农大昆虫学-昆虫分类

二、昆虫纲的系统发育一般将昆虫纲分为33个目。Hennig(1953,1969/1981)将昆虫纲分为：内颚亚纲（内口纲）Entognatha：包括弹尾目、原尾目和双尾目昆虫纲(s.l.)

外颚亚纲Ectoglatha(昆虫纲s.str.)：石丙目、缨尾目和有翅部外颚亚纲的单系性现已得到较充分证实并被普遍接受，但对于“内颚亚纲"和"双尾目"的单系性目前尚存在较大的争议。内颚亚纲的主要衍征有：口器内口式；复眼退化或消失；马氏管数量减少；下颚须和下唇须高度退化。Hennig

认为，在内颚亚纲中，弹尾目和原尾目是一对姐妹群，双尾目是弹尾目+原尾目的姐妹群。Kukalova-Peck(1987,1991,1997)根据对古生代化石的研究指出，双尾目是一单系群，是外颚亚纲的姐妹群，她认为：近昆虫纲（Parainsecta）：弹尾目+原尾目六足总纲昆虫纲（insecta）(s.str.)：双尾目+外颚亚纲昆虫纲(狭义)分为:无翅亚纲Apterygota：原生无翅昆虫，包括石（虫丙）目Archeognatha和缨尾目Thysanuras.str.

古翅部

Paleoptera：蜉蝣目Ephemeroptera、蜻蜓目Odonataji

翅目Plecoptera

直翅类：直翅目、竹节虫目、有翅亚纲外翅部Exopterygota革翅目、纺足目、蜚蠊目螳螂目、等翅目、蛩蠊目半翅类：缺翅目、啮虫目、虱目缨翅目、半翅目、同翅目

新翅部Neoptera

脉翅目、广翅目、蛇蛉目内翅部Endopterygota：鞘翅目、捻翅目双翅目、长翅目、蚤目毛翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目三、昆虫纲各目的主要特征

IntroductionofOrders

原尾目PROTURADescription

蚖

Proturaaresmall（bodylength0.5~2.5mm）,pale,delicatearthropodsthatgenerallyinhabitleaflitterandthesurfacelayersofsoil.Theyaresmallarthropodscloselyrelatedtoinsectsbuttheylackantennae.Thefirstpairoflegs(forelegs)arenotusedforwalkingbutarethrustforwardandareusedbytheinsectinplaceofantennae.Themandiblesarewelldeveloped.Theeyesareeitherabsentorreducedtosensoryspotsoneithersideofthehead(pseudoculi).Proturaarewingless.Theabdomeniselongatewithabout12segments.

Nymph

ImmatureProturaaresimilartoadultsbuthavefewerabdominalsegments.Theabdominalsegmentsincreaseinnumberthroughmoultingandthisistermedanamorphosis.Proturanscanbefoundinsoil,mossandleaflitterbuttheirbiologyandecologyareasyetnotcompletelyknown.

Food

Proturans

feedonfungiandotherdecayingorganicmatter.

Importance

Theimportanceofproturansisunknownotherthantheusualrolesplayedbyorganismsintheforestlitterre-cyclingsystem.

Morethan650speciesarerecordedintheworld，andmorethan160speciesrecordedinChina.弹尾目COLLEMBOLADescription跳虫

Springtailsaresmallarthropodscloselyrelatedtoinsects.Theyaresoft-bodied,winglessandcompoundeyesareabsent

orweaklydeveloped.Mandiblesarewelldevelopedbuthiddeninsideheadfoldsuntilpushedoutforfeeding.Bodylengthrangesfrom0.2-6.0mm.Antennaehave4-6segments.Theabdomenissix-segmentedandhasaspecialised

appendagecalledafurculaonthefourthsegment.Thefurculaisusedforjumpingandgivesthearthropoditscommonnameofspringtail.Whenthearthropodisatrest,thefurculaisfoldedunderthebodyandiscaughtonaspecialisedhookonthethirdsegment.Whenthefurculaisreleaseditrapidlymovesdownwardandhurlsthearthropodintotheair.SpringtailsareanextremelyancientorderandareknownfromDevonianfossildeposits.Nymph

Onhatchingfromtheeggs,nymphsresembleminiatureadults（epimorphosis）.Theimmaturespringtailnymphspassthroughseveralmoultsoftheexoskeletonuntiltheyreachadultsizeandmaturity.Food

Springtailsareabundantindecayingplantmaterialandareoneoftheprincipallitterorganismsonrainforestfloors.Mostspringtailsconsumedecayingplantmaterialbutsomespeciesattackfungiorfeedongrowingplants.Importance

Springtailsappeartobeextremelyimportantinthebiologicalcyclesofplantcommunitiesbecausetheyassistinthedecompositionoflitter.Theyaregenerallypresentinimmensenumbersandassuchtheyoftenformanimportantfoodsourceforgroundforagingforestbirds.About6000speciesarerecordedintheworld，andmorethan190speciesrecordedinChina.双尾目DIPLURADescription

虫八

Dipluraaresmallarthropodscloselyrelatedtoinsects.Theylackcompoundeyesbutmayhavelightsensitivespotsontheirheadscalled

pseudoculi.Antennaeresembleachainofbeads(moniliform).Legsare5-segmented.Bodycolourisusuallyverypaleandtheyarealwayswingless.Theabdomenalwayshas10segmentsandisquitelong.Acharacteristicoftheorder

Dipluraisthatthelastsegmentoftheabdomenhastwoappendages(cerci)whichmaybelongandhair-like,orshortandcurvedresemblingthepincersofearwigs.Nymph

Thereisnometamorphiccycleofegg-larva-pupa-adult.Theyoungnymphsemergefromtheeggsandresembletheadult（epimorphosis）.Nymphsgrowthroughsuccessivemoults.Moultingcontinuesthroughouttheadultstage.Somespeciesexhibitmaternalbehaviourbyprotectingbotheggsandnymphs.Food

Dipluranswithabdominalpincersarepredators.Thesearthropodsburrowintosoft,moistsoilsothatonlytheabdominalpincersareexposed.Ifapassingslaterorsmallinsectpassesnearthepincers,itiscapturedanddraggedintotheburrowtobeconsumed.Otherdipluransfeedondecayingvegetation.Importance

Dipluranshavenoknowneconomicimportance.Thepresenceofsomespeciesinthefoodchainsofecosystemsimpliesapartinthere-cyclingofplantmaterialinforests.About600speciesarerecordedintheworld，andmorethan30speciesinChina.古口目（石蛃目）

ARCHAEOGNATHACommonName:bristletails

石蛃Distribution:CosmopolitanDescriptionBristletailsareprimitivewinglessinsects.Atfirstglancetheyresemblesilverfish,howeversilverfishhavethreeabdominalfilamentsnearlyequalinlength.Inbristletails,thecentralfilamentismuchlongerthanthesidetwo.Unlikesilverfish,bristletailshavewelldevelopedcompoundeyes.Thecompoundeyesarelargeandmeetonthebackofthehead.Threesimpleeyes(ocelli)alsooccuronbristletails.Bristletailshavewelldevelopedmandibleswhicharepartiallyhiddeninthehead.Theantennaearelongandresembleachainofbeads(moniliform).Bristletailsareusuallynocturnalandhaveaninterestinghabitof"archingandflexing"thebodytogiveaspringingactionsimilartospringtails.Bristletailsarefoundinlitter,moss,lichensandothersimilarhabitats.Nymph

Thereisnometamorphiclifecycle:egg-larva-pupa-adult.Thejuvenile(nymph)emergesfromtheeggasareplicaoftheadultanddevelopsthroughmoult

（epimorphosis）.Eventuallyafinalmoultleavesitsexuallymature.Food

Bristletailsfeedonplantdetritus,algae,lichensandmosses.Importance

Bristletailshavenoknownimportanceapartfromtheusualrolesplayedbylitterre-cyclingorganismsinecosystems.About350speciesarerecordedintheworld，and13speciesrecordedinChina.缨尾目THYSANURACommonNames:silverfish,firebrats

衣鱼Distribution:CosmopolitanDescription

Silverfishareprimitive,wingless

insectscoveredwithsilveryscalesthatrubfromtheinsect’sbodyveryeasily.Thescalesarethereasonforthecommonname"silver"-"fish".Silverfisharesmallandflattened.Compoundeyesareeitherreducedorabsent.Mandiblesarepresentbutmaybecoveredbya'beard'ofhairs.Threeabdominalfilamentsarepresent.Silverfishare

noctural

insectsi.e.theyfeedandareactiveatnight.Nymph

Thereisnometamorphiclifecycle:egg-larva-pupa-adult.Thejuvenile(nymph)emergesfromtheeggasareplicaoftheadultanddevelopsthroughmoults.Eventuallyafinalmoultleavesitsexuallymature（epimorphosis）.Food

Silverfishmayliveforuptofouryears.Variousspeciesofsilverfishareadaptedtohumanwellings,butothersusecavesorliveunderbark.Severalspeciesarecommensalsinantortermitecolonies.Firebratsareagroupwhichhaveadaptedtothehightemperaturesaroundovensandfireplaces.

Bushlandspecies,

feedonlichensandfungi.Incommensalsituations,silverfishhavebeenobservedto"steal"nectardropletsfromantsthataretransferringregurgitatednectarfromonetotheother.Firebratsappeartofeedonflourandsimilarmaterials.Householdsilverfishhavebeennotedasattackingalmostanythingthatcontainsfoodvalue:papersurfaces,starchyfoodstuffs,silk,theirowncastskins,otherdeadinsects,cellulosematerials(cotton,plantdebris),Importance

Silverfishdonotappeartohaveanyimportanceineitheragricultureorhorticulture.Theirsignificanceseemstobelimitedtothenuisanceeffectsordamagedonetohouseholdorpapermaterialsstoredundisturbedforextendedperiodsoftime(e.g.archivalbooksinlibrariesanduseums).Inbushland,silverfishundoubtedlyplayaroleinlitterre-cyclingandfoodchains.About250speciesarerecordedintheworld，andmorethan20speciesrecordedinChina.蜉蝣目EphemeropteraCommonName:mayflies

Distribution:CosmopolitanDescription

Mayfliesbelongtooneofthefirstlivingradiationsofwingedinsects.Theirjuveniles(naiads)areaquaticbuttheadultsareterrestrial.Theadultshavevestigialmouthparts,donotfeedandtypicallyhavethree,longbristles(caudalfilaments)attheapexoftheabdomen.Thetwoouterbristlesaremorecorrectlycalledcerci;alongcentralfilamentmayalsobepresenttoproducethethreebristlesmostcommonlyseen.Welldevelopedcompoundeyesarepresenttogetherwiththreesimpleeyes(ocelli).Theadultinsecthastwopairsofwings;thefrontpairislargeandwelldeveloped,whiletherearpairismuchsmaller.Oftentheforelegsareverylong,whichgivestheinsectacharacteristic"elongated"appearancewhenatrest.Theadultinsectisremarkableforitsdelicacyandfragilityandisreadilycrushedbyevengentletouches.Naiad

Matingisaccomplishedduringimmenseswarmingcloudsoftheinsectsoverwater.Theeggsaredepositedin

massesdirectlyintothewaterbythefemales.Theeggmassesbreakapartandindividualeggsdispersetothebottommud.Thehatchedmayflylarvaresemblesawinglessadult(anymph)