免疫程序和应用技术 免疫学课件

免疫程序和应用技术免疫学课件Hy-LineTechnicalServiceSchoolJune2014免疫程序和应用技术

VaccinationProgramsandApplicationTechniquesKentonKreager,DVMHy-LineInternational©Hy-LineInternational后备鸡和产蛋鸡免疫程序的制定

DesigningVaccinationProgramsforPulletsandLayers基本的注意事项BasicConsiderations预计的发病状况

Diseaseexposuresexpected马利克和传染性法氏囊比较流行Marek’sandInfectiousBursalDisease(IBD)areuniversal支原体和传喉不同时发病Mycoplasmagallisepticum(MG)andLaryngotracheitis(LT)varyinfarmexposure传染性法氏囊母源抗体水平

Maternalantibodylevels-IBD能拿到的疫苗

Vaccinesavailable能否或习惯于喷雾或饮水免疫

Ability/preferenceforsprayorwater习惯全部活疫苗还是灭活疫苗免疫程序Preferenceforall-livevskilledprogram基本原则

BasicRules根据母源抗体水平制定早期免疫程序EarlyvaccinationstimedaccordingtomaternalantibodylevelsIBD母源抗体衰减和免疫应答百分比

IBDMaternalAntibodyDeclineand%ResponsetoVaccination应答百分比IBD滴度日龄IBD母源抗体衰减和免疫应答百分比

IBDMaternalAntibodyDeclineand%ResponsetoVaccination应答百分比IBD滴度日龄基本原则BasicRules根据母源抗体水平制定早期免疫程序Earlyvaccinationstimedaccordingtomaternalantibodylevels逐步增加新城疫和支气管炎活疫苗的免疫活性GraduallyincreasereactivityofliveNewcastle(ND)/bronchitis(IBV)vaccinations免疫活性受以下影响Reactivityaffectedby毒株（新城疫Lasota比B1活性高）Strain(LaSotaNewcastlemorereactivethanB1)免疫途径（喷雾比饮水活性强）Route(spraymorereactivethanwater)不要同时增加两种免疫活性Don’tincreasereactivityofbothatsametime基本原则BasicRules根据母源抗体水平制定早期免疫程序Earlyvaccinationstimedaccordingtomaternalantibodylevels逐步增加新城疫和支气管炎活疫苗的免疫活性GraduallyincreasereactivityofliveNewcastle-bronchitisvaccinations两种不同呼吸道活苗免疫之间间隔2周–传喉和新支Allowtwoweeksbetweendifferentliverespiratoryvaccinations-LTandNewcastle/Bronchitis(N/B)基本原则–继续BasicRules–continued最后一次活苗基础免疫和灭活苗注射免疫之间间隔5-6周Allow5-6weeksbetweenlastliveprimerandkilledinjection(?)产蛋舍中使用灭活的新支二联疫苗或者活增强疫苗，提供产蛋期保护UseeitherkilledN/Bvaccineorliveboostersinlayerhousetoextendprotectionthroughlay至少进行一次新支二联喷雾免疫，刺激自身的呼吸道免疫力UseatleastoneliveN/Bspraytostimulatethelocalrespiratoryimmunity美国基础免疫程序BasicU.S.VaccinationProgram日龄Age疫苗Vaccine免疫途径Route出雏hatchHVT/Rispens鼠伤寒沙门氏菌HerpesVirusTurkey(HVT)/RispensSalmonellatyphimurium(ST)皮下注射Subcutaneous喷雾Spray18-20天18-20daysIBD中等毒株IBDintermediatestrain饮水Water24-26天24-26daysIBD中等毒株IBDintermediatestrain饮水Water30-32天30-32daysIBD中等毒株IBDintermediatestrain饮水Water马萨诸塞B-1株B-1Massachusetts(Mass)/Connecticut饮水Water6-8周龄6-8weeks新城疫B-1和STB-1Newcastle&ST喷雾Spray阿肯色株支气管炎Mass-Arkansas(Ark)bronchitis喷雾Spray12-14周龄12-14weeks鸡痘Avianencephalomyelitis-FowlPox刺种Wingweb喉气管炎Laryngotracheitis滴眼Eyedrop沙门氏菌-新城疫-支气管炎Salmonellaenteriditis(SE)-Newcastle-Bronchitis注射Injection其他免疫注意事项

Optionalvaccinationconsiderations全部喷雾免疫程序（不适用于IBD）All-sprayprogram(notrecommendedforIBD)支气管炎-其他血清型或自生型Bronchitis–otherserotypesorautogenousIBD-变体或高致病型，HVT载体疫苗IBD–variantsorhighlypathogenictype,HVTvectoredvaccines活疫苗-第一周饲料或饮水免疫Coccivac–firstweekinfeedorwater霍乱-活苗或灭活苗，2次，6-8周间隔Cholera–liveorkilled,twice,6-8weeksapart呼肠孤-对蛋鸡或蛋种鸡一般不需免疫Reovirus–generallynotneededforlayersorlayerbreeders鸡痘和鸽痘可用于提供针对网状组织内皮增生病毒的扩展保护-与多种鸡痘关联Fowlandpigeonpoxusedtobroadenprotectionagainstreticuloendotheliosisvirus-associatedvariantpox其他免疫注意事项

Optionalvaccinationsontinued喉气管炎-传统的鸡胚源或组织培养源活病毒，通过滴眼、喷雾、饮水或者痘或HVT载体进行免疫LT–traditionalchickenembryoorigin(CEO)ortissuecultureorigin(TCO)livevirusbyeyedrop,spray,orwater,orpoxorHVTvectors鼻炎-上笼前菌苗免疫2次Coryza–bacterintwicebeforehousing鸡毒支原体-活苗（3种产品）或菌苗MG–live(3products)orbacterin滑囊液支原体–可用菌苗，活苗逐渐可用Mycoplasmasynoviae(MS)–bacterinavailable,livebecomingavailable肠炎沙门氏菌/鼠伤寒沙门氏菌–2-3次活苗免疫，或1-2次菌苗免疫，或两种结合SE/ST–live2-3times,or1-2bacterins,orcombo大肠杆菌–Zoetis公司活的基因敲除疫苗，2-3次E.coli–liveZoetisgene-deleted2-3times新城疫/支气管炎–每6-8周活增强疫苗免疫或上笼前灭活苗免疫N/B–liveboostersevery6-8weeksorkilledvaccinepriortohousing世界性的注意事项InternationalConsiderations禽流感AvianInfluenza(AI)在有些国家（如中国），采用灭活油苗进行H5和H9常规免疫，育雏育成期免疫2-3次H5andH9routinelyvaccinatedagainstinsomecountries(China)withkilledoil-emulsionvaccines2-3timesingrowingperiod外来新城疫（内脏强毒型或神经型）ExoticNewcastle(velogenicviscerotropicorneurotropic)需要全程保持最强免疫力Maximumimmunityneededatalltimes早期开始多种强活苗免疫Multiplestronglivevaccines,startingveryearly育雏育成期多种灭活油苗注射免疫

Multiplekilledoil-emulsioninjectionsusedingrow产蛋期每4-6周采用LaSota株喷雾，进行加强免疫

BoostwithLaSotasprayevery4-6weeksinlay新基因型的新城疫NewgenotypesofNewcastle未来会有新的活苗？Newlivevaccinesinfuture?自生的？Autogenous?世界性的注意事项InternationalConsiderations减蛋综合症EggDropSyndrome(EDS)育雏育成后期或上笼前进行一次灭活油苗注射免疫Singlekilledoil-emulsioninjectionlateingroworathousing肺炎病毒（TRT或头部肿胀综合症）Pneumovirus(TRTorswollenheadsyndrome)一种温和的呼吸道疾病，在蛋鸡中问题很大 Mildrespiratorydiseaseofquestionablesignificanceinlayers欧洲出现血清型A/B，美国只有C型（火鸡） SerotypesA/BpresentinEurope,onlytypeCinUS(turkeys)育雏育成中期活苗喷雾1-2次Livespray1-2timesinmid-grow(Nemovac)随后进行+/-灭活油苗注射 +/-killedoil-emulsioninjectionlater剧毒型IBDVeryvirulentIBD多次活苗免疫 Multipleapplicationsofintermediate-pluslivevaccineZoetisBursaPlus,Merck228EHVT载体IBD（早期免疫力？） VectoredHVT-IBD(earlyenoughimmunity?)支气管炎变异型Bronchitisvariants以其他类型作为疫苗：4/91,793/B，QX Othertypesusedasvaccines:4/91,793/B,QX使用多种类型的疫苗建立较差保护，以应对我们尚无疫苗的变异类型 Generalrulethatuseofmultipletypescreatebettercross-protectionagainstvariantswemaynothaveasvaccines（Massplus4/91足以应对中国的QX株） (Massplus4/91adequatelycoversChineseQX)世界性的注意事项InternationalConsiderations载体疫苗VectoredVaccines携带针对其他疾病的免疫蛋白基因的HVT马利克疫苗或鸡痘病毒（载体） HVTMarek’svaccineorfowlpoxvirus(thevector)thatcarriesgenesforimmunogenicproteinsforotherdiseases作为载体病毒复制体，可以产生外来病毒的蛋白，并使免疫系统产生拮抗反应 Asvectorvirusreplicates,producestheseotherforeigndiseaseproteinsthattheimmunesystemreactsagainst获得“纯净”的IBD或LT免疫力，而不用担心活病毒的反应、散播或时效 Get“free”IBDorLTimmunitywithoutconcernaboutlivevirusreaction,shedding,ortiming基因工程载体疫苗

GeneticEngineeringofVectorVaccineHVTIBDVP2HVTVP2VP2IBDrecombinantvector在美国可以得到的重组疫苗

RecombinantVaccinesAvailableinU.S.HVT-vectorHVT载体Pox-vector鸡痘载体LTMerckInnovax-LTCEVAVectormuneHVT-LTCEVAVectormuneFP-LTMGCEVAVectormuneFP-MGIBDCEVAVectormuneHVT-IBDMerialVaxxitekHVT-IBDAICEVAVectormuneAIH5MerialTrovac-AIVH5NewcastleCEVAVectormuneHVT-NDVMerckInnovax-NDCEVAVectormuneFP-NMerialTrovacPox-NDVIBD载体疫苗VectoredVaccinesforIBDMerialVaxxitekHVT+IBDCEVAVectormuneHVT-IBD美国现场应用效果很好，但对于有剧毒型IBD的国家可能不能提供足够早的保护 USfieldresultsappearmostlygood,butmaybenotearlyenoughprotectionforcountrieswithvvIBD与标准活苗相比成本较高 Increasedcostcomparedtostandardlive疫苗便利性和可能更好的保护力是否值得？ Worthitforconvenienceandpossiblybetterprotection?LT载体疫苗VectoredVaccinesforLTMerckInnovaxHVT-LTCEVAVectormuneFP-LT美国现场应用结果存在变化，可能无法像标准CEO活苗那样提供强效的保护

USfieldresultsarevariable,butprobablynotasstrongprotectionasfromstandardCEOlivevaccine与标准活苗相比成本较高

Increasedcostcomparedtostandardlive疫苗的便利性和可能更高的安全性是否值得？

Worthitforconvenienceandpossiblygreatersafety?成功使用载体疫苗的关键

KeystoSuccessfulUseofVectorVaccine需要鸡只尽可能的与载体病毒反应（外来蛋白）

Wantthebirdstogetasmuchreactionaspossibletothevectorvirus(andforeignproteins)应该是在群体中第一次并且仅一次的使用载体病毒

Shouldbethefirstandonlyuseofthevectorvirusintheflock不要将HVT/IBD或HVT/LT载体与其他任何HVT产品混合（常规的或载体的）

Don’tmixHVT/IBDorHVT/LTvectorwithanyotherHVTproduct(regularorvector)不要使用一日龄鸡痘，以后也不要使用鸡痘载体

Don’tuseday-oldpoxandthenavectoredpoxlaterinlifeHVT载体需要与SB-1或Rispens株联合使用以获得较好的马利克保护力

HVTvectorneedstobecombinedwithSB-1orRispensforgoodMarek’sprotection疫苗的使用技术VaccineApplicationTechniques疫苗类型和应用途径

TypesofVaccinesandApplicationRoutes

活苗或弱毒苗 Liveormodifiedlive群体应用Massapplied饮水Drinkingwater喷雾Spray个体应用Individuallyapplied刺种Wingweb滴眼Eyedrop灭活苗 Killedvaccines注射Injection活苗的群体应用

MassApplicationofLiveVaccines饮水免疫WaterVaccinationIBD,第一次N/B，LT，AE

IBD,initialN/B,LT,AE喷雾免疫SprayVaccination随后的N/B，MG,LTLaterN/B,MG,LT相对快速并且便宜Relativelyfastandinexpensive饮水免疫WaterApplication注意事项Considerations:2小时内喝光疫苗Wantvaccineconsumed<2hours需要鸡群比较渴Needbirdstobethirsty早晨开灯时免疫Vaccinatewhenlightscomeoninmorning第一小时喝掉全天30%的饮水Consume30%ofwaterfordayinfirsthour去掉前一天的睡Waterwithdrawalforpartofdaybefore所有鸡应该得到相同剂量Allbirdsshouldgetequaldose严格计划合适的用量Criticaltoplanforpropervolume水线中的剩余水量Residualwatervolumeinthelines使用蓝色染料帮助观察添加疫苗的饮水Bluedyehelpsseevaccine-treatedwater污染的水线Contaminatedwaterlines合理使用疫苗稳定剂Properuseofvaccinestabilizer可能的话保持饮水清凉Keepwatercoolifpossible喷雾免疫SprayVaccination 用量足够以保证均匀覆盖每只鸡（每10000剂量1.5加仑或5.5升） Useadequatevolumetouniformlycoverallbirds(1.5galor5.5litersper10,000doses)使用蒸馏水或自来水中加入稳定剂 Usedistilledwaterortapwaterwithstabilizer使用蓝色染料 Usebluedye保持喷雾液体清凉 Keepspraysolutioncool水压和喷头类型影响的雾滴大小 Particlesizeaffectedbylinepressureandnozzletype喷雾免疫SprayApplication 大雾滴喷雾CoarseSpray50-200微米50-200microns直喷面部Needtohitdirectlyinface与滴眼或饮水类似Similartoeyedroporwater初次N/B，沙门氏菌，大肠杆菌InitialN/B,salmonella,E.coli小雾滴喷雾FineSpray5-50微米5-50microns5-10微米可吸入5-10micronstrulyrespirable使鸡舍充满雾滴，保持一段时间让鸡只吸入雾滴Foguphouseandallowtimetobreathein易受空气流行的影响

Moresusceptibletoairmovement随后的N/BLaterN/B每只鸡得到1/1000的剂量Spraygetsabout1/1000doseinbird不适用与IBD或MGNotadequateforIBDorMG喷雾免疫SprayVaccination低光照强度下喷雾Spraybirdswithlightatlowintensity加大用水量以增加覆盖度Usemorewatertoimprovecoverage喷雾目标是鸡的头部Targetofthesprayistheheadofthebird避免散养鸡扎堆Donotallowfloorbirdstopile喷雾过程中关掉风扇Turnofffansduringsprayvaccination对于高层鸡舍不要在大风天喷雾Inhighrisehousesdonotsprayonwindydays个体免疫Individually-AdministeredVaccinations刺种-鸡痘或禽脑脊髓炎/鸡痘 WingWeb–PoxorAE/Pox滴眼-LT,MG EyeDrop–LT,MG注射–ND/IB+/-IBD,MG,SE Injection–ND/IB+/-IBD,MG,orSE刺种免疫WingWebVaccination用于鸡痘，禽脑脊髓炎-鸡痘，鸡贫血病，霍乱活苗

Usedforpox,pox-AE,CAV,livecholera通常在6周龄后

Usuallyafter6weeks需要两人一组

Requirestwo-personteam接种鸡痘的唯一办法

Onlymethodtoadministerpox刺种免疫WingWebVaccination在适当地点穿刺 well-placedwingwebstick翅网膜中央 centerofwingweb避开网膜边缘的羽毛 avoidsfeathersatwebedge刺种免疫WingWebVaccination确保刺种针上有疫苗 Besurethatvaccinehasbeenpickupbystabberreservoir将刺种针穿透皮肤 Pushstabbercompletelythroughthebareskin避开羽毛、血管、肌肉和骨骼 Avoidfeathers,bloodvessels,muscleandbone药瓶数量与鸡数匹配 Matchnumberofvaccinevialswithnumberofbirds鸡痘“效果”Pox“takes”免疫后5-9天会有肿胀 Swelling5-9daysaftervaccination刺种点会有豌豆大小的肿胀 Smallpea-sizedswellingatinjectionsite正确免疫并且鸡只作出应答的直接证据 Positiveevidencethatthevaccinewasadministeredproperlyandthatthebirdhasresponded滴眼免疫EyedropVaccination适用于LT，MG，N/B免疫 UsedforLT,MG,N/Bvaccination一滴一头份 Onedose/onedrop通常与鸡痘或灭活苗注射一起进行 Usuallycombinedwithhandlingforpoxand/orkilledinjection观察舌头是否变蓝 Lookforblueontongue确保疫苗在严重，鸡眨眼并且/或者吞咽 Makesureitstaysineyeandbirdblinksand/orswallows灭活苗注射免疫KilledVaccineInjection肌肉注射-胸肌-腿肌-大腿 Intramuscular-IM–intobreast–leg–thigh容易注射到肌肉中，特别是胸肌Easiertoinjectintoamusclemass,especiallythebreast如果老鸡用于生产鸡肉，容易造成残留损伤

Likelytocauseresiduallesionsifoldhensareprocessedformeat皮下注射–颈部-腹股沟 Subcutaneous-SQ–neck–inguinalfold很难正确注射-经常发现漏免鸡只

Hardertoinjectcorrectly-frequentlyseemissedbirds容易扎到自己

Self-injectionmorelikely使用蓝色或绿色染料-马利克疫苗染料-500ml瓶中1-2