinMemoryandRegistersforanInterruptMultipleInterruptsDisableinterruptswhileaninterruptisbeingprocessedMultipleInterruptsDefineprioritiesforinterruptsMultipleInterruptsMultiprogrammingProcessorhasmorethanoneprogramtoexecuteThesequencetheprogramsareexecuteddependontheirrelativepriorityandwhethertheyarewaitingforI/OAfteraninterrupthandlercompletes,controlmaynotreturntotheprogramthatwasexecutingatthetimeoftheinterruptMemoryHierarchyFasteraccesstime,greatercostperbitGreatercapacity,smallercostperbitGreatercapacity,sloweraccessspeedMemoryHierarchyGoingDowntheHierarchyDecreasingcostperbitIncreasingcapacityIncreasingaccesstimeDecreasingfrequencyofaccessofthememorybytheprocessorLocalityofreferenceSecondaryMemoryNonvolatileAuxiliarymemoryUsedtostoreprogramanddatafilesDiskCacheAportionofmainmemoryusedasabuffertotemporarilytoholddataforthediskDiskwritesareclusteredSomedatawrittenoutmaybereferencedagain.ThedataareretrievedrapidlyfromthesoftwarecacheinsteadofslowlyfromdiskCacheMemoryInvisibletooperatingsystemIncreasethespeedofmemoryProcessorspeedisfasterthanmemoryspeedExploittheprincipleoflocalityCacheMemoryCacheMemoryContainsacopyofaportionofmainmemoryProcessorfirstcheckscacheIfnotfoundincache,theblockofmemorycontainingtheneededinformationismovedtothecacheanddeliveredtotheprocessorCache/MainMemorySystemCacheReadOperationCacheDesignCachesizeSmallcacheshaveasignificantimpactonperformanceBlocksizeTheunitofdataexchangedbetweencacheandmainmemoryLargerblocksizemorehitsuntilprobabilityofusingnewlyfetcheddatabecomeslessthantheprobabilityofreusingdatathathavetobemovedoutofcacheCacheDesignMappingfunctionDetermineswhichcachelocationtheblockwilloccupyReplacementalgorithmDetermineswhichblocktoreplaceLeast-Recently-Used(LRU)algorithmCacheDesignWritepolicyWhenthememorywriteoperationtakesplaceCanoccureverytimeblockisupdatedCanoccuronlywhenblockisreplacedMinimizesmemorywriteoperationsLeavesmainmemoryinanobsoletestateProgrammedI/OI/Omoduleperformstheaction,nottheprocessorSetsappropriatebitsintheI/OstatusregisterNointerruptsoccurProcessorchecksstatusuntiloperationiscompleteInterrupt-DrivenI/OProcessorisinterruptedwhenI/OmodulereadytoexchangedataProcessorsavescontextofprogramexecutingandbeginsexecutinginterrupt-handlerNoneedlesswaitingConsumesalotofprocessortimebecauseeverywordreadorwrittenpassesthroughtheprocessorDirectMemoryAccessTransfersablockofdatadirectlytoorfrommemoryAninterruptissentwhenthetransferiscompleteProcessorcontinueswithotherwork9、静夜四无无邻，荒居居旧业贫。。。1月-231月-23Thursday,January5,202310、雨雨中中黄黄叶叶树树，，灯灯下下白白头头人人。。。。02:42:4502:42:4502:421/5/20232:42:45AM11、以以我我独独沈沈久久，，愧愧君君相相见见频频。。。。1月月-2302:42:4502:42Jan-2305-Jan-2312、故故人人江江海海别别，，几几度度隔隔山山川川。。。。02:42:4502:42:4502:42Thursday,January5,202313、乍见翻疑疑梦，相悲悲各问年。。。1月-231月-2302:42:4502:42:45January5,202314、他他乡乡生生白白发发，，旧旧国国见见青青山山。。。。05一一月月20232:42:45上上午午02:42:451月月-2315、比不了了得就不不比，得得不到的的就不要要。。。一月232:42上午午1月-2302:42January5,202316、行动出成成果，工作作出财富。。。2023/1/52:42:4502:42:4505January202317、做做前前，，能能够够环环视视四四周周；；做做时时，，你你只只能能或或者者最最好好沿沿着着以以脚脚为为起起点点的的射射线线向向前前。。。。2:42:45上上午午2:42上上午午02:42:451月月-239、没有有失败败，只只有暂暂时停停止成成功！！。1月-231月-23Thursday,January5,202310、很多事情情努力了未未必有结果果，但是不不努力却什什么改变也也没有。。。02:42:4502:42:4502:421/5/20232:42:45AM11、成成功功就就是是日日复复一一日日那那一一点点点点小小小小努努力力的的积积累累。。。。1月月-2302:42:4502:42Jan-2305-Jan-2312、世间成事，，不求其绝对对圆满，留一一份不足，可可得无限完美美。。02:42:4502:42:4502:42Thursday,January5,202313、不知香积积寺，数里里入云峰。。。1月-231月-2302:42:4502:42:45January5,202314、意志坚坚强的人人能把世世界放在在手中像像泥块一一样任意意揉捏。。05一一月20232:42:45上午午02:42:451月-2315、楚楚塞塞三三湘湘接接，，荆荆门门九九派派通通。。。。。一月月232:42上上午午1月月-2302:42January5,202316、少少年年十十五五二二十十时时，，步步行行夺夺得得胡胡马马骑骑。。。。2023/1/52:42:4502:42:4505January202317、空山山新雨雨后，，天气气晚来来秋。。。2:42:46上上午2:42上上午午02:42:461月-239、杨柳散和风风，青山澹吾吾虑。。1月-231月-23Thursday,January5,20