自动化专业英语课程介绍

自动化专业英语课程性质和目的初步掌握自动化专业的专业词汇和常用表达方法；能够借助专业词典阅读和翻译专业资料、专业教材、与自动化技术有关的说明书、手册或者其它技术资料；能够初步撰写专业论文摘要和常用应用文。文献范围电路（TheoryofCircuit）模拟电子技术（AnalogElectronicsTechnology）数字电子技术（DigitalElectronicsTechnology）电机学（TheoryofElectricElectricMotors）自动控制理论（AutomaticControlTheory）现代控制理论（ModernControlTheory）微机原理（PrincipleofMicrocomputer）计算机控制技术（ComputerControlTechniques）过程控制系统（ProcessControlSystem）专业词汇电气工程自动控制计算机考试考试内容全部来自教材内阅读：50%翻译：35%写作：15%不能带词典要求生词记熟每篇课文至少读三遍课前1遍课内1遍课后1遍课前预习通读课文1遍生词查出在页边按1、5、10……标上页内行标。页内行标的标注办法：大标题、图形、图题、表格不算一行，公式、小标题算一行。阅读方法Skimming：浏览或者略读。只需要理解文章内容的大约50%，快速地获取中心意思和重点。Scanning：浏览或者查阅。查阅只需要从文章中有目的地迅速查找某一具体事实或者特定信息。Fastreading：快速阅读。速度为200~350WPM。要求基本上理解文章内容。精读：在阅读的同时对文章从各方面进行分析。Newwordspowerelectronicstechnology:电力电子技术resultanta.（作为）结果（而产生）的、结局的、最后的beproportionalto：与……成比例summationn.相加、累加、求和proportionalityconstant比例常数、比例系数voltagesource电压源currentsource电流源magnitude幅值equivalentelectricalcircuit等效电路KirchhoffLaw基尔霍夫定律inductorvoltage电感电压定律law：：各种种现象象之间间恒定定关系系的简简洁陈陈述。。Ohm’’sLaw,Faraday’slaw,Kerchhoff’’sfirstlaw,thelawofgravity.定义definition：表表达基基本特特征的的说明明定理theorem:在在已明明晰的的假设设基础础上已已被证证明或或将被被证明明的命命题NewwordsPowerfactor：：功功率因因数phasor：：相相图、、相量量vector：：向向量，，矢量量thedistributionofthree-phasepowerrequiresonlythree-fourthsasmuchlinecopperasdoesthesingle-phasedistributionofthesameamountofpower.用三相相传输输法所所消耗耗的铜铜只相相当于于单相相传输输法所所传输输同等等电量量所用用铜的的四分分之三三。NewwordsGain增增益益ontheorderof………在在………数量量级KVLKirchhoffVoltageLawOneproblemwithelectronicdevicescorrespondingtothegeneralizedamplifiersisthatthegains,AUorAI,dependuponinternalpropertiesofthetwo-portsystem.对于一一般的的放大大器。。一个个问题题是其其增益益AU或或者AI取取决于于两端端口系系统的的内部部特性性。Operationalamplifiersaredifferentialdevices运算放放大器器为差差动装装置通读““Transistors””一至至两遍遍。并并回答答以下下问题题：Whatissemiconductormaterial?Normallyhowmanyleadsdoesatransistorget?Whatarethethreepolaritiesofatransistor?2、Pleasetranslatethesecondparagraphof““TheOperationalAmplifier”intoChinese.英语阅阅读时时要注注意的的几个个问题题注意转转折词词以意群群为单单位进进行阅阅读注意文文章的的类型型注意整整体把把握UNIT5A：OneoftheDC-to-DCSwitch-modeConverters-buckConverterNewwordsbuckconverter降降压压变换换器boostconverter升升压变变换器器steadystate稳稳态态filtern.滤滤波器器impedancen.阻阻抗抗durationn.持续（（时间间）saw-tooth锯锯齿齿（波波）kilohertzn.千千赫芝芝dissipatevt.消消耗low-pass低低通instantaneousad.瞬瞬间的的fluctuatev.波波动、、起伏伏forcecommutated强强制制换流流dutyratio占占空空比Thecontrolvoltagesignalgenerallyisobtainedbyamplifyingtheerror,orthedifferencebetweentheactualoutputvoltageanditsdesiredvalue.控制信信号通通常是是由将将实际际的输输出电电压与与期望望的电电压之之差放放大后后得到到。B：Switch-modeDC-toACInvertersRectifying:整流流,将将交交流电电能变变成直直流电电能Inverting:逆逆变,而而将直直流电电能转转变成成交流流电能能，相相应的的装置置就称称为逆逆变器器（Inverter））。Newwordssinusoidala.正弦的的kineticenergy动动能能powerflow功功率率流regenerativebraking再再生生制动动cancellationn.补偿utilitygrid公公用用电网网blockdiagram方方框图图lagv滞后quadrantn.象象限限ToslowdowntheacmotorinFig1-5B-1,thekineticenergyassociatedwiththeinertiaofthemotoranditsloadisrecoveredandtheacmotoractsasagenerator.为了制制动图图1-5B-1,中中的交交流电电动机机，电电动机机和电电动机机负载载的动动能被被转化化为电电能；；此时时电动动机成成为一一个发发电机机。Theenergyrecoveredduringthebrakingoftheacmotorcanbedissipatedinaresistor,whichcanbeswitchedinparallelwiththedc-buscapacitorforthispurposeinFig1-5B-1.交流电电动机机制动动过程程所转转换的的电能能可以以消耗耗在一一个电电阻上上。该该电阻阻在制制动过过程中中被接接入，，并且且与直直流母母线上上的电电容相相并联联。UNIT6TheUtilityInterfacewithPowerElectronicSystemNewwordsUninterruptiblepowersupplies(UPS)不不间间断电电源utilitygrid公公用用电网网malfunctionn.故故障linefrequency工工频频substantiala.基本的的、本本质的的cosinen.余弦distortionn.畸畸形、、畸变变resonancen.谐谐振utilityrelay继继电保保护notchn.缺缺口proliferationn.扩扩大、、扩散散electromagneticinterference电电磁磁干扰扰unipolara.单单极性性的unidirectionala.单单方向向的However,allpowerelectronicconverters(includingthoseusedtoprotectcriticalloads)canaddtotheinherentpowerlinedisturbancesbydistortingtheutilitywaveformduetoharmoniccurrentsinjectedintotheutilitygridandbyproducingelectromagneticinterference.然而，，所所有的的电力力电子子变换换装置置（包包括那那些保保护关关键负负载的的）都都会由由于谐谐波电电流注注入公公共电电网而而产生生波形形失真真或者者电磁磁干扰扰而产产生对对电力力线的的干扰扰。Theimportanceofthehighpowerfactorhasbeenrecognizedbyresidentialandofficeequipmentmanufacturersfortheirownbenefittomaximizethepoweravailablefromawalloutlet.居民和和办公公设备备制造造商都都已经经认识识到提提高功功率因因数的的重要要性。。他们们都可可以通通过提提高功功率因因数而而获得得最大大的电电能并并从中中获益益。Mal-:坏坏,错错误malfunction故故障malnutrition营营养不不良malformation畸畸形maladministration管管理不善善tort词根根=twist扭扭Distort失真真，畸畸变Torticollis斜斜颈contortion曲解解、扭曲曲作业Pleasetranslatethesecondparagraphsof‘‘TheUtilityInterfacewithPowerElectronicSystem’’intoChinese.PART2ControlTheoryUnit1A：TheWorldofControlNewWordstediousa.令人厌烦烦的、冗冗长乏味味的proponentn.支持者、、辩护者者detractorn.反对者、、贬低者者Inamodernaircraft,forexample,thepowerboostcontrolsamplifytheforceappliedbythepilottomovethecontrolsurfaceagainstlargeaerodynamicforces.例如在在现代飞飞行器中中，动力力助推控控制系统统将飞行行员的力力放大以以推动受受到很大大的气流流作用的的机翼表表面。Lumpedparametersystemsarethoseforwhichphysicalcharacteristicsareassumedtobeconcentratedinoneormore‘‘lumps’’andthusindependentofanyspatialdistribution.集中参数数系统是是指这样样一些系系统，其其物理特特性都集集中在一一个或者者多个集集中体上上，因此此与空间间分布无无关。Ineffect,bodiesareassumedrigidandtreatedaspointmassed;sprigsaremasslessandelectricalleadsresistanceless,suitablecorrectionsaremadetothesystemmassorresistance;temperatureareuniform;etc.在效果上上，物体体被假设设为是刚刚体并且且质量都都集中在在一点上上，弹簧簧的质量量可以忽忽略；导导线的电电阻为零零；或者者是可以以得到合合适的关关系式使使得系统统的质量量、电阻阻和温度度的分布布是均匀匀的。B：TheTransferFunctionandtheLaplaceTransformationNewWordstransferfunction传传递函函数Laplacetransformation拉普普拉斯变变换ordern.阶次stationaryn.稳定定initialcondition初初始条件件polynomialn.多项项式complexLaplacevariable复复拉普普拉斯变变量denominatorn.分母母numeratorn.分子子characteristicfunction特特征函函数operationalmathematics运运算数数学ordinarydifferentialequation常常微分分方程homogeneoussolution通通解particularsolution特解解superpositionn.迭加加initialvalue初值值finalvalue终终值shiftingtheorem平移移定理piecewisea.分段段的ForphysicalsystemsN(s)willbeoflowerorderthanD(s)sincenatureintegratesratherthandifferentiates.对于实际际的系统统，由于于其积分分特性要要强于微微分特性性，所以以N(s)的阶阶次要低低于D(s)的的阶次。。Thiscombinationorreductionprocessistermedblockdiagramalgebra.这一合并并和化简简过程称称为方框框图代数数。TheLaplacetransformisanevolutionfromtheunilateralFourierintegral………拉氏变换换是由单单边富立立叶变换换的演变变而来的的SincethedefiniteintegralofEq.2-1B-4isimproper,notallfunctionsareLaplacetransformable………由于方程程2-1B-4是奇异异的，所所以并非非所有的的函数的的拉氏变变换都存存在。NewWordsdiscretea.离散散的intuitivelyadv.直观观地excitationn.激激励equilibriumn.平衡衡点criterionn.criteriapl.指标标、尺度度、准则则exponentiala.指数数的oscillationn.振荡qualitativelya.定性地地factoredform因式分分解的形式式reala.实（数数）的Routhcriterion劳劳斯判据signn.符号号unitstepinput单位位阶跃响应应forcesolution强迫迫解transientsolution瞬态态解timeconstant时间间常数realaxis实轴轴permissibleovershoot允许许超调machinetool机机床gougevt.在某物上胡胡乱地或者者破坏性地地凿Theoutputwillpassthroughatransientphaseandsetdowntoasteadystateresponsethatwillbeofthesameformas,orboundedby,theinput.输出经过瞬瞬态阶段后后将回到与与输入有相相同形式的的稳态或者者是在输入入的附近。。B：SteadyStatesNewWords:rampn.斜坡Acontrolsystemisdesignedtocontrolthebehavior(thetimeresponse)ofaplantsubjecttocommandsordisturbances.控制系统设设计就是使使装置在有有指令信号号或者干扰扰时有满意意的行为（（时域响应应）。Anaccuracyofasystemisameasureofhowwelliffollowscommands.系统的精度度是衡量其其是否能够够跟踪指令令的一个指指标。UNIT3A：TheRootLocusNewWords:performancecriteria性性能指标标Routh-Hurwitzcriterion劳劳斯-霍霍尔维茨判判据transientresponse瞬态态响应characteristicequation特特征方程unfactoreda.未因式式分解的depictv.描述Angleandmagnitudecriteria相相角与幅幅值准则complexconjugates复数数共轭vectorn.向量、、矢量horizontaln.水平counterclockwisea.逆时针针的oddmultiple奇奇数倍倍的facilitatev.使容易易coinciden.一致、、重合Thesntermrepresentsnpoles,allequaltozeroandlocatedattheoriginofthesplane.sn表示n个极点，其其值为零，，位于s平面的原点点。Theanglesareuniformlydistributed.各个角度是是均匀分布布的。Ifthepartoftherealaxisbetweentwoo.l.poles(o.l.zeros)belongstotheloci,theremustbeapointofbreakawayform,orarrivalat,therealaxis.如果实轴的的一部分位位于两个开开环极点（（或者开环环零点）之之间且属于于轨迹，则则在其间必必有分离点点（或者会会合点）。。B：TheFrequencyResponseMethods:NyquistDiagramsNewWords:amplituden.幅值thereofadv.在其中、其其antennan.天线superimposev.添上、加上上、附加上上gustn.阵风partialfractionexpansion部分分分式展开开inversetransform逆变变换undampedoscillation无无阻尼振振荡displacev.转移radiann.弧度polarplot极坐坐标图gainmargin增增益裕量phasemargin相相角裕裕量Thefrequencyresponseisasteady-stateresponse.Althoughsomeinformationcanbeobtainedaboutthetransientresponse,itisonlyapproximateandissubjecttomisinterpretation.翻译译见注解。。Fromtheseequationsweseethatasinusoidalinputtoalinearstablesystemproducesasteadystateresponsethatisalsosinusoidal,havingthesamefrequencyastheinputbutdisplacedthroughaphaseangleΦandhavinganamplitudethatmaybedifferent.根据以上方方程，我们们可以看到到将正弦输输入信号加加至一个稳稳定的线性性系统时，，其输出也也是一个同同频率的正正弦信号，，但是相角角和幅值会会有所不同同。练习：1、将下列列名词翻译译成英文：：时域响应、、传递函数数、方框图图、反馈控控制系统、、零点、极极点2、朗读下下列几个英英文单词并并翻译成中中文。Afghanistan,Argentina,Bangladesh,Burma,Cambodia,Lebanon,Iraq,Iran,Israel,Nigeria,Palestine,SaudiArabiaUNIT4A：TheFrequencyResponseMethods:BodePlotsNewwordsdecibeln.分贝commonlogarithm常常用对对数Bodeplot伯德图图minimumphase最小相相位unitn.单位polarplot极坐坐标图interpretv.解释、、口译slopen.斜率lagn.(相位位)滞后leadn.(相位位)超前asymptoten.渐进线线deviationn.偏差decaden.十倍abrupta.陡峭的的、突然的的crossoverfrequency穿穿越频率率gainmargin增益裕量phasemargin相角裕量productn.乘积Unit5A:IntroductiontoModernControlTheoryNewWords:adventn.（（事事件件、、时时期期））的的出出现现、、到到来来stimulusn.刺刺激激realistica.实实际际的的、、现现实实的的optimalcontrol最最优优控控制制applicabilityn.适适用用性性bandwidthn.带带宽宽phase-plane相相平平面面describingfunction描描述述函函数数alleviatev.减减轻轻、、减减小小prominentlyadv.显显著著地地、、突突出出地地numericsolution数数值值解解n-dimensionala.n维的的Whendifferentialequationsareencountered,theyarelinearizedandsubjectedtowhateverconstraintsarenecessarytoestablishusefulinput-outputrelationships.当使使用用微微分分方方程程时时，，要要对对其其进进行行线线性性化化并并受受限限于于一一定定的的约约束束条条件件才才能能建建立立有有用用的的输输入入-输输出出关关系系。。Arecognitionoftheapplicabilityofwell-knownmethodsinotherfieldsofknowledge.认识识到到其其他他领领域域的的一一些些有有名名的的方方法法的的适适用用性性。。Optimalcontroltheoryoftendictatesthatnonlineartimevaryingcontrollawbeused,evenifthebasicsystemislinearandtime-invariant.即使使系系统统是是线线性性定定常常的的，，最最优优控控制制理理论论通通常常给给出出非非线线性性时时变变控控制制律律。。Whennonlinearitiesandtimevariationarepresent,theverybasisforclassicaltechniquesisremoved.Somesuccessfultechniquessuchasphase-plane,describingfunction,andadhocmethods,havebeendevelopedtoalleviatethisshortcoming.当系系统统存存在在非非线线性性和和时时变变特特性性时时，，经经典典方方法法赖赖以以存存在在的的基基础础就就不不存存在在了了。。一一些些成成功功的的方方法法，，如如相相平平面面法法、、描描述述函函数数法法以以及及一一些些特特定定的的方方法法可可以以改改进进经经典典控控制制理理论论。。翻译译80页页最最后后一一段段（（从从IntheBodeplot,到到asshowninFig.2-4A-2.））。。写出下列中文文术语：阶跃响应、斜斜坡（ramp）响应、、超调量、调调节时间、开开环系统、闭闭环系统，复复数、实轴、、频率域。B:StateequationsNewWordsControllabilityn.可控性Observabilityn.可观性coordinaten.坐标unitmatrix单位矩阵阵adjointn.伴随矩阵阵determinantn.行列式eigenvaluen.特征值Part3ComputerControlTechnologyUnit1A:FundamentalsofComputerandNetworksNewWords:Workstationn.工作站touchscreen触摸屏屏busn.总线Parallelport并口口serialport串口operatingsystem操作系统统Jobmanagement作作业管理ultimatelyadv.最终的、最后后的separationn.区别，分分别facilityn.设备、设设施provisionn.供应作业翻译下列中文文术语：矩阵、向量、、特征值、特特征方程、行行列式、坐标标、共扼复数数、微分方程程、分子、分分母、多项式式预习：PART3UNIT2:AandBUnit2A:TheApplicationofComputerNewWord:trajectoryn.轨迹artilleryshellsn.炮弹simultaneousequations联立立方程retrievev.检索virtualreality虚虚拟现实numericalcontrol数控控adaptivecontrol自自适适应控控制unrivalleda.无无敌的的algorithmn.算法terativea.重重复复的、、迭代代jointn.关关节civilwork土土木工工程manualn.手手册decisivea.决定性性的asynchronousa.异异步的的subdivisionn.分分支stereotypea.陈陈规、、旧套套expertisen.专专门知知识、、专长长Forexample,calculatingthetrajectoryofartilleryshellsrequiresresolvingasetofsimultaneousalgebraicequationswhichmayhaveuptohundredsofvariablesmaytakemathematiciansyears,butcanbedonebyacomputerprograminhours.例如计计算弹弹道轨轨迹要要求在在数秒秒钟内内解一一组微微分方方程或或者设设计一一个大大坝可可能有有数百百个变变量也也许要要数学学家数数年的的时间间，但但是计计算机机只要要数小小时的的时间间即可可完成成。Virtuallycomputersimulationisbasedonmathematicalmodelsrepresentingthenatureoftheobjectunderstudyorexamination.Themathematicalmodelcomprisesaseriesofequationsthatdepicttheinherentprocessoftheobjectinmathematicalterms.Acomputersimulationprogramincludesalgorithmsthatarederivedfromthoseequations.虚拟的的计算算机仿仿真是是建立立在能能够代代表要要研究究或检检查的的对象象的数数学模模型之之上的的。该该数学学模型型包含含了一一组描描述了了对象象内在在过程程的数数学方方程。。一个个计算算机仿仿真程程序包包含了了从以以上方方程推推导出出来的的算法法。CADissoftwarethatcanhelpengineeringintheirdesignsfornewproductsbuilding,printcircuitboards,civilworkslikebridgeandairports,relievingthemfromthetedious,back=breakingandtimeconsumingjobslikedraftinganddrawing.CAD是这这样的的软件件，可可以帮帮助工工程师师设计计新产产品、、建筑筑、印印刷线线路板板、桥桥梁和和机场场等土土木工工程；；使他他们从从绘图图等繁繁琐、、累人人和费费时的的工作作中解解脱出出来。。Managementisoneofthedecisivefactorsthattellsuccessorfailureofanybank,corporation,firm,university,researchinstituteincompetition.管理是是一个个银行行、公公司、、学校校、研研究机机构在在竞争争中是是否成成功的的决定定性因因素。。B:MultimediumInformationSuperhighwayNewWords:optic-fiber光光纤纤animationn.动动画hypen.皮皮下注注射v.使使热烈烈liquidcrystal液液晶晶megabyten.兆兆位encyclopedian.百百科全全书insatiablea.不不能满满足的的、贪贪得无无厌的的resolutionn.分辨率率Internetn.因因特网网internetn.互互连网网imagen.图图象videon.视视频livea.现现场直直播的的distanceeducation(distancelearning)远程程教育Combinedwithdigitaltelevisionset,videodiscscannotonlypresentfilmsbutalsooffersurroundsoundwhichprovidestheaterquality-amazingrealitybywhichtheviewermayhaveanillusionthatwereatthesceneandwitnessedeverythinghappeningjustaroundthem.加上数字式式电视，影影碟不仅能能够提供电电影，还能能提供影院院效果的环环绕立体声声，使观众众有身临其其境的感觉觉。预习Unit3A:IntelligentRobotsUNIT4A：ComputerStructureandFunctionAbstractGuidelines摘要是论文文的梗概，，是对论文文的简单描描述科技论文文文摘应该有有四个组成成部分研究的目的的研究的过程程和采用的的方法结果结论好的科技文文摘应具备备以下条件件完整性：completeinandofitself;thatis,itshouldbeabletoserveasastand-alonedescriptionwhichprovidesacompletepictureoftheresourceattheselectedlevelofspecificity;可读通俗：：comprehensiveinitsrepresentationofthekeyconceptsorsignificantcontentthatarepresentintheresource;精炼准确：：concise,precise,andaccurateinitsuseofterminology;清晰紧凑客客观：writteninaclear,terse,non-criticalstyle;and结构逻辑性性：logicallystructuredinitspresentationoftheselecteddataandinformation.Unit3A:IntelligentRobotsIfambientlightingservesasilluminationsource,theimagingprocessispassive.Thistypeofimagingiscommoninmilitaryapplicationssincethepositionoftheviewerisbeyondthecontroloftheviewer.Butinindustrialapplication,controlledilluminationoractiveimagingcanbeusedasfreelyaspossible.如果周围围的光作作为照明明源，则则成像过过程为被被动的。。这种成成像通常常用于军军事，因因为观察察者很难难控制自自己的位位置。但但是在工工业应用用中，受受控的照照明或称称主动成成像可以以尽可能能自由地地使用。。UNIT4A：：ComputerStructureandFunctionNewWordsarchitecturen.体体系结构构interpretv.解释、翻翻译（口口译）addressn.地地址addressinga.&v.寻寻址locationn.单元元wordlength字字长enablev.使能能alterv.改变变、改动动fieldn.段、、域、字字段opcoden.操作作码operandn.操作作数bitn.位byten.字节节single-precisionn.单精精度floating-point浮浮点的的erasablea.可擦擦除的participationn.参与与、分区区flagregister标标志寄存存器UNIT5A:FundamentalsofSingle-ChipMicrocomputersNewWords:culminationn.结果果、结局局、顶点点、极点点arguablyadv.可论论证的volatilea.易易挥发发的volumen.体积积、容量量emulationn.模拟拟、模仿仿stackn.堆栈栈solidstaterelay固固体继电电器fluorescenta.荧光光的protocoln.协议议framen.帧parityn.奇偶偶校验Clearly,thisimpliesarigorousapproachtoROMcodedevelopmentsincechangescannotbemadeaftermanufacture.显然，这这就意味味着ROM代码码的开发发必须十十分精确确，因为为一旦生生产出来来就无法法更改。。Thistypeofdevicecanbehavefunctionallyasthesingle-chipmicrocomputerfromwhichitisderivedalbeitwithrestrictedI/Oandmodifiedexternalcircuit.这种设备备从单片片机上派派生出来来，尽管管带有受受限制的的I/O和更改改过的外外部电路路，在功功能上表表现为一一个单片片机。TheuseoftheseROMlessdevicesiscommoneveninproductioncircuitswherethevolumedoesnotjustifythedevelopmentcostsofcustomon-chipROM,therecanstillbeasignificantsavinginI/Oandotherchipscomparedtoaconventionalmicroprocessorbasedcircuit.无ROM的设备备普遍使使用，即即使在产产品电路路中批量量使得片片内ROM开发发成本过过高，和和基于微微处理器器的传统统电路相相比还是是可以显显著地节节省I/O和其其他芯片片。Boththecommonasynchronousandsynchronouscommunicationschemesrequireprotocolsthatprovideframing(startandstop)information.ThiscanbeimplementedasahardwarefacilityorUARTrelievingprocessor(andapplicationsprogrammer)ofthislow-level,time-consuming,detail.异步和同同步通信信策略需需要协议议提供（（启动、、停止））帧信息息。这种种工作可可以使用用硬件或或者UART来来实现，，可以将将处理器器或者应应用程序序从这种种底层的的、费时时的和琐琐碎的工工作解脱脱出来。。B:PLCNewWords:queryv.询问、咨咨询mushroomv.迅速速发展ladderlogic梯梯形形逻辑flowchartingn.流程程图citev.引用用intertwinev.相互影响响、缠绕绕outweighv.胜过embracev.包包含proprietarya.专用的bandwagonn.（马戏团团等吹打打过闹市市的）乐乐队彩车车、宣传传车broadbandn.宽带带disproportionatea.不相称的的、太大大的”One”,hesays,““iswherethesizeoftheprocesscontrolsystemthat’’sbeingautomateddoesn’’tjustifyDCS.Withthestartingpricetagsofthoseproductsbeingrelativelyhigh,aprogrammablecontrollermakessenseforsmall,lowloopcountapplications.Thesecondiswhereyouhavetointegratetheloopcloselywiththesequentiallogic.Batchcontrollersareprimeexamples,wherethesequenceandmaintainingtheprocessvariablesareintertwinedsocloselythatthebenefitsofhavingaprogrammablecontrollertodothesequentiallogicoutweighssomeofthedisadvantagesofnothavingadistributedcontrolsystem.第一点，考虑虑到集散控制制系统的初始始价格比较高高，一些要进进行自动控制制的过程控制制系统的规模模并不适合使使用DCS。。对于小型、、底层的应用用，一个可编编程控制器更更为合理。第第二点是，人人们必须将一一些控制环与与顺序逻辑控控制更紧密地地集成。批量量控制器就是是一个主要的的例子，这里里顺序量和保保持过程参量量稳定相互影影响，使用可可编程控制器器做顺序逻辑辑控制的好处处胜于不使用用DCS的坏坏处。MAP（ManufacturingAutomationProtocol）制造自动化协协议。制造自动化协协议是美国通通用汽车公司司GM提出的的一种用于制制造自动化的的局域网协议议。MAP基于ISO的OSI基本参考模模型，它有七七层结构。。WhilethereareconcernsaboutthelackofcompatiblecommunicationsbetweenPLCsfromdifferentvendors,theconnectionattheotherend-theI/O––isevenmorefragmented.当人们考虑不不同制造商的的PLC系统统之间的通信信兼容性问题题时，可别忘忘了，I/O接口终端的的连接更为困困难。注：fragment，，形容词，意意思是碎片，，意指各个I/O段无法法通信。Part4ElectricDriveUNIT1A:DCMachineNewWords:slotn.槽peripheryn.圆周armaturen.电枢ironcore铁铁芯Laminatev.分成薄片片eddyn.涡流conductorn.导体fluxn.磁通commutatorn.换向器器、整流子子brushn.碳刷quadraturen.正交turnsn.匝rheostatn.变阻器器statorn.定子rotorn.转子Thebrushesaresoplacedthatwhenthesidesofanarmatureturn(orcoil)passthroughthemiddleoftheregionbetweenfieldpoles,thecurrentthoughitchangesdirection.Thismakesalltheconductorsunderonepolecarrycurrentinonedirection.电刷是这样样安排：当当电枢绕组组（或者线线圈）的边边通过励磁磁磁极区域域中部时，，流经其的的电流就会会改变方向向。这样就就可以保证证流经导体体的电流在在一个磁极极下的方向向不变。Whatkindsofvocabularydoweneedmost?4vocabularycategoriesHigh-frequencywordsAcademicwordsTechnicalwordsLow-frequencywordsHigh-frequencywordsIncludingalmostallandmanycontentwordsfunctionwords:e.g.I,me,butcontentwords:government,forest,production,adoption,represent2500-3000corewordsTherearearound2,000wordfamilies(Awordfamilyconsistsofabaseword,itsinflectedformsanditscloselyrelatedderivedforms),consistingofalmost80%oftherunningwords.e.g.basewordsandtheirtypicalwordfamiliesbasewords:think(v)sure(adj)Regularinflection:thinks,thinkingsurer,surestirregularinflection:thoughtTransparentderivatives:thinker(n)surety(n)Unthinking(adj)assure(v)AcademicwordsAcademicwordsrefertomanywordsthatarecommonindifferentkindsofacademictext,e.g.policy,phase,adjusted,sustained.Theyconsistofabout9%oftherunningwordsinthetext.TechnicalwordsTechnicalwordsarethewordscloselyrelatedtothetopicandsubjectareaofthetextTheyconsistofabout5%oftherunningwordsinthetext.Low-frequencywordsincludeallthewordsthatareNotHigh-frequencywordsNotacademicwordsNottechnicalwordsforaparticularsubjectLow-frequencywordsconsistoftechnicalwordsforothersubjectareaPropernounsWordsthatalmostgetintothehigh-frequencylistWordswerarelymeetinouruseofthelanguageTasksSkimthehead-wordsoftheacademicwordlistReadPLConp159in10minutesandunderlinethewordsthatyouconsider‘‘academic’’words.B:Induction(Asynchronous)MachineNewWords:ruggeda.坚坚固固的的aluminiumn.铝铝punchv.打打孔孔shearv.剪剪Suchwindingsmakebetteruseofironandcopperandalsoimprovethemmfwaveformandsmoothoutthetorquedevelopedbythemachine.这种种绕绕组组可可以以更更好好地地使使用用铁铁和和铜铜,并并改改善善磁磁动动势势的的波波形形以以及及平平滑滑电电机机所所产产生生的的力力矩矩。。Forexample,supposeaninductionmachineisfedfromavariable-frequencysupplytocontrolthespeedofadrivesystem.Tostopthedrivesystem,thefrequencyofthesupplyisgraduallyreduced.Intheprocess,theinstantaneousspeedofthedrivesystemishigherthantheinstantaneoussynchronousspeedbecauseoftheinertiaofthedrivesystem.Asaresult,thegeneratingactionoftheinductionmachinewillcausethepowerflowtoreverseandthekineticenergyofthedrivesystemwillbefedbacktothesupply.例如，假假设给感感应电动动机加一一个频率率可变的的电压以以控制拖拖动系统统的转速速。为了了使拖动动系统停停止，逐逐渐减小小频率；；此时，，由于惯惯性的缘缘故拖动动系统的的瞬时速速度比同同步瞬时时速度要要高。结结果，由由于感应应电动机机为发电电机，功功率流将将反向，，拖动系系统的动动能将被被反馈回回电网。。作业：将将以下下中文翻翻译成英英文“该系统统由一个个高精度度的热电电偶(thermocouple)和8031单单片机组组成，采采用自适适应PID控制制算法。。”PART5ProcessControlUNIT1A:AProcessControlSystemNewWords:compositionn.成成分ensuinga.后续续的ensuevi.接着着发生、、结果是是注意区分分：ensurevt.担保保、保证证fixv.牢记记heatexchanger热热交换换器condensingsteam冷冷凝蒸汽汽inletn.入口口outletn.出口口deviatevt.使偏偏离correctvt.校正正thermometern.温温度计计thermistorn.热热敏电阻阻transmittern.变变送器器finalcontrolsystem执执行机机构Asweshallseeintheensuingpages,processesaredynamicinnature.Changesarealwaysoccurring,andifactionsarenottaken,theimportantprocessvariables——thoserelatedtosafely,productquality,andproductionrates——willnotachievedesignconditions.在后续续的章章节中中，我我们可可以看看到过过程的的特性性是动动态的的。各种参参量总是在在变化化，如如果不不采取取措施施，这这些重重要的的，与与安全全、产产量以以及生生产率率有关关的过过程变变量将将无法法达到到设计计值。。Theengineerdesigningacontrolsystemmustbesurethattheactiontakenaffectsthevariabletobecontrolled,thatis,thattheactiontakenaffectsthemeasuredvalue.Otherwise,thesystemisnotcontrollingandwillprobablydomoreharmthangood.工程师师在设设计控控制系系统时时，必必须确确保控控制行行为是是可控控的，，即，，控制制行为为所影影响的的变量量是可可测量量的。。否则则的话话，系系统不不但是是不可可控的的，而而且还还会有有有害害的结结果。。B:FundamentalsofProcessControlNewWords:flawn.缺缺点、、缺陷陷transducern.变变换器器、转转换器器、变变送器器fluidflow流流体体heattransfer热热传递递separationprocess分分离离过程程reactionprocess反反应应过程程Themanipulatedvariableisthevariableusedtomaintainthecontrolledvariableatitssetpoint.操纵量量是指指维持持被控控变量量在设设置点点的变变量。。UNIT2A:SensorsandTransmittersNewWords:pressuren.压力temperaturen.温温度flown.流流量leveln.液液位differentialpressuresensor差差压压传感感器differentialpressuretransmitter差差压变变送器器nominala.标标称的的Adifferentialpressuresensormeasuresthedifferentialpressure,h,acrossanorifice.ThisdifferentialpressureisrelatedtothesquareofthevolumetricflowrateF.ThatisF2ah.差压传传感器器测量量一个个孔口口两边边的压压力差差。该该压力力差与与体积积流量量的平平方成成正比比。即即F2ah。注：F2ah应该是是之之误误。Thisexpressionshowsthatthegainisnotconstantbutratherafunctionofflow.该表达达式说说明，，增益益不是是常量量，而而是一一个流流量的的函数数。PART5ProcessControlUNIT3A:PControllersandPIControllersNewWords:reverse-actingcontroller反反作用用控制制器direct-actingcontroller正正作作用控控制器器ultimategain临临界增增益surgetank平平