-高中英语阅读理解-事实细节题

阅读第1讲事实细节题细节理解题是高考英语阅读理解中占比重最大的一类题型，这类题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。主要针对who,what,which,why,how,when,where等来提问，可能只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节。【考纲解读】.从近几年实施细节题的考查来看，不仅是数量增加，而且难度也稍有增加，表现为：答案需要跨段落搜集信息；题目设置顺序与全文顺序不一致；题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。.以考查语言运用能力为主，考查语言知识为辅，考查的侧重点将向语篇能力的运用方面倾斜，要求考生运用自己的综合能力和知识结构去解题。【命题规律】考查理解文章主要细节的试题，命题人一般都是通过对文章细节加以改写来考查准确理解细节的能力。细节题有可能是直接理解题，但多数情况下是间接理解题。要求在理解的基础上，通过思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化，比如计算，排序，选图等。【命题趋势】事实细节题呈增多趋势。题目将由简单的寻找信息转向多层次细节推理综合，答案需要跨段落搜集信息，单纯考查事实细节的题不太多。【常考点清单】.Whichofthefollowingistrue/false/mentioned?.Whatdoesthewriterpayleastattentionto?.Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?.Allofthefollowingstatementsmaybetrue/falseexcept .Whichofthefollowingisnottheresultof...?【重点难点】1.语义转换［技巧点拨］虽然说细节题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接地找到，但是与阅读材料一模一样的正确选项是几乎没有的。而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思即语意转换。解题时注意以下几点：1.顺序性原则：一般说来，题序与其题眼在文章中的顺序相同。如第53题的答案信息会在第52题的答案信息之后。.定位信息点：通过寻读法(scanning),用题干中的关键词在文中搜索，迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置，缩小阅读范围。题干中可用来在文中搜索的关键词可能是专有名词、数词、实体名词，以及这些词的同义表达等。.理解信息点：在找到关键词句后，要仔细阅读，准确理解，对照选项，看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。.排除干扰项：在作出选择的过程中，要善于辨别真伪，排除干扰，不断缩小范围，选出正确答案，这就是我们常说的排除法。干扰项一般具有以下特征：(1)杜撰事实，无中生有。文中根本找不到任何相关信息，完全由命题人所捏造。(2)偷梁换柱，以假乱真。采用原文中的句式和大部分词汇，但换了个别词，改变了原意或范围。(3)半真半假，虚虚实实。干扰项与原文相关细节部分相同，部分相悖。(4)文不对题，滥竽充数。干扰项是文中的事实细节，但与题干要求不符。［经典例题］----Intheanimalkingdom,weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme,pourcreamintomycoffee,orhelpmetoputonmycoat.AndIhavediscoveredthatitmakesthemhappy.Frommywheelchairexperience,Iseethebestinpeople,butsometimesIfeelsadbecausethosewhoappearindependentmissthekindnessIseedaily.Theydon,tgettoseethissoftsideofothers.Often,wetryeverywaypossibletoavoidshowingourweakness,whichincludesalotofpretending.Butonlywhenwestoppretendingwe,rebraveorstrongdoweallowpeopletoshowthekindnessthat,sinthem.Theauthorhasdiscoveredthatpeoplewillfeelhappywhen.theyoffertheirhelptheyreceiveothers,helptheyfeelothers,kindnesstheyshowtheirweaknessTheauthorfeelssadsometimesbecause.hehasasofthearthereliesmuchonotherssomepeoplepretendtobekindsomepeoplefailtoseethekindnessinothers2.是非判断［技巧点拨］这里的是非判断题，主要是指true或nottrue,以及含except等词的这类题。解答这类题，一定要看清，是选与文章内容相符的选项还是选不相符的选项，或是选文中没有谈及的内容。特别注意：NOTtrue这类题，要求选出一个错误选项，也就是说，有三个选项是正确的。考生千万不要看到一个正确选项时，就以为这是要选的正确答案呀，这点非常容易出错。Nottrue这类题涉及的信息点跨度大，要注意作记号。［经典例题］--Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms.Certainmicroorganisms（微生物）causemosttypesoffoodpoisoning.Bacteriaandothermicroorganismscanpoisoneggs,meat,vegetables,andmanyotherfoods.Afterenteringthebody,thesetinylivingthingsrelease（释放）poisonsthatmakepeoplesick.Somechemicalscanalsocausefoodpoisoning.Theyareoftenaddedtofoodwhileitisbeinggrown,processes,orprepared.Forexample,manyfarmersspraychemicalsoncropstokillweedsandinsects.Somepeoplemayhaveabadreactiontothosechemicalswhentheyeatthecrops.Someplantsandanimalscontainnaturalpoisonsthatareharmfultopeople.Theseincludecertainkindsofseafood,grains,nuts,seeds,beans,andmushrooms.Whenpeoplehandlefoodproperly,theriskoffoodpoisoningisverysmall...1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?Foodpoisonedcanmakepeoplesick.Foodpoisoningmeansdeath.Foodpoisoningcomesinvarieties.Foodpoisoningcanbeserious.2.FoodpoisoningcanbecausedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT.somechemicalslowtemperaturessometinylivingthingscertainnaturalmaterials【课堂练习】【1】Formanyparents,raisingateenagerislikefightingalongwar,butyearsgobywithoutanyclearwinner.Likeaborderconflictbetweenneighboringcountries,theparent-teenwarisaboutboundaries:WhereisthelinebetweenwhatIcontrolandwhatyoudo?Whydoestheauthorcomparetheparent-teenwartoaborderconflict?A.BothcancontinueforgenerationsBothareaboutwheretodrawthelineNeitherhasanyclearwinnerNeithercanbeputtoanend【2】Theresearchersstudiedculturaldifferencesintherecognitionoffacialexpressionsbyrecordingtheeyemovementsof13WesternCaucasianand13EastAsianpeoplewhiletheyobservedpicturesofexpressivefacesandputthemintocategories:happy,sad,surprised,fearful,disgusted,angry,orneutral.Theycomparedhowaccuratelyparticipantsreadthosefacialexpressionsusingtheirparticulareyemovementstrategies.Whatwerethepeopleaskedtodointhestudy?Tomakeafaceateachother.Togettheirfacesimpressive.Toclassifysomefacepictures.Toobservetheresearchers'faces.【3】AfterWorldWarII,thepopulationofmostlargeAmericancitiesdecreased;however,thepopulationinmanySunBeltcitiesincreased.LosAngelesandHoustonarecitieswherepopulationshifts（转移）toandfromthecityreflectthechangingvaluesofAmericansociety.Inthelate1940sandearly1950s,cityresidentsbecamewealthier.Theyhadmorechildrensotheyneededmorespace.Theymovedoutoftheirapartmentsinthecitytobuytheirownhomes.Theyboughthousesinthesuburbs.WhydidAmericancityresidentswanttoliveinthesuburbsafterWorldWarll?BecauseolderAmericancitiesweredying.Becausetheywerericherandneededmorespace.Becausecitiescontainedtheworstpareofsociety.Becausetheycouldhardlyaffordaliveinthecity.【4】WhenIwasgrowingupinAmerica,Iwasashamedofmymother,sChineseEnglish.BecauseofherEnglish,shewasoftentreatedunfairly.Peopleindepartmentstores,atbanks,andatrestaurantsdidnottakeherseriously,didnotgivehergoodservice,pretendednottounderstandher,orevenactedasiftheydidnothearher.Whywastheauthor,smotherpoorlyserved?ShewasunabletospeakgoodEnglish.Shewasoftenmisunderstood.Shewasnotclearlyheard.Shewasnotverypolite.【5】ItwasavillageinIndia.Thepeoplewerepoor.However,theywerenotunhappy.Afterall,theirforefathershadlivedinthesamewayforcenturies.Thenoneday,somevisitorsfromthecityarrived.Theytoldthevillagersthereweresomepeopleelsewherewholikedtoeatfrog,slegs.However,theydidnothaveenoughfrogsoftheirown,andsotheywantedtobuyfrogsfromotherplaces.Fromparagraph1welearnthatthevillagers.A.workedveryhardforcenturiesB.dreamedofhavingabetterlifeC.werepoorbutsomewhatcontentD.livedadifferentlifefromtheirforefathers【6】DuringthedriermonthsbetweenDecemberandMarchhoatzinsflyabouttheforestingroupsof20to30birds,butinApril,whentherainyseasonbegins,theycollecttogetherinsmallerlivingunitsoftwotosevenbirdsforproducingpurposes.Whydohoatzinscollecttogetherinsmallergroupswhentherainyseasoncomes?A.Tofindmorefood. B.Toprotectthemselvesbetter.C.Tokeepthemselveswarm.D.Toproducetheiryoung.【课后巩固练习】【1】Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms.Weknowfromthepassagethatthesymptomsoffoodpoisoning.A.arealwaysaccompaniedbyafever B.aretoocommontobenotedC.canbenoticedwithinhours D.canbeignored【2】Moderninventionshavespeededuppeople,slivesamazingly.Motorcarscoverahundredmilesinlittlemorethananhour,aircraftcrosstheworldaday,whilecomputersoperateatlightningspeed.Indeed,thisloveofspeedseemsnever-ending.Everyyearmotor-carsareproducedwhichgoevenfasterandeachnewcomputerboasts（吹嘘）。£savingprecioussecondsinhandlingtasks.Thenewproductsbecomemoreandmoretime-savingbecause. .A.ourloveonspeedseemsnever-endingB.timeislimitedC.thepricesareincreasinglyhigh D.themanufacturersboastalot【3】ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildren,sabilitytolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatestefforttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.Oneofthestudieslookedatnearly400northernCaliforniathird-graders.ThosewithTVsintheirbedroomsscoredabouteightpointsloweronmathandlanguageartsteststhanchildrenwithoutbedroomTVs.AccordingtotheCaliforniastudy,thelow-scoringgroupmight.A.havewatchedalotofTV B.notbeinterestedinmathC.beunabletogotocollege D.havehadcomputersintheirbedrooms【4】Herjobintravelwritingbegansomeeightyearsago.AftergettingaPhDinEnglishinCanada,shetookatestforFrommer'stravelguides,passedit,andgotthejob.AfterworkingatFrommer's,JarolimworkedforawhileatRoughGuidesinLondon,thenFodor's,whereshefellsoinlovewithadescriptionoftheSouthwestoftheU.S.thatshemovedthere.Nowasatravelwriter,shespendsone-thirdofheryearontheroad.TherestofthetimeisspentcompletinghertasksandwritingreviewsofrestaurantsathomeinTucson,Arizona.WhichcountrydoesJarolimliveinnow?A.Mexico.B.TheU.S.C.TheU.KD.Canada【5】AmyJohnsonwasbornonJuly1,1903,inHullYorkshireandlivedthereuntilshewenttoSheffieldUniversityin1923toreadforaBA.Aftergraduating,shemovedontoworkasasecretarytoaLondonsolicitor（律师）whereshealsobecameinterestedinflying.AmybegantolearntoflyattheLondonAeroplaneClubinthewinterof1928-1929andherhobbysoonbecameanall-consumingdetermination,notsimplytomakeacareerinaviation（航空），buttosucceedinsomeprojects,whichwoulddemonstratetotheworldthatwomencouldbeascompetent（能干）asmeninhitherto（迄今为止）maledominatedfield.Herfirstimportantachievement,afterflyingsolo,wastoqualifyasthefirstBritish-trainedwomangroundengineer.ForawhileshewastheonlywomanG:E.intheworld.Earlyin1930,shechoseherobjective:toflysolo（flybyherself）toAustraliaandtobeatBertHinkler,srecordof16days.Atfirst,hereffortstoraisefinancial（经济的）supportfailed,butfinallyLordWakefieldsharedthe600poundpurchasepricesofausedDHGypsyMoth（GAAAH）anditwasnamedJasonafterthefamilybusinesstrademark.AmysetoffaloneinasingleengineGypsyMothfromGroysononMay5,1930,andlandedinDarwinonMay24,anepicflightof11,000miles.ShewasthefirstwomantoflyalonetoAustralia.InJuly1931,shesetanEnglandtoJapanrecordinaPussMothwithJackHumphreys.InJuly1932,shesetarecordfromEnglandtoCapetown,solo,inaPussMoth.InMay,1936,shesetarecordfromEnglandtoCapetown,solo,inaPercivalGull,aflighttoretrieve（gainagain）her1932record.Withherhusband,JimMollison,shealsoflewinaDHDragonnonstopfromPendineSands,SouthWales,totheUnitedStatesin1933.TheyalsoflewnonstopinrecordtimetoIndiain1934inaDHCometintheEnglandtoAustraliaairrace.TheMo