美国历史、文化与外交英文版 5-8 讲 B

美国历史、文化与外交

第5—8讲孔庆山Cabot’sSecondVoyageandLostCabotreturnedtoEnglandinAugust1497andannouncedthathehadreachedAsia.Hewascalled"TheGreatAdmiral,"andthekingpaidhimarewardandgavehimanannualpension.In1498,thekingandseveralmerchantspaidforasecondvoyage.CabotsailedfromBristolwithfiveships,intendingtoexploresouthwardfromtheplacewherehehadlanded.StormsforcedoneshipbacktoEngland.NooneknowswhathappenedtoCabotandtheotherfourvessels.FirstEnglishmantosailaroundtheworldSirFrancisDrake(1543?-1596),anexplorerandmilitarycommander,wasthefirstEnglishmantosailaroundtheworld.Drakewasthemostfamousoftheseacaptainswhoroved漫游theoceansduringtheruleofQueenElizabethI.Thequeenencouragedthe“seadogs”toraidSpanishshipping.Shegavethemmoneyandshipsforsuchvoyages,andshesharedinthetreasuretheybroughtback.Drakelivedinthegreatageofpiracyandbecameoneofthemostfearedpirates海盗ofhistime.Drake’sLootinginWestIndiesFrom1570to1572,Draketookpartinlooting劫掠missionstotheWestIndies.In1572,heseizedseveralSpanishshipsoffthecoastofPanama.HelandedonthecoastandcapturedtheportofNombredeDios,nearColon科隆.Drakethenlootedthetownandambushed埋伏amule倔强traincarryingPeruvian秘鲁人的silveracrosstheIsthmus地峡ofPanama.Voyagearoundtheworld.Drake'smostfamousvoyagebeganonDec.13,1577.Heandmorethan160mensailedfromPlymouthinthePelican,theElizabeth,andtheMarigold.Twootherships,theSwanandtheBenedict,carriedsupplies.Theoriginalgoalsofthevoyagearenotclear.ButDrakehopedtoexplorethepossibilitiesoftradeandcolonialsettlementinthePacificOcean.DrakealsomayhaveintendedtosearchforanundiscoveredcontinentthatwasbelievedtolieintheSouthPacific.HeprobablyplannedtolootSpanishships.SirWalterRaleighandVirginiaRaleigh(1552?-1618)wasasoldier,explorer,writer,poet,andbusinessman.In1581,hewenttoQueenElizabeth'scourtandbecamethequeen'sfavorite.Shegrantedhimanestateof12,000acresinIreland.ShealsogavehimtradeprivilegesandtherighttocolonizeinAmerica.Raleighbecamedeeplyinterestedinexploration.HesentseveralexpeditionstoAmerica,andspentafortunetryingtoestablishanEnglishcolonythere.TheLostColonyRaleighestablishedacolonyonRoanokeIsland1585.ButsicknessandfearcausedthesurvivorsofthisfirstEnglishcolonyinNorthAmericatogohomewithFrancisDrakein1586.ThisColonyrepresentsthefirstEnglishattemptatsettlementinNorthAmerica.

In1587,Raleighsentasecondexpedition.Agroupof117colonists,including17women,landedonRoanokeIsland.OnAug.18,1587,thefirstEnglishchildwasborninNorthAmerica.JohnWhite,thegovernor,wentbacktoEnglandforsupplies.HewasdelayedbywarwithSpain,andwhenhereturnedin1590,thesettlershadmysteriouslydisappeared.Raleigh’sFallHeledotherexpeditionsagainstSpanishpossessionsandreturnedwithmuchbooty战利品.Duringthe1590's,hispowerreacheditsheight,andhehadmuchinfluenceandmanyenemies.RaleighalsohelpedintroducethepotatoplantandtobaccousetoIreland.Raleighlostthequeen‘sfavorbymarryingoneofherattendants服务员.Hopingtorecoverhispositionandthemoneyhehadspent,heledanexpeditiontoGuiana圭那亚,inSouthAmerica,tosearchforalegendary传说中的landofgold.However,theexpeditionfailed.早期的冒险精神以及对海盗的颂扬在16世纪后期，“所有风险和不幸”都被人为是“可忍受的”，所有海盗行为也作为“探险”行为而受到欢迎。学者们很少对这一时期追求财富和权力的亢奋情绪作过公正评价。要想抓住这个时代的脉搏，必须回过头来看看哈克鲁特的《英国主要航行，航海和地理发现》（1589-1600年出版）。哈克鲁特骄傲地宣称，英国“在搜寻世界的天涯海角和……环球航行‘方面’胜过了所有其他国家和民族”。一位说西班牙总督把德雷克誉为“一个最伟大的海员”，说“他是在六弦琴的伴奏中饮酒品茶”，而且“带有画家为他把海岸的本色准确无误地绘制下来”。最早产自美洲的农作物玉米、红薯、土豆、花生、向日葵、腰果辣椒、番茄、苦瓜、菠萝、南瓜、木瓜、西葫芦烟草高粱，原产于埃及和印度，15世纪传到欧洲，17世纪传到美洲，18世纪传入我国。VirginiaCompanyTheVirginiaCompanywasformedwithacharterfromKingJamesIin1606.TheCompanywasajointstockcorporationchargedwiththesettlementofVirginia.IthadthepowertoappointtheCouncilofVirginia,theGovernorandotherofficials,andtheresponsibilitytoprovidesettlers,suppliesandshipsfortheventure.WhoIsLikelytoGototheAmericaThecompanyproposedtoestablishanewhomefortheunemployedwhoswarmed蜂拥intoEnglishtowns,butthese‘sturdybeggars’didnotcaretoemigrateaslandlesswage-slaves.Sothefirstcolonyconsistedlargelyofdecayedgentlemen,releasedprisoners,andafewhonestartisans.Jamestownwasaverymalarial患疟疾的site.Asin孤独、病症、饥饿与死亡从登陆的第一天起，这批移民就陷入了非常艰难的境地。身后的大海成了不可逾越的障碍，把他们与文明世界隔开。没有粮食，没有房屋，没有市镇，也没有朋友，只有遍地都是的野兽和一望无际的荒野。他们当中很少有受过野外生存训练的。詹姆士敦是个疟疾（malaria）猖獗的地方，人人遭受疾病的折磨之苦。他们本来是来寻找黄金的，而且他们一登陆后就立即开始了寻找，但一无所获。他们也曾种植小麦，但光长秸秆不结穂。移民们登陆后的第一个冬天就有许多移民死去，当1608年春天到来时，只有53人活了下来。TrialofVirginiaThecolonywasreducedtothelaststageofwretchedness悲惨.‘Everiemanalmostlaments哀悼himselfofbeinghere,’wroteGovernorDalein1611.hedespairedofmakingasuccesswith‘sutchdisordered害了病的persons,soprophane,soriotous暴动的…besidesofsutchdiseasedandcrasedbodies.’HehopedthekingwouldsendtoVirginia,outofthecommonjails,allmencondemnedtodie;theyatleastmightbeglad‘tomakethistheirnewCountrie.’Twiceadaytheyweremarchedintothefieldsbybeatofdrumorintotheforeststocutwood,andtwiceadaymarchedbacktoJamestowntoeatandpray.

Primitive原始的Communism共产主义intheColonyThecolonywasrunon"communist"principles—eachpersoncontributedthefruitofhislaboraccordingtohisabilitytoacommonstorehouserunbythecompany,andfromthiscommonstoreeachreceivedproduceaccordingtohisneed.Theresultwaswhatwemightexpect:settlershadlittleincentive激励的towork.Withthemotorofincentivegonefromeachindividual,eventhemenace威胁ofdeathandstarvationforthegroupasawhole—andevenaveritable真正的reignofterrorbythegovernors—couldnotprovidethenecessaryspur刺激foreachparticularman.

ReignofTerrorinVirginiaThecommunismwasonlyanaspectoftheharshnessofthelaws.Absolutepoweroflifeanddeathoverthecolonistswasoftenheldbyoneortwocouncillors议员ofthecompany.CaptainJohnSmith,theonlysurvivingRoyalCouncilmemberinthewinterof1609,readhisabsolutepowerstothecolonistsonceaweek.“TherearenomoreCouncilstoprotectorcurb路边myendeavors尽力,”hethundered,andeveryviolator违反者ofhisdecreescould"assuredlyexpecthisduepunishment."Martial军事的LawSirThomasGates,governorin1609,wasinstructedbythecompanyto“proceedbymartiallaw.”GatesestablishedacodeofmilitarydisciplineoverthecolonyinMay1610.Sometwenty“crimes”werepunishablebydeath,includingsuchpracticesastradingwithIndianswithoutalicense,killingcattleandpoultrywithoutalicense,escapefromthecolony,andpersistentrefusaltoattendchurch.Oneofthemostheinous极恶的actswasapparentlyrunningawayfromthisvirtualprisontothesupposedlysavageIndiannatives;capturedrunawaycolonistswereexecuted执行byhanging,shooting,burning,orbeingbrokenonthewheel.Dale'sLawsThomasDale,thenextgovernorandrulerofthecolony,increasedtheseverity严厉ofthelawsinJune1611.Dale‘sLaws—“theLawsDivine,MoralandMartial”—becamejustlynotorious声名狼藉的:Theyprovided,forexample,thateverymanandwomaninthecolonybeforcedtoattenddivineservicetwiceadayorbeseverelypunished.Forthefirstabsence,theculprit犯人wastogowithoutfood;forthesecond,tobepubliclywhipped;andforthethird,tobeforcedtoworkinthegalleysforsixmonths.NootheroffensewasmorecriminalthananycriticismoftheChurchofEngland:torture拷打anddeathwerethelotofanywhopersistedinopencriticism.

TextofDale'sLawsThatnomanspeakimpiously不虔诚地...againsttheholyandblessedTrinity...oragainsttheknownArticlesoftheChristianfaith,uponpainofdeath....Thatnomanshalluseanytraitorous不忠的wordsagainstHisMajesty'sperson,uponpainofdeath....Noman...shalldaretodetract,slander诽谤,calumniate中伤orutterunseemlyspeeches,eitheragainstCounciloragainstCommittees,Assistants...etc.Firstoffensetobewhippedthreetimes;secondoffensetobesenttogalleys;thirdoffense—death.OffensessuchasobtainingfoodfromtheIndians,stealingfood,andattemptingtoreturntoEnglandwerepunishablebydeathandtorture.SmallReformGovernorDale'smajorconstructiveactwastobeginslightlytheprocessofdissolutionofcommunismintheVirginiacolony;tostimulateindividualself-interest,hegrantedthreeacresofland,andthefruitsthereof,toeachoftheoldsettlers.Yeardley’sReformSirGeorgeYeardleywasappointedgovernor.Heatonceproceededtoreformthedespotic专制的lawsofthecolony.HesubstitutedamuchmildercodeinNovember1618(calledbythecolonists“TheGreatCharter”).Yeardleyalsoincreasedtofiftyacres英亩theallotment分配oflandtoeachsettler,therebyspeedingthedissolutionofcommunism,andalsobeginningtheprocessoftransferringlandfromthecompanytotheindividualsettlerwhohadoccupiedandworkedit.Furthermore,landthathadbeenpromisedtothesettlersafteraseven-yeartermwasnowallottedtothemimmediately.YeardleyreformsThecoloniststhemselvestestified证实tothesplendideffectsoftheYeardleyreforms,inadeclarationof1624.Thereformsgavesuchencouragementtoeverypersonherethatallofthemfollowedtheirparticularlaborswithsingular单一的alacrityandindustry,sothat...withinthespaceofthreeyears,ourcountryflourished繁荣withmanynewerectedPlantations....Theplentyofthesetimeslikewise同样地wassuchthatallmengenerallyweresufficientlyfurnishedwithcorn,andmanyalsohadplentyofcattle,swine,poultry,andothergoodprovisionstonourishthem.烟草的发现 一种有利可图的植物，最终改变了殖民地的处境。移民们一直在寻找致富的途径。黄金是找不到了，但是能否找到一种在英国市场上能卖出好价钱的商品？最后，他们找到了一种植物——烟草！很快他们就发现，这是能使弗吉尼亚真正繁荣起来的东西！烟草（tabaco）的传播烟草原产地就是美洲。在哥伦布发现新大陆时，即流传开来关于“冒烟的印第安人”的故事。哥伦布的手下人说，印第安人用一种木制长管，将烟草点燃后冒出来的烟吸进鼻孔，吸后他们好像很兴奋。60年后，一名被派往美洲殖民地考察的西班牙科学家，将烟草带回了欧洲，立刻引起了轰动。起初，烟草在欧洲被用于治疗疾病，将烟草煮上几个小时，再制成酊剂服用，据说能治一切疾病。到16世纪末时，人们就开始吸着玩了，他们发现吸了烟后能产生一种快意，感到心境平和，于是吸烟就流传开来，欧洲的大部分男人加上一部分女人，都吸上了烟。种植烟草的巨额利润印第安人种植的烟草味道太辣，1612年时，一位与印第安酋长的女儿波卡洪塔斯结婚的英国殖民者约翰·罗尔夫，在弗吉尼亚试种西印度群岛的烟草获得成功，这种烟叶“劲大而带甘甜，真是令人喜欢”。这种烟草在弗吉尼亚每英亩能产州500磅，运到英国市场，每磅能售5先令。这对移民来说是一笔了不起的财源。巨大的利润刺激了弗吉尼亚种植烟草的强劲势头。Aman'slaborintobaccocouldearnsixtimesasmuchasingrain.早期的禁烟运动但是，英国人的吸烟却使国王詹姆士一世深感厌恶，他发起了一场禁烟运动。他认为“这种使人上当受骗的烟草，既非生活必需品，亦非生活装饰品”，而吸烟本身是“一种视之可恶，闻之可厌，有害于脑，危及于肺的习惯。黑雾腾腾，臭气熏熏，极似无底深渊冒起可怖的毒焰”。其他欧洲君主走得更远，俄国沙皇规定，随身携带烟草者，将被鞭打25下；土耳其帝国规定，吸烟者，砍头。但是，所有这些严刑峻法都不能阻止人们吸烟，自然也不能阻止弗吉尼亚人种植烟草。RapidExpansionofTobaccoTobaccocouldbereadilyexportedtoEuropeandexchangedforothergoodsneededbythecolonists.By1617tobaccowasbeingplantedeveninthestreetsofJamestown.AnindextotheextremelyrapidrateofgrowthofthetobaccoproductionisthequantityofVirginiatobaccoimportedbyEngland:2.5thousandpoundsin1616;50,000poundsin1618;119,000poundsin1620;and203,000poundsin1624.弗吉尼亚的土地制度：Headrights 弗吉尼亚的土地制度也是促进该殖民地迅速发展的一个重要因素。1618年，公司开始实施即按人分配土地的“人头权利制”。根据这一制度，凡自费到美洲的移民，每人免费被授予50英亩土地。如果一家3口人自美洲，可以免费得150英亩的土地，这是相当大一块土地！ 这种土地分配制度，后来成为南部殖民地的主要土地分配方式。土地私有制激发了移民移往北美的积极性。从少地或无地的欧洲，来到土地唾手可得的美洲，吸引力之大是可想而知的。土地投机与大地产的形成Headrightsspeculation,thewealthierplanterscouldacquirevasttractsbyaccumulatingnumerousheadrights.Buyvisitors’headrights,captainsoldcrew’sheadrights,ect.Largegrantsoflandweremadetoleadingstockholdersofthecompany.Agrantof100acresforeachshareofstock.Thecompanyalsosold"billsofadventure,"entitlingtheholdersnottostock,butspecificallyto100acresofVirginialandper"bill."Eachbillwasthesamedenominationasacompanyshare(£1210s).ACaseofHeadrightSpeculation投机买卖TheissuanceofthefirstprovenpatentinArlingtonCountyisdatedOctober21,1669.Thispatentwasfora6,000acretractoflandgrantedtoRobertHowson,aWelshseacaptain.Howsoncarried116personsonboardhisshipwhichincludedtennegroids.Howsonwasgivenabonusoffourtimesforhimselfwhich,addedtothe116personshetransported,makesatotalof120persons.TheHowsonPatentwasgrantedundertheheadrightsystemofentitlingapersonto50acresforeachpersontransportedtocolonialVirginia.早期民主基石的奠定In1618thecompanyinstructedthegovernortointroducecommonlawandsummonarepresentativeassemblywithpowertomakeby-laws,subjecttothecompany’sconsentinEngland.DemocracymadeherAmericandebuton30July1619,when22‘burgesses,’twofromeachsettleddistrict,electedbyvoteofallmen17andupward,metwiththegovernor’scouncilinthechurchatJamestown.Fromthattimeforth,governmentofthepeople,andtheruleoflawhavebeenfundamentalprinciplesoftheEnglishcoloniesandtheUnitedStates.“五月花”使美与普利茅斯的建立1608年，一批受宗教迫害的英国独立派清教徒，为了寻找比较宽容的宗教环境，来到了荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。后来又迁移到荷兰的工业城市莱顿。后来，由于这个地方可能会受到即将暴发的战争的威胁，他们试图尽早离开这个地方。这时有一个商人同意出资资助他们去美洲。他们接受了资助。 1620年7月，这批清教徒乘船离开莱顿，到英国的南安普顿与停泊在那里的“五月花”号船会合，一同赴美。由于他们的船已经破烂，他们只好弃掉他们自己的破船，搬到“五月花”号上。1620月9月，“五月花”号载着102名移民，开始了漫长而艰难的旅程。美国人后来把这批人称为“清教始祖”《五月花号公约》的缔订“五月花”号移民船原定的目标是去弗吉尼亚，但海上的狂风巨浪使其偏离航线900多海里，他们被吹到了北部的马萨诸塞海湾。1620年11月，他们在马萨诸塞海湾的科德角靠岸。这地方不在弗吉尼亚公司的管辖范围内，他们到了法外之地！这批移民凭着英国人特有的自治本能，于登陆前订立了一项生死与共的公约——《五月花号公约》（MayflowerCompact）。《五月花号公约》内容以上帝的名义，阿门。吾等签署人，信仰之捍卫者，蒙上帝恩佑的大不列颠、法兰西及爱尔兰国王詹姆士陛下的忠诚臣民——为了上帝的荣耀，为了吾王与基督信仰和荣誉的增进，吾等越海扬帆，以在弗吉尼亚北部开拓最初之殖民地，因此，在上帝面前共同庄严立誓签约，自愿结为一民众自治团体。为使上述目的得以顺利进行、维持并发展，亦为将来能随时制定和实施有益于本殖民地总体利益的一应公正法律、法规、条令、宪章及公职，吾等全体保证遵守与服从。TrialatPlymouthInmid-December1620theMayflowerlandedatPlymouth.InaduplicationoftheterriblehardshipsofthefirstVirginiasettlers,halfofthecolonistsweredeadbytheendofthefirstwinter.Inmid-1621JohnPeirceandAssociatesobtainedapatentfromtheCouncilforNewEngland,grantingthecompany100acresoflandforeachsettlerand1,500acrescompulsorilyreservedforpublicuse.Inreturn,theCouncilwastoreceiveayearlyquitrentoftwoshillingsper100acres.PilgrimCommunisminPlymouthThePilgrimsformedapartnershipinajoint-stockcompanywithagroupofLondonmerchants.Thecompanyreceivedin1620agrantfromtheVirginiaCompanyforaparticularplantationinVirginiaterritory.Inthisalliance,eachadultsettlerwasgrantedashareinthejoint-stockcompany,andeachinvestmentof10poundsalsoreceivedashare.Attheendof7years,theaccumulatedearningsweretobedividedamongtheshareholders.Untilthatdivision,thecompanydecreedacommunisticsystemofproduction,asystemof"fromeachaccordingtohisability,toeachaccordingtohisneeds."TheEndofStarvingTimeAmajorreasonforthepersistenthardships,forthe"starvingtime,"wasthecommunismimposedbythecompany.Finally,inordertosurvive,thecolonyin1623permittedeachfamilytocultivateasmallprivateplotoflandfortheirindividualuse.Thishadverygoodsuccess,foritmadeallhandsveryindustrious,soasmuchmorecornwasplantedthanotherwise.Thewomennowwentwillinglyintothefield,andtooktheirlittleoneswiththemtosetcorn;whichbeforewouldallegeweaknessandinability…SlowDevelopmentofPlymouthBy1630Plymouthpopulationwasstilllessthan400.ItsgovernmentbeganintheMayflowerCompact,withtheoriginalsignersforminganAssemblyformakinglaws,choosingagovernor.Religiousexclusivenessinacolonyhampersitsgrowth.Plymouthwasdestinedtoremainasmallcolonyinwhichthenominalrulers,thefreemen,wererarelyconsulted,andthegovernorandtheCouncilimposedanoligarchicrule.ButaftertheCouncilforNewEnglandwasdissolvedin1635,Plymouthneverthelessbecameafullyself-governingcolony.TheMassachusettsBayColony

TheMassachusettsBayCompanyreceivedaroyalcharteronMarch4,1629.Thefirst400settlersunderthisnewcharterdepartedinApril1629.Most,butnotallofthemembersoftheCompanywerePuritans.Perhapsbyoversight,thecompany'schartermadenomentionofthelocationofitsheadquarters.OnAugust29,theshareholderswhowishedtomovetoAmericareachedanagreementandboughtoutthosewhowishedtoremaininEngland.SowhenJohnWinthropsetoutwiththenextwaveof700settlersinMarchof1630,theycarriedtheirCharterwiththem,andWinthropreplacedEndicottasgovernoroftheColony.CityuponaHillTheideathatthiscolonywasacommunitywithaspecialcovenant契约withGodwaslaidoutinWinthrop'ssermon,"ACityuponaHill."Theideathattheirswasaholycommunityshapedlifeinthecolonyenormously,makingitimperativethatcolonistslegislatemorality,enforcingmarriage,churchattendance,andeducationintheWordofGodaswellasrelentlesslyseekingoutandpunishingsinandsinners.RapidGrowthofthePuritanColonyMassachusettsBaycontinueditsrapidgrowth,inspiteofseriousdifficulties.Duringthefirstwinter(1630-1631),over200died.Whenthenextshipscame,morechosetoreturntoEngland.Thiswas,infact,theonlytragicwinterfacedbytheyoungcolony.SincethepressuresonthePuritannon-conformistsathomecontinued,sodidincreasingandrapidimmigration,andbytheendof1631thecolonynumberedover2,000.Overthenextseveralyears,thegrowthcontinued.MinistersrejectedinEnglandalsomadethetripwiththeirflocks.

TheseedsofdemocracyThecolony'schartergrantedtheauthoritytoelectofficersandtomakelawsforthecolony.ItsfirstmeetinginAmericawasheldOctoberof1630,butwasattendedbyonlyeightfreemen.Theyvotedtograntalllegislative,executive,andjudicialpowertoa"Council"oftheGovernor'sassistants.Theythensetuptownboundaries,createdtaxes,andelectedofficers.Toquellunrestcausedbythislimitedfranchise,theeightthenadded118settlerstothecourtasfreemen,butpowerremainedwiththecouncil.Thefirstmurmersagainstthesystemarosewhenataxwasimposedontheentirecolonyin1632,butWinthropwasabletoquietfears.IssueofGovernanceIn1634,theissueofgovernancearoseagain,andagroupheadedbyThomasDudleydemandedtoseethecharterthathadbeenkepthiddenfromthem.Theylearnedoftheprovisionsthatthegeneralcourtshouldmakealllaws,andthatallfreemenshouldbemembers.Thegroupdemandedthatthecharterbeenforcedtotheletter,buteventuallyreachedacompromisewithgovernorWinthrop.TheyagreedtoaGeneralCourtmadeupoftwodelegateselectedbyeachtown,theGovernor'scouncilofadvisors,andtheGovernorhimself.WhatWinthropdidnotexpectwasthat"binding"includedtheelectionofthegovernor,andDudleywaselected.WhatPuritansAre?NogrouphasplayedamorepivotalroleinshapingAmericanvaluesthantheN.E.Puritans.The17th-centuryPuritanscontributedtoAmerica'ssenseofmission,itsworkethic,anditsmoralsensibility.Fewpeople,however,havebeenasfrequentlysubjectedtocaricatureandridicule.Andparticularlyduringthe1920s,thePuritanscametosymbolizeeveryculturalcharacteristicthat"modern"Americansdespised.ThePuritanswereoftendismissedasdrably-clothedreligiouszealotsandwereeagertoimposetheirrigid"Puritanical"moralityontheworldaroundthem.

TheTruePuritansThisstereotypicalviewisalmostwhollyincorrect.Contrarytomuchpopularthinking,thePuritanswerenotsexualprudes.Althoughtheystronglycondemnedsexualrelationsoutsideofmarriage--levyingfinesorevenwhippingthosewhofornicated,committedadulteryorsodomy,orborechildrenoutsideofwedlock--theyattachedahighvaluetothemaritaltie.NordidPuritansabstainfromalcohol.Theywerenotopposedtoartisticbeauty;thePuritansvaluedpoetry.EventheassociationofthePuritanswithdrabcolorsiswrong.Theyespeciallylikedthecolorsredandblue.

TheFoundingofOtherColonies1626,TheDutchtradersboughtManhattanwith$20worthgoodsfromIndians,andnameditNewAmsterdam,butwasseizedbyDukeYork’s450soldiersin1664,andrenamedN.Y.as3rd.1633,MarylandColonyestablished:,4th.1636,RhodeIslandandConnecticut,5thand6th1638,DelawareandNewHampshire,7thand8th1653,NorthCarolina,9th1663,SouthCarolina,10th1664,NewJersey,11th1682,Pennsylvania,forpayingdebt,12th.1732,GeorgiaColonyestablishedforcriminals,13thNewEnglandColoniesNewEnglandincludedthePlymouthColony(1620,absorbedbyMassachusettsBayin1691),theMassachusettsBayColony(1630),Connecticut(1636),NewHaven(1640,andin1664toConnecticut),RhodeIsland(1636),andNewHampshire(separatedfromMassachusettsBayin1741).TheNewEnglandColoniesarebestknownasthedestinationforPuritanreligiousreformersandtheirfollowers.LateraddedVermontandMaineStates.EconomyinNewEnglandColoniesNewEnglandhasgenerallythin,stonysoil,relativelylittlelevelland,andlongwinters,makingitdifficulttomakealivingfromfarming.Turningtootherpursuits,theNewEnglandersharnessedwaterpowerandestablishedgrainmillsandsawmills.Goodstandsoftimberencouragedshipbuilding.Excellentharborspromotedtrade,andtheseabecameasourceofgreatwealth.InMassachusetts,thecodindustryalonequicklyfurnishedabasisforprosperity.SocietyinNewEnglandWiththebulkoftheearlysettlerslivinginvillagesandtownsaroundtheharbors,manyNewEnglanderscarriedonsomekindoftradeorbusiness.Commonpasturelandandwoodlotsservedtheneedsoftownspeople,whoworkedsmallfarmsnearby.Compactnessmadepossiblethevillageschool,thevillagechurchandthevillageortownhall,wherecitizensmettodiscussmattersofcommoninterest.IndustryinNewEnglandColoniesTheMassachusettsBayColonycontinuedtoexpanditscommerce.Fromthemiddleofthe17thcenturyonwarditgrewprosperous,andBostonbecameoneofAmerica'sgreatestports.Oaktimberforships'hulls,tallpinesforsparsandmasts,andpitchfortheseamsofshipscamefromtheNortheasternforests.Buildingtheirownvesselsandsailingthemtoportsallovertheworld.Bytheendofthecolonialperiod,one-thirdofallvesselsundertheBritishflagwerebuiltinNewEngland.Fish,ship'sstoresandwoodenwareswelledtheexports.

TownshipPlantingandTownMeetingLandDistributionSystemCollectiveapplicationtotheGeneralCourtRectangularshapeCompactnessUnequalDistribution(Tothosewhohath)Houselot,garden,land,commonReservedforChurch,school,andministerTownMeetingLocaldemocracyAttendedbyalladultmaleTradeinNewEnglandColoniesNewEnglandshipperssoondiscovered,too,thatrumandslaveswereprofitablecommodities.Oneofthemostenterprising--ifunsavory--tradingpracticesofthetimewastheso-called"triangulartrade."MerchantsandshipperswouldpurchaseslavesoffthecoastofAfricaforNewEnglandrum,thenselltheslavesintheWestIndieswheretheywouldbuymolassestobringhomeforsaletothelocalrumproducers.MiddleColoniesMiddleColonies,composedofPennsylvania,Delaware,NewYork,andNewJersey,wereamixofbothnorthernandsouthernfeatures,creatingauniqueenvironmentofearlysettlementbynon-EnglishEuropeans,mostlyDutchandGerman,whereEnglishmenandwomencomposedthesmallestminority.Acombinationofbothurbanandrurallifestylesmadeitmorecosmopolitan,religiouslypluralistic,andsociallytolerantwithinacommercialatmosphere.Theywereallatonetimeproprietarycolonies.SocietyinMiddleColoniesSocietyinthemiddlecolonieswasfarmorevaried,cosmopolitanandtolerantthaninNewEngland.Inmanyways,PennsylvaniaandDelawareowedtheirinitialsuccesstoWilliamPenn.TheheartofthecolonywasPhiladelphia,acitysoontobeknownforitsbroad,tree-shadedstreets,substantialbrickandstonehouses,andbusydocks.Bytheendofthecolonialperiod,30,000peoplelivedthere,representingmanylanguages,creedsandtrades.TheirtalentforsuccessfulbusinessenterprisemadethecityoneofthethrivingcentersofcolonialAmerica.

IndustryandFarminginMiddleColoniesThoughtheQuakersdominatedinPhiladelphia,elsewhereinPennsylvaniaotherswerewellrepresented.Germansbecamethecolony'smostskillfulfarmers.Important,too,werecottageindustriessuchasweaving,shoemaking,cabinetmakingandothercrafts.PennsylvaniawasalsotheprincipalgatewayintotheNewWorldfortheScots-Irish,whomovedintothecolonyintheearly18thcentury."Boldandindigentstrangers,"theyhatedtheEnglishandweresuspiciousofallgovernment.TheScots-Irishtendedtosettleinthebackcountry,wheretheyclearedlandandlivedbyhuntingandsubsistencefarming.

DutchInfluenceinMiddleColoniesNewYorkbestillustratedthepolyglotnatureofAmerica.By1646thepopulationalongtheHudsonRiverincludedDutch,French,Danes,Norwegians,Swedes,English,Scots,Irish,Germans,Poles,Bohemians,PortugueseandItalians.TheDutchcontinuedtoexerciseanimportantsocialandeconomicinfluenceontheNewYorkregionlongafterthefallofNewNetherlandandtheirintegrationintotheBritishcolonialsystem.Theirsharp-stepped,gableroofsbecameapermanentpartofthecity'sarchitecture,andtheirmerchantsgaveManhattanmuchofitsoriginalbustling,commercialatmosphere.TheSouthernColoniesVirginia,Maryland,NorthandSouthCarolina,andGeorgia,predominantlyruralsouthernsettlements.Bythelate17thcentury,Virginia'sandMaryland'seconomicandsocialstructurerestedonthegreatplantersandtheyeomanfarmers.Theplantersofthetidewaterregion,supportedbyslavelabor,heldmostofthepoliticalpowerandthebestland.Theybuiltgreathouses,adoptedanaristocraticwayoflifeandkeptintouchasbesttheycouldwiththeworldofcultureoverseas.YeomanFarmersinSouthernColonies

Atthesametime,yeomanfarmers,whoworkedsmallertractsofland,satinpopularassembliesandfoundtheirwayintopoliticaloffice.Theiroutspokenindependencewasaconstantwarningtotheoligarchyofplantersnottoencroachtoofarupontherightsoffreemen.TheSouthernColoniesCharlestonbecametheleadingportandtradingcenteroftheSouth.Therethe