走进英汉翻译世界之四

静态与动态

（Stativevs.Dynamic）

英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态（stative）;汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态（dynamic).Atsix,myfriendandhiswifewere

inthetunnel隧道ontheirwayintoNewYorkforaseveno‘clockappointment.

Asmallplanefromkunmingcarriedusoverthemountainsandsentustojinghong.

Hisacceptanceofbribes贿赂ledtohisarrest.

我越来越思念我的故乡，也越来越尊重我的故乡。Withthepassingofdays,Ibecomemoreandmorehomesickandmoreandmorerespectfulofmyoldhome.R.Quirk等人对静态和动态的解释Nounsrefertoentities(实体)thatareregardedasstable.nounscanbecharacterizednaturallyas”stative”.STATIVE：nounadjective

DYNAMIC：verbadverb

verbscanbeequallynaturallycharacterizedas“dynamic”动态.Verbsarefittedtoindicateaction,activityandtemporaryorchangingconditions.STATIVE：noun；adjective

DYNAMIC：verb；adverb

英语的静态倾向主要表现在以下几个方面

一名词化（nominalization）是英语常见的现象二用名词表示施事者（Agentivenoun），以代替动词

三用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语（Headlinephrase）四名词优势造成介词优势

五动词的虚化和弱化六用形容词或副词表达动词的意义名词化（nominalization）是英语常见的现象nominalization用名词表示施事者（Agentivenoun），以代替动词

用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语（Headlinephrase）名词优势造成介词优势五动词的虚化和弱化六用形容词或副词表达动词的意义英语

采用非动词的形式英语通过动词的派生，转化，弱化和虚化等手段，（如名词，介词，形容词，副词等）表达动词的含义，因而表达成静态。与此相比汉语则多倾向于用动词动态倾向主要表现一．动词连用是汉语常见的现象二．动词词组可以充当汉语句子的各种成分而无需改变形式三．汉语动词常常重复或重叠Thedoctor’sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.

Thedoctorarrivedextremelyquicklyandexaminedthepatientuncommonlycarefully;theresultwasthatherecoveredveryspeedily.

先将抽象名词化为动词1Thedoctor’sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.Thedoctorarrivedextremelyquicklyandexaminedthepatientuncommonlycarefully;theresultwasthatherecoveredveryspeedily.TheabuseofbasichumanrightsintheirowncountryinviolationoftheagreementreachedatHelsinkiearnedthemthecondemnationoffreedom–lovingpeopleeverywhere.Freedom-lovingpeopleeverywherecondemnedthembecausetheyviolatedtheagreementreachedatHelsinkiandabusedbasichumanrightsintheirowncountry.找能化为动词的词2TheabuseofbasichumanrightsintheirowncountryinviolationoftheagreementreachedatHelsinkiearnedthemthecondemnationoffreedom–lovingpeopleeverywhere.Freedom-lovingpeopleeverywherecondemnedthembecausetheyviolatedtheagreementreachedatHelsinkiandabusedbasichumanrightsintheirowncountry.

5-18有什么特点？是否可把名词翻译成相应的动词，尝试一下吧！ahardworkeraslowwalkeragoodthiefabadsailorHeisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.You’reallclock-watcherstoday.Heisayoungandrapidwriter.Hewasanonsmokerandateetotaler.这里的名词和汉语概念一样吗8Youmustbeaverybadlearner,orelseyoumustbegoingtoaverybadteacher.

Heisthemurdererofhisboss.SheisthebesthaterI’veeverlearned.Howshegottohatemesomuch!

Heisaloverofpopmusic.动词的同源名词13Hewasagoodlistenerandtheywouldliketotalkwithhim.

14Cardiovascular(心血管的)diseaseisAmericannumberonekiller.

15Sincehelosthisjob,he’sbeenaloner.Everycountryisthebestjudgeofwhatisrequiredtosafeguarditsnationalsecurity.名词变动词18Hewasacleverman;apleasantcompanion;acarelessstudent;withagreatpropensity（癖好）forrunningintodebt,andapartiality（偏爱）forthetavern.

16Thecomputerisafarmorecarefulandindustriousinspectorthanhumanbeings.19TherealshockerwasthatthingsdraggedonwellbeyondthetwoweeksIhadanticipated.Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal.Theywerealleyesasthepresentswereopened.Noonewhoisdependentonanythingoutsidehimself,uponmoney,power,fameorwhatever,isorevercanbesecure.Onlyhewhopossesseshimselfandiscontentwithhimselfisactuallysecure.一个人如果依赖的是身外之物，是金钱，是权利、名誉之类的东西，那他就不会感到安全，永远也不会。只有做到自制，知足的人，才会真正感到安全。改变结构，变形容词为动词Noonewhoisdependentonanythingoutsidehimself,uponmoney,power,fameorwhatever,isorevercanbesecure.Onlyhewhopossesseshimselfandiscontentwithhimselfisactuallysecure.一个人如果依赖的是身外之物，是金钱，是权利、名誉之类的东西，那他就不会感到安全，永远也不会。只有做到自制，知足的人，才会真正感到安全。Nowforthediscussion.Thisway,please!Sofarsogood.Themachineisinoperation.Hehassomeonebehindhim.Heisathisbooks.简洁，丰富的介词和无动词形式IsthistrainforChicago?Withthesewords,shewentaway.标题式短语来了，快把它们用我们的母语告诉大家！

goldreserve;generationgap;figurecontrolproblem;spaceshuttleflighttestprogram;JanuaryCrudeOilOutputBeatsTarget;500-Metre-LongFloodPreventionDykeBuiltSino-AmericanTradeReviewTalksStart;;jobopportunitydiscrimination;computerprogrammingteachingdevicemanual;satellitecommunicationsgroundstationequipmentrepairer;

看一看，下面的短语翻译成什么相关的动词？弱化动词

Giveriseto,makecontactwith,arriveatadecision,bringtoaconclusion,

undertakeastudy,takeintoconsideration,affordanopportunityto,carryoutexperiments,conductaninvestigationinto,ofkindlynature,ofanunusualcharacter,beyondtheshadowofadoubt,duetothefactthat,ontwoseparateoccasions,inviewoftheforgoingcircumstances先欣赏词的形态句子结构文体效果比较下面两段的区别，你的译文中能体现吗Heisthemurdererofhisboss.PersonalOrAuthoritative?IamreplyingforMr.Jones,whoisill.Ourcompanyisalwaysreadytocooperate.Mostofourholderssympathizewithyouraimtobuildanewplant.Youwillrecallthatbefore1963,weloadedyoulargesumsofmoneytoputyouinastrongfinancialposition.Itwasduringtheambitiousretoolingoperation,whenyoucouldn’tuseexistingfunds.Althoughyouhadmanydifficulties,youdidn’twaituntilthesituationimproved.Yourepaidtheloan.Ourcompanyhasfaithinyouroperations.MoreFormal?MoreOfficial?InviewofthefactthatMr.Jonesisnotverywell,Iamtakingtheopportunityofreplyingonhisbehalf.Ourcompany’swell–definedpositionisthatitstandsreadyatalltimestocooperatewithyourfirmwheneveritiscalledupontodoso.特征？Themajorityofstockholdersareincompletesympathywithyour