01-名称的种类与复数形式汇总

（一）英语国际音标1.语音基础知识1）字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a,e,i（y）,o,u。2）音标：词的语音形式。3）音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。4）音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap’ple,stu’dent,tea’cher,un’der’stand5）元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。6）辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍;了是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。7）开音节：a）辅音+元音+辅音+enamebike;b）辅音+元音he,go,hi8）闭音节：a）辅音+元音+辅音bad,bed,sit,hot,cup;b）元音+辅音it9）重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。英语重读闭音节就是一个单词的元音字母不发它的字母音，以一个辅音音节而且是重读音节结尾，即两个辅音中间夹一个元音。如begin,forbid,prohibit,travel2.英语国际音标共48个音素，其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。48个英语音标（国际音标）[i:][i][e][&]前元音中元音[a][s:][s]单元音[u:][u][o:][o][a:]元音后元音开口双元音[ei][ai][oi][su][au]双元音集中双元音[is][£s][us]辅音爆破音清辅音[p][t][k]浊辅音[b][d][g]摩擦音清辅音[f][s][/][e][h]浊辅音[v][z][s][d]破擦音清辅音[t/][tr][ts]浊辅音[ds][dr][dz]拿食鼻音（浊辅音）[m][n][]舌则音（浊辅音）[l][r]X1Z—（浊辅音）[w][j]^^元日3.字母的读音.兀音.1)［i：］字母组合:eeeaeieeithreetreegreensheepmeetbeefseeseekeatteameatleaveleadteacherteammeanspeakcleanpleaseheshemepiecereceiveceiling2)［i］发音字母iyesitpictureitislistsixmixfixfitpigbigbuildmissmythmanytwentyhappydictionarydefectdecidedelicious3)在］发音字母abaghandandanthappyhatmapmadbadblackbackgladflagshallman4)［e］字母组合ea eaheadbreadpleasureelephantelectricremembersellshelllessonbetterbeddeskhotelyesmanyany5)［9:］字母组合irurearerorgirlshirtskirtthirtythirteenthirdbirdturnburnmurdernurseturtleThursdayburgerlearnearnearthheardtermhernerd serveworkwormwork world6)［9］字母组合er or ou ar oae urteacherleader remember playerspeakerfarmerpowderdoctoractormayorauthortractordeliciousgraciouspleasurefamiliar collardollartogethertomorrowtoday shalloplessonWashingtoncontrolpolitearoundaccountagoelephantmantabananaCanadaJapanchinamenlistenfamulusSaturday7)［a:］字母组合aracarfarmcardarmgardenfastclasslastglassplantauntcalm8)［a］发音字母uoouooupsupperlunchfungunhuntcupbuscomemotherdosebrotherloveabovetroubleroughflourishbloodflood9)［。:］字母组合alorauourarsmall walltalktall hallball call walkshort morelordhorse forforty sportdoor floorstoreauthorcaughtautumnfourmourncourtboughtwarmquarrelquarter10)[o]发音字母oahotlostlotfoxboxmophoplosscollarnotwantwashwatch11)[u:]字母组合oooufoodmoonroomgloombroomdoomgoosetoothshoedotwotruetruthbluefullprude12)[u]字母组合ooouuolookgoodfootbookwoodshouldcouldputfullbullpullpushwoman13)[ei]发音字母aayeaaieynamecakelategateplaneAprilplaysaymaywaygreatbreakrainpaintplaintheygrey14)[ai]发音字母iybikefinefinddieninelightnighthighmytryflyeye15)[au]字母组合ouowmousehouseoutflourgroundaccountcountsoundloudaroundflowerdownnowcowhowtownmouse16)[9u]发音字母oowoahomecoldgonophonehostghostknowlowbelowgrowblowshowflowboatcoatgoal17)[oz]字母组合oy oiboytoyjoyoilsoilvoicechoice18)[i9]字母组合eerearbeerdeerearnearherefierceidea19)[s]([e])字母组合earairarepearbearchairairfairtherewherecare20)[u][au]字母组合ourowerhourtourflowershower48个英语音标犹如60个汉语拼音，只要熟练地掌握了它们，对学习英语的作用是相当大的。4.读音规则1)单词重音A)双音节词a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter,sorryb)有a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans-等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。a'bout,be'lieve,ad' dress,de' cide,re'port,con'demn, res' pect, com' pare,in' form,dis'cuss,im'press, mis'take, en'force,pre'pare,em' ploy, per' mit, es'cape, pro'duce,ex'claim,trans'late。)有de-,in-,re-,con-,pre-等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关，一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。’record,re'cord;'insult,in'sult;'conduct,con'duct; 'presentpre'sent;'content,con'tentd)有些复合词和带有前缀re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,等的词，有两个重音。‘out'side, 're' tell, 'well-'known, 'un' real, 'fif' teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'warB)乡音节词a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.拉有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。'carefully,in'definite,'comfortable,con'ductor,ac'cording,dis'turbance,'complicated,es'tablishment,c)词尾有-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,ive后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous,cal'ligraphy,edi'torial,his'torian,peri'odic,mathe'matics,ex'perience,suf'ficient,i'dentify,trans'lation,re'ligious,curi'osity,pro'tectived)词尾有-ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter'tain,emplo'yee,mountai'neer,Japa'nese,ciga'rette音标练习一.找出画线部分读音不同的单词)1.A.teaB.meatC.weatherD.beach)2.A.backB.fastC.haveD.map)3.A.warmB.gardenC.marketD.party)4.A.schoolB.toothC.chooseD.good)5. A. book B.moodyC.lookD.cook)6. A. June B.rulerC.putD.menu)7. A. push B.funC.sunD.ugly)8. A. tigerB.herC.officerD.term)9. A. goB. noC.coldD.hot)10.A.likeB.lionC.pizzaD.Friday二.填空.英语共有个音标..音标分为音和音两大类.

.元音有个,分为元音和元音..辅音有个,按声带振动情况分为辅音和辅音..判断下列单词的音标,打J或X( )1.listing读成[listin].()2.yes读成[jes].()3.wash读成[wa:f].( )4.mind读成[maid].( )5.change读成[tfeind].( )6.tests读成[tests]..找出划线部分读音不同的单词。()1.A.askB.basketC.tableD.grass()2.A.nameB.gradeC.thatD.late()3.A.likeB.kiteC.myD.city()4.A.secondB.messC.cinemaD.February()5.A.seasonB.beachC.readD.great()6.A.monthB.sixthC.theD.birthday()7.A.heB.eggC.dress D.bed()8.A.duckB.muchC.musicD.lunch()9.A.goB.hotC.notD.coffee()10.A.roomB.schoolC.lookD.goose()11.A.flowerB.howC.brownD.yellow()12.A.houseB.youngC.outD.ground()13.A.anyB.animalC.manyD.friend()14.A.waterB.wantC.whatD.watch()15.A.walkB.allC.alert D.always()16.A.rainB.trainC.saidD.paint()17.A.fortyB.workerC.bornD.horse()18.A.bearB.earC.pearD.tear()19.A.potB.01dC.foxD.hot()20.A.tryB.myC.whyD.happy(二)名词一、名词即表示人或物的名称的词，它分为专有名词和普通名称两大类，具体情况如下表:类别意义例词专有名词表示人，地方，事物，机构，组织等的名词Lucy,China,theGreatWall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词Dictionary,window,table集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的词Family,police,class,group,team不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词rice,glass,water,paper抽象名词表示状态，品质，行为，感情等抽象概念的词knowledge,danger,health,life,home,work

二、名词的复数形式名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。可数名词表单个时，可用a/an+可数名词表示，如：abook,anegg名词复数构成形式的部分规则如下：一般情况加-s在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅日和元音后读/z/，在t后读/ts/，^d后读/dz/Cake-cakes；Day-days；Bed-bedsStudent-students以s,x,sh,ch,th等结尾的词加-esTh读/z/读/iz/Bus-buses；Box-boxesWatch-watches；Wash-washesBath-bathes；Mouth-mouths以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i，再加-es读/z/Baby-babies；City-cities以f/fe结尾的词(1)加-s读/s/Roof-roofs(Serf,gulf,reef,roof,chief,proof,belief)(2)变f/fe为ves读/vz/Leaf-leaves；Wolf-wolves(Wife,knife,wolf,thief,shelf,self,life,half,leaf)（3）两种形式皆可读/s/或/z/handkerchieffhandkerchiefshandkerchieves;scarf-scarfs/scarves)以o结尾的词(1)加-s一般读/z/radio一radios；piano一pianosphoto一photos(2)加-es一般读/z/Negro一Negroes；hero一heroespotato一potatoestomato一tomatoes（3）两种形式一般读/z/Zero-zeros/zeroesTobacco-tobaccos/tobaccoesCargo-cargos/cargoeMosquito-mosquitos/mosquitoes以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的词加-s读/iz/Face-faces；Organge-oranges不规则变化改变单数名词中的-m—\/I〉〉n"i儿日子母兀音改变man-men；woman-womenfoot-feet；tooth-teethGoose-geese单复数同形读音不变Adeer-twodeerOnesheep-twosheepOnefish-threefish种类相同(threefishes种类不同)OneChinese-manyChinese其他形式（外来词）/maus/-/mais/Mouse-mice；Louse-liceBasis-bases；Medium-mediaCrisis-crises；thesis-thesesOasis-oases1.集体名词表示若干个体（一群人或多件东西）组成的结合体，有单复数之分:例词：family,policeHisfamilyisverylarge.他家人很多。（强调整个家族）Hisfamilyareallhere.（他的家人都在这儿）.某国人变复数①中日不变：

aChinese^twoChineseaJapanese^threeJapanese②英法变：AnEnglishman^fourEnglishmenaFrenchwoman^fiveFrenchwomen③其他个加后边：aGerman^sixGermansanAmerican^sevenAmericansaRussian^eightRussiansanAustralian^nineAustraliansanEgyptian^tenEgyptians*请写出下列单词的复数形式Swiss;Indian;Portuguese;AfricanCanadian;Greek;Dutchman;Arab;答案：Swiss;Indians;Portuguese;Africans;Canadians;Greeks;Dutchmen;Arabs.合成词的复数形式*多数合成词以在末尾加-(e)s的方式构成复数形式girlfriends女朋友touch-me-notsgirlfriends女朋友touch-me-nots凤仙花forget-me-nots勿忘我boyfriends男朋友hand-guns手枪fire-engines消防车letter-boxes信箱grown-ups成年人stand-bys旁观者 theatre-goers看戏的人go-betweens媒人good-for-nothings无用之人sons-in-law女婿editors-in-chief总编lookers-onsons-in-law女婿editors-in-chief总编lookers-on旁观者notariespublic公证人brothers-in-law姐夫、妹夫passers-by过路人fathers-in-law岳父/公公runners-up亚军、第二名、抬价者attorneysgeneral美国司法部长或称总检察长、首席检察官courts-martial军事法庭、军事法庭审判(或判决)某些由man，woman构成的合成词，两部分都要变作复数：menstudents男学生women-drivers女司机men-workers男工人woman-engineer女工程师womendoctors女医生menwaiters男侍者、男服务员men-servants男仆但policemen男警察、policewomen女警察、houseboys僮仆、chorusgirls歌舞团女演员等词例外课堂练习（2012.贵阳，31）“Whatdoweneedforthesalad?”“Weneedtwoapplesandthree.”A.orangeB.tomatoesC.broccoli（2012黄冈。81）Theyoungmanfounditdifficulttohavedinnerbecausesom