英语词汇学(第一讲)

englishlexicology主讲人：许宁云博士副教授英语词汇学上海海事大学外国语学院lecture1language,linguisticsandlexicologydifferentwaysofgreetingpeopleakissabowafirmhandshakealovinghugdoyouknowtheraiseddotsbelow?braillehaveyoueverbeenshockedbythemagnificentperformance?othermeansofcommunicationemoticonseyecontactgesturesfacialexpressionsemotion+icon=emoticoncommunicationwithpeople’seyesamovementofthehands,armsorhead,etc.toexpressanideaorfeelingfeelingsarereflectedonthefacesguessthemeaningoftheeachfollowingemoticons:-)=:-(=sadness:-o=surprise:-d=greatjoy:-p=makingaface:~-(=crying8-)=amanwhoiswearingglassesissmiling.gesturesbyhand

thumbsup!thumbsdown!ok!victory/winapplausecallme!(inamericansignlanguage)iloveyou.guessthemoodfromthefacialexpressionsconfusedsadangryhappytiredexamplesofiqtestitemsiqissuesiqscoresareinfluencedby:socioeconomicstatus:middleclasskidstendtodobetterthanlowerclasskidslanguagestatus:childrenfromthedominantculturetendtodobetterage:iqscoresontimedteststendtodeclinewithageheredity:iqscoresofidenticaltwinsraisedapartarequitesimilarstatisticalnormsforiqmentalretardationmentalretardationusuallyreflectsbelowaverageintellectualfunctioning(iqislessthan70)peoplecanberetardedinmostareasyetaverageorgiftedinothersusethesesuppliestomountthecandleonawallsolutiontocandleproblemcommunicationbetweenanimalsanimallanguagelikehumanbeings,animalsneedtocommunicatewitheachothertosurvive.theydonotspeaktoeachotherinthesamewayaswedo;insteadtheyusemanydifferentsoundsandactionstoexpressthemselves.forexample,beesmakeabuzzingnoise,lionsandbearsgrowls,catsmiaow,anddogsbark.ifyouseeacatstandingwithitsbackarched,headloweredorlegsbent,itcouldbescared.ifadoggrowlsatyou,itprobablyisangryandyoushouldbecareful.animallanguageissimplerthanhumanlanguage,butitshowshowintelligentanimalsare.beesdancefortheirhoneywhenbeesfindanewfoodsourcetheygobacktothehiveanddoadancethattellstheotherbeesthedirectionanddistanceofthefood.everymovementhasmeaning

toindicateafoodsourcethatistoodistantfromthehivetobesmelledorseen,thescoutbeedancesonthehoneycombinthehive.ifthefoodsourceiswithinabout50meters(160feet)ofthehive,thebeedoesacirculardanceonthehoneycomb.thedirectionandanglethedancingbeecutsacrossthediameterofthecirclerevealthedirectionofthefood.ifshewigglesacrossthecirclestraightup,thewatchingbeesknowtheycanfindthefoodbyflyingtowardsthesun.ifthedancingbeecutsacrossthecircleatanangle,theothersknowtheymustflytotherightorleftofthesunatthesameanglethedancermovedtotherightorleftofanimaginedverticalline.dolphin很久以前，渔民和海员们就发现，海豚会发出“的答”声、“咪咪”声、“啸啸”声等多种声音。据说海豚能发出7000赫兹至12万赫兹的多种波长的高频超声波。dolopinsusesoundtohelpthemfindtheirway,lookfortheirfoodandtalkwitheachother.soundisjustliketheireyesandmouths.howmanylanguages?5000-70005651（德语言学家1979）2796（法科学院）2500-3500（国际辅助语协会）6809（人类学家）i.whatislanguage?definitionfromwikipedia,thefreeencyclopedialanguageisatermmostcommonlyusedtorefertoso-called“naturallanguages”—thespokenformsofcommunicationubiquitousamonghumankind.alanguageisasystemofsigns(symbols,indices,icons)forencodinganddecodinginformation.webster’snewworlddictionary1).a.humanspeechb.theabilitytocommunicatebythismeansc.asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelingsd.thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem2).a.anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsoundsb.aspecialsetofsymbols,letters,numeral,rulesetc.usedforthetransmissionofinformation,asinacomputerlanguageissystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.systemarbitraryvocalsymbolshumancommunicationii.distinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguage1.arbitrarinessbyarbitrariness,wemeanthereisnonaturalrelationshipbetweensoundsandmeaning.howeverthereseemstobedifferentlevelsofarbitrariness.

1)morphemic(word)level

语音理据拟声词（onomatopoeia)splash;cuckoo;mew语音象征（soundsymbolism)glide;glisten;glimmer;glitterglbright“吧吧”（bābā），“吧嗒”(bādā),“吧唧”(bājī),“哔哔”(bìbi),“嚓嚓”（cācā），“嘀嗒”(dídá),“叮咚”（dīngdōng）“叮当”(dīngdāng),“咕哝”(gūnōng),“咕咚”(gūdōng),“轰隆”(hōnglōng),”呼呼”(hūhu),“呼拉”（hūlā),咔吧（kābā），”咔嚓”（kāchā），“噼啪”(pīpā),“扑哧”(pūchā),“扑嗤”(pūchī),“扑扑”（pūpū）,“扑通”(pūtōng),“飒飒”(sàsà)，“瑟瑟”(sèsè),“沙拉”(shālā)，“刷拉”(shuālā)，“唰唰/刷刷”(shuāshuā),“咝咝”（sīsī），“飕飕”(sōusōu)，“簌簌”(sùsù)，“索落”（suŏluò）“籔籔”(sŏusŏu),，索索

(suŏsuŏ)，等等。以–ang结尾的音韵更多地表示强壮，主要，繁盛，宽敞，长，多和芬芳等意义，

昂(áng),盎(āng),棒(bàng),昌(chāng),长(cháng),常(cháng),敞(chăng),畅(chàng,),创(chuàng),芳(fāng),放(fàng),刚（gāng),纲(gāng),吭(hàng),况(kuàng),沆(hàng),皇(huáng,emperor),光(guāng),广(guăng),奖（jiăng）,芒(máng),强(qiáng),壮(zhuàng),洋(yáng)，扬(yáng),糖(táng),堂(táng),等。

当“w”声母处于字的音节之首，往往具有负面的或不存在的意义，如无

(wú),勿

(wú),毋

(wú),完

(wán),亡

(wáng),忘

(wàng),罔

(wŭng),伪

(wěi),未

(wèi).以“f”起首的字表示否定，如反(făn),犯(fàn),非(fēi),匪(fěi),诽(fěi),菲(fē),费(fèi),废(fèi),坟(fén),焚(fén),否(fŏu),弗(fú)语形mountainsnakestraight?trainbedbreakfastbreak+fastholidayholy+day

iceland休罢休“境”“婚”卡词法理据speakermovement椅语义理据山头；山腰原义衍生义隐喻词义的理据性

semanticmotivation晦暗词（opaquewords）themeaningofopaquewordscannotbederivedfromtheirconstituents.butterfly；blackmail;jailbird透明词（transparentwords)themeaningoftransparentwordscanbeinferredbytheirconstituents.buttermilk（酪乳）;airmail,hummingbird(蜂鸟）2)arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevelsyntax:howwordsareorganizedtoformintoasentence.thereislessarbitrarinessatthesentencelevel.eg.(payattentiontothesequenceofactions)hecameinandsatdown.hesatdownandcamein.johnputonhiscapandwentout.johnwentoutandputonhiscap.whatthenisthelinkbetweenalinguisticsign(sound)anditsmeaning?itisamatterofconvention(f.desaussure)战国末期荀况（公元前335—255年）曾在其《正名篇》中指出：“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。名无固实，约之以命，约定俗成谓之实名。”由此可见，早在春秋战国时期，我国学者就持有与“约定俗成派”相类似的观点。howaboutanimals’system?(cocks,bees,forinstance)3)arbitrarinessandconvention2.duality“bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization”(lyons,1982:20)soundsvswords(soundvsmeaning)advantageofduality:greatproductivepowerofhumanlanguage48sounds￫tensofthousandsofwords￫unlimitedsentenceswhereas,manyanimalscommunicatewithspecialcalls,whichhavecorrespondingmeanings.theprimaryunitscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements.3.creativitybycreativitywemeanwecanutterasentencethathasneverbeenspokenorheardbefore.eg.ared-eyedelephantisdancingonmyhand.anothersenseofcreativityoflanguageliesinitspotentialtocreateendless(embedded)sentences.eg.theboy’sfatherlivesinasmallvillagewhichwasneararailwaystationwhichwasbuiltinavalley..communicationsystemofanimals,asweknow,birds,bees,crabs,isseverelylimitedandconfinedtoasmallsetofmessages.everyfarmerwhoownsadonkey,beatsit.4.displacementdisplacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.inotherwords,wecanbreakdownthebarriersoftimeandspaceincommunicationwithlanguage.animalcommunicationsystemsareunderimmediatestimuluscontrol,whilehumanlanguagesarestimulusfree.eg.tiger,beethreeturtlesrestedonafloatinglogandafishswambeneaththem.iii.functionsoflanguagephaticfunctioninformativefunctionperformativefunctionevocativefunctiondirectivefunctioninterrogativefunctioniv.language,societyandthought1.languageandsocietylanguageisamirrorreflectingthecultureofasociety.vehicle;kinshipterms囧雷山寨人肉搜索lexicalization英语的词汇化程度远大于汉语giveastrongbadsmellstinkthedeathofthe/anemperor崩坟冢陵林体力负运：拉挑荷扛担背驳顶挎拎负等烹调：煎炒烹蒸煨馇烀炸燔炖烧汆炮腌薰炙烩熘涮炝酱煮焖烙焯熬煲等驹：两岁的马；骊：深黑色的马骥：千里马；驽：劣马；骏：良马驷：同时驾车的4匹马；骄：身高6尺的马牛（18），猪（13），羊（11），犬（10），鸡（6）2.languageandthoughtman’sthoughtisindispensibletolanguagejustaslanguageisinseperablefromsociety.v.linguistics1.definition:linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.thestudyofhumanspeechincludingtheunits,nature,structure,andmodificationoflanguage.2.thescopeoflinguisticsunits:phonetics,phonology,morphology,lexicology,syntax,discoursemethodology:generallinguistics,descriptive,contrastive,comparativeregions:sociolinguistics,psycholiguistics,computational,corpus,neurolinguistics,etc.vi.lexicology1.definitionthescienceofwordslexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,history,structure,meaningandapplication.2.aimsofthecourseofenglishlexicologydiachronically:originanddevelopmentsynchronically:word-structure;word-formation