2012考研英语(一)阅读翻译及解析

2012Text1Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandl.tnhernewbook JointheCbagthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.得了吧,每个人都这样啊.这种说法一半是邀请，一半是强制。当我们听到“同辈（趋同）,TinaRosenberg认为，纯Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Rosenberg是普利策奖获得者，他提供了许多社会治疗的例子：在南卡罗莱纳州，一个州资助的反对抽烟的项目叫做“向烟雾宣战”就旨在控制好烟草销售。在南非，预防HIV，即众所周知的“热爱生命”活动要求年轻人要安全性生活。Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethan fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.这个观点似乎很有希望，而且Rosenberg是个敏锐的观察家。她青少年Rosenberg商，广告商懂得如何应用同辈压力。Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.但对于社会治疗的广泛效果，Rosenberg就没有那么有说服力了。There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.This isasubtleformof peer pressure: weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.毫无疑问，我们的同龄人会对我们的行为产生巨大影响。研究显Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.但是，很难确定的是，专家和官员能否成功选择我们的同辈，控文章出处：/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2061234,00.htmlherdmentalityAccordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas根据第一段，同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现：asupplementtothesocialcure对于社会治疗的补充astimulustogroupdynamics对于团队活力的刺激anobstacletoschoolprogress学校进步的阻碍acauseofundesirablebehaviors一些不良行为的原因解析：这是一个细节题：对应文中It usuallyleads to nogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.题干中的often对应原文中的usually;选项中undesirablebehaviors对应nogood-drinking,drugscasualsex.leadcause.完美替换，四级难度，出题人很仁慈。Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould罗森博格认为公共支持者应该：recruitprofessionaladvertisers招募职业的广告人learnfromadvertisers’experience从广告人那里学习经验stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers远离商业广告人recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements认识到广告的局限性arguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertiserssoskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.这样的句子的理apagefromsoskilledatapplying也”道出天机，小词有大乾坤啊!Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto作者认为Rosenberg未能：adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors足够的探究社会和生物因素effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure有效地逃避社会治疗的缺点illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding例证出国家基金的功能producealong-lastingsocialeffect产生长期的社会影响;Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.;后面一句中的JointheClubnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.exploration对probe;Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors第五段表明对于行为的模仿：isharmfultoournetworksoffriends对于朋友的网络是有害的willmisleadbehavioralstudies会误导对于行为的研究occurswithoutourrealizingit在没有意识到的时候就出现了canproducenegativehealthhabits会产生不良的健康习惯;Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryunconsciously完美替换。Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis作者在最后一段中认为同龄人压力的效果是：harmfuldesirableprofoundquestionableFarlesscertain,however,is…Thetacticneverreallyworks最后一个Text2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.说好的是不能改变的!除非Entergy进行的交易。这个公司是新英格兰地区主要的能源提供商，该公司引起了佛蒙特州人们的义愤，因为上周它宣称它不想遵守严格的核能规定。Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.相反，该公司一直履行了它早先的承诺过不做的事情：即它不会VermontYankee。现在这个做法让人震惊。Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.这个冲突始于2002，当时该公司购买了佛蒙特州唯一一家核电Vernon2012年后征求州政府官员的同意继续经营。2006年，州政府又提出，该核电站能否延期经营要听从佛蒙特州立法机关的批准。当时，该公司也无异议。EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Entergy从来没有打算要遵守这些承诺，也根本没有想过将来会2007年冷却塔的部分崩溃，以及地下管道系统泄露的发现，这些事使得人们严重怀疑VermontYankee电站的安全问题和Entergy的管理尤其在该公司对其管道问题所Entergy264的投票反对其延期经营。Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.现在该公司突然宣称2002年的协定是无效的，因为有2006年Entergy遵守诺言，这个讨论就无关紧要了。The company seems to have concluded that its reputation inVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.该公司似乎认定其已声名狼藉，没有什么后顾之忧，不如和佛蒙Entergy11Pilgrim20(NRC)在Entergy公司的哪个许诺是可信的。文章出处：/2011-04-24/bostonglobe/29469298_1_nuclear-power-plant-vermont-yankee-older-reactorsteplant’sownerthonorsownpromisesThephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto短语“renegingon”最接近那个意思：condemning.谴责reaffirming.再次确认dishonoring.不守信用securing.安全dealisadealexcept;还有一次题眼：commitmenttoabideby;provokedjustifiedoutrage[C]dishonoring.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto2002年的协议，Entergy公司希望：obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.Vermont监管者的保护seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.寻求联邦立法机关的帮助acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.要求延长商业执照的有效期getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.获得购买一个电厂的许可解析：细节题根据题干对应文中Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclear plant,anagingreactorinVernon.2002Vermont;Vernon的一家很旧的反应堆。Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.20122002agreementthecompanyagreedto;intendedto对应Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale;[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.完美替换。AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits根据第四段，Entergy存在哪些方面的问题：managerialpractices.管理实践technicalinnovativeness.技术创新financialgoals.财务目标businessvision经营愿景stringofaccidentsincludingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement2007VermontYankee安全和公司管理的强烈关注。所以答案应该是[A]managerialpractices.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltestVermont的案例将会测试：Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.Entergy履行其承诺的能力thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.各州补充规定的成熟程度thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.对于核问题的联邦权威thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.对于核问题各州权力的局限性theSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.但是最高法院判定各州确实有一些对于核电站的调控权力，法律学者说这个案例将提供先例设定的测试，决定这些权力能扩展多远。作者的观点借用legalscholars之口说出来。Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat从最后一段中可以推知：Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.Entergy’s在其他地方的生意可能会受到影响theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.NRC的权威会受到挑衅EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.Entergy会撤回其在Plymouth的申请Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.Vermont的名誉会遭到破坏解析：段落推理题。重点对于段落中心和转折。这里没有中心却有转折ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.公司似乎可以得出结论其在vermont的名誉已经受到破坏了，所might!Text3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, andself-deceptionabound.经验意义的思考，以及我们会采取的随后的行动。这里充满着误读，错误和自我欺骗的机会。Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.所以，对于发现的申明应该被当做是科学的原型。这与新近开发为信用的过程”我”在这里就变成起点而是目标。Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.一但一个科学发现变成公开的，那么这个发现就获得了知识的信;编辑和审稿者通过控制出版过程扮演着看门人的角色;其他的科学家使用;()接受把一个人的发现变为一个机构的可信的发现。Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.在整个信任的过程中存在着两个悖论，第一：科学工作倾向于关AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾经将但是思考其他人没有想到的并且告诉其他人他们所遗漏的可能并不会改变这些好多年的时间。Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”最后，一个科学的发现获得了信任，这个过程是与哲学家AnnetteBaier所描述的心灵的共性的观点是一致的。“我们共同去推理，去质疑，其修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。文章解析和来源：/group/physical_sciences/message/5041?threaded=1&var=1这篇文章是对一本书EverydayPracticeofScience:WhereIntuitionandPassionMeetObjectivityandLogic的书评，这本书在2009EvolutionofCredibilityAccordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits根据第一段，发现过程的特点是它的：uncertaintyandcomplexity.不确定性和复杂性misconceptionanddeceptiveness.错误的概念和欺骗logicalityandobjectivity.逻辑性和客观性systematicnessandregularity.系统性和常规性解析：这是一道细节题：对应原文这一句：Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.其中ambiguousandcomplicated对应答案uncertaintyandBut后就可以了。ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires从第二段可以推知认证的过程需要：[A]strictinspection.严格的审查[B]sharedefforts.共同的努力[C]individualwisdom.个人的智慧[D]persistentinnovation.不断的创新Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit第三段表明，科学的发现在它。。。之后变得可信：hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.吸引到大众的注意之后hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.被科学的机构检查之后hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.获得了编辑和审稿者的认同之后hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.被科学家同行经常引用之后AlbertwouldmostlikelyagreethatAlbertSzent-Gy?rgyi可能会最赞同下面的那个观点：scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.科学的发现将经受住质疑discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.今天的发现将引起未来的研究effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.做出发现的努力被证明是合理的[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.科学的工作需要批判的头脑AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyi所说的话：seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.Dcritical性的理解可能会有偏差，我们经常讲的培养思维能力其实就是培养criticalmind的能力。有思考就一定会有批判的，因此这个同义替换是可以接受的。Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?下面那个是最好的标题：NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.新颖是科学进步的引擎CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.科学发现中的集体审查EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.科学中认证(信任)的发展ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.在通往科学的大门口对于信任的质疑解析：本题为主题题，根据主题词可以credibilityA和B,C和D事情，所以答案为C。Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.如果工会主义者JimmyHoffa今天还活着的话，他可能会代表公Hoffa1960年处于鼎盛阶段的时候，只有1/1036%200915%参加。Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.25%的公务员EdMiliband就把自己党魁的席位归功于公务员工会。Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.工会的影响力在各州影响力更恐怖。加州公共政策研究中心的MarkBaldassare监管监狱，其它各种工会团队监管健康医疗。Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.在很多发达国家，洲级公务员的平均工资要高于私企。但真正的收入来自于各项利益和工作实践。政治家不断调整公务员的薪水，保持工资上涨不快，但实际上增加了假期，尤其是本就很高的养老金。Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.改革受到强烈反对，尤其惊人的是教育改革。特许学校，学术机要的因素，但教师工会反对放弃差老师而鼓励好老师。Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.ScottWalker,JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic -sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.JohnDonahue指出，西方行政部门的文化标25万问题。文章出处：/node/18359864这是出自经济学人杂志2011年3月11号的一篇文章，题为：Enemiesofprogress ：Thebiggestbarriertopublic-sectorreformaretheunionsItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat从第一段能推出什么Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.Teamsters依然有大量的会员JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.JimmyHoffa曾经是一名公务员unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.工会已经增加了其公共行业的会员thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.政府已经提升了其同工会会员之间的关系。解析：段落推理题优先对应主题和转折;但是都没有，只能逐个排除：Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.Teamsters依然有大量的会员文中没有提及JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.JimmyHoffa曾经是一名公务员hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant他可能会代表公务员，并不意味着他是公务员。unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.工会已经增加了其公共行业的会员onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunio